Ypati

Coordinates: 38°52′N 22°14′E / 38.867°N 22.233°E / 38.867; 22.233
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the muse, see Hypate.
"Neai Patrai" redirects here. For the ancient city of Thessaly, see Metropolis (Thessaly).
"Hypata" redirects here. For the moth, see
Hypata moderatella
.
Ypati
Υπάτη
UTC+3 (EEST)
Vehicle registrationΜΙ

Ypati (

metropolitan see and was the capital of the Greek principality of Thessaly in 1268–1318 and of the Catalan Duchy of Neopatras from 1319 to 1391. It was conquered by the Ottomans in the early 15th century and remained under Ottoman rule until the Greek War of Independence
.

Geography

Karpenissi, it overlooks the Spercheios to the north. The geography includes forests and grasslands to the south in higher elevations. Phocis
lies to the south. Around 3 km northwest are the famous springs that date to ancient times. It is around a few kilometres from the mountains.

History

Antiquity

In Antiquity, the city was known as Hypate (Ὑπάτη) or Hypata (Ὑπάτα), probably a corruption of hypo Oita (ὑπὸ Οἴτα, meaning "near the Mount Oeta").

The city was founded in the late 5th/early 4th century BC, as the capital of the

Amphictyony of Amphela. Herodotus records the nearby hot springs, which were visited in Antiquity. It was also a polis (city-state).[6]

In around 344 BC, the city came under

eponymous magistrates and coins; Hypata became again its capital, and entered a period of renewed prosperity.[4][5]

After the

Amphictyonic League in 31 BC,[4] but numismatic evidence suggests that it had already occurred before 44 BC.[10] The city remained part of Thessaly thereafter. Under Augustus, the city received the right to refer to itself as "Hypata Augusta," which it continued to do throughout the Roman Imperial period.[10] By the 2nd century AD, it was counted as the most important Thessalian city.[4] The archaeological remains indicate a substantial city.[11]

A local family, who mostly used the names Cyllus and Eubiotus became the league's most prominent family, with members serving as the League's leading magistrate, the general (strategos), until the office was abolished in the mid-second century AD.

Emperor Pupienus in some way.[10]

Byzantine, Crusader and Ottoman rule

Coat of arms of the Duchy of Neopatras

The city is still mentioned in the 6th century under its ancient name by Procopius, who recorded repairs to its walls by Emperor Justinian I, and in the Synecdemus.[13][14]

The city was probably abandoned after the Slavic invasions of the 7th century, but reappears in the 9th century under the name Neai Patrai (Νέαι Πάτραι, "New Patras") or Patrai Helladikai (Πάτραι Ἑλλαδικαὶ, "Patras in Hellas").[13][14] Nicephorus Gregoras, writing in the 14th century, mentions it as being a strongly fortified place in the 12th century.[15] Otherwise, until the 13th century, the city is mentioned only as an ecclesiastical centre (see below).

Coming briefly under

Despot of the Morea. The Turks recovered it in 1414, the Byzantines again in 1416, until it was definitively conquered by the Ottomans in 1423. Under Ottoman rule, the city became known as Patracık ("Little Patras"), rendered in Greek as Patratziki (Πατρατζίκι).[16]

Early 19th-century sources report that the town was the centre of a kaza (district) in the Sanjak of Inebahti of the Morea Eyalet.[17]

Revolutionary period

In the Greek War of Independence, Ypati (Patratziki) was the scene of three battles :

  • On 18 April 1821, when the Turkish-held town was attacked by the Greek rebels under Mitsos Kondogiannis, Dyovouniotis, Athanasios Diakos and Bakogiannis. The garrison was defeated and negotiations for its surrender began, but the arrival of a large Turkish relief army forced the rebels to withdraw.[16]
  • In May 1821, the Greek commanders Yannis Gouras, Skaltsodimos and Safakas intended to attack the town in order to halt the Ottoman advance towards Livadeia. Their forces however were attacked first, and although they beat back the Turkish assault, the plans to take the town were dropped.[16]
  • On 2 April 1822, when the town itself was finally taken by the forces of the captains Kondogiannis, Panourgias, Skaltsas and Safakas. The castle, however, with its 1,500-strong garrison, held out. A final attack against it was successful, evicting the garrison, but again the revolutionaries had to withdraw due to the arrival of Ottoman reinforcements from Lamia.[16]

Ypati finally joined Greece in 1830 and revived its ancient name. The municipality of Ypati was founded on January 10, 1834.

Modern era

The town suffered during the

Axis occupation: 15 inhabitants were shot as reprisals for the Gorgopotamos sabotage
in 1942.

The worst blow came on 17 June 1944, when the Germans surrounded the town as part of

EAM-ELAS partisans based in the region. They executed 28 people, wounded another 30, and burned down 375 out of the town's 400 buildings. A memorial in the town centre commemorates the event and Ypati has been declared a "martyr city" by the Greek state.[18]

Ecclesiastical history

The Greek

Apostle Paul of Tarsus calls a relative in Epistle to the Romans
, ch.16, v.11) as first bishop of Neopatras.

The city is historically attested as an episcopal see from the 3rd century on.

Patriarchate of Constantinople. Its first historically documented bishop was Leo, participant at the Council of Costantinople of 879-880 which rehabilitated Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople.[19]

It was raised to a

Sisinius II of Constantinople around 997.[19]

Until the 13th century, the city is most notable as an ecclesiastical centre. In the 12th century it had three suffragans: Marmaritzana (again) plus

metropolitan of Athens, Michael Choniates.[13][19]

After the Fourth Crusade, the city was made a Latin rite archdiocese, the Latin Archbishopric of Neopatras. The see was suppressed after the Greek reconquest, but restored when the Catalans established the Duchy of Neopatras in 1319, and remained active until the Ottoman conquest at the turn of the 15th century. In 1933, it was restored as a Catholic titular see.

Administrative subdivisions

The municipal unit of Ypati is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets) :[2]

  • Argyrochori
  • Dafni
  • Kastanea (Kastanea, Kapnochori)
  • Kompotades
  • Ladikou
  • Loutra Ypatis (Loutra Ypatis, Varka, Magoula, Nea Ypati)
  • Lychno (Lychno, Alonia)
  • Mexiates
  • Mesochori Ypatis
  • Neochori Ypatis
  • Peristeri
  • Pyrgos
  • Rodonia (Rodonia, Karya)
  • Syka Ypatis
  • Vasiliki
  • Ypati (Ypati, Amalota)

Population

Year Village Community Municipality
(after 2011 Mun. Unit)
1991 — 929 6,795
2001 724 849 6,855
2011 496 552 4,541
2021 - 440 3,537

Archaeology

When visited by William Martin Leake in the 19th century, there are still considerable remains of the ancient town. He observed many large quadrangular blocks of stones and foundations of ancient walls on the heights, as well as in the buildings of the town. In the metropolitan church he noticed a handsome shaft of white marble, and on the outside of the wall an inscription in small characters of the best times. He also discovered an inscription on a broken block of white marble, lying under a plane-tree near a fountain in the Jewish cemetery.[22][23]

Monuments and sights

The Byzantine Museum of Phthiotis

The town is still dominated by its medieval castle, probably built in its present form in the 13th century, although the large round tower likely dates to the Catalan period. The castle's last military use was during the Greek Civil War.[24][25] The castle was restored in 2011–15 with EU funds under the supervision of the 24th Ephorate of Byzantine Antiquities and is open to the public from 19 December 2015.[25][26]

The

Phthiotis Prefecture, including mosaics and items of daily use, as well as a significant coin collection.[28] The town features also the Byzantine-era Church of Hagia Sophia, built on the site of an older, early Christian church. The church masonry incorporates many pieces of spolia from the early and middle Byzantine periods, as well as the post-Byzantine era. At the southern side, archaeologists have discovered remnants of a 5th-century baptistery.[24] The town's old cathedral church, dedicated to Saint Nicholas, dates to the 18th century, but portions of a mosaic floor and reused architectural elements point to the existence, on the same location, of an early Christian basilica.[29]

Notable sights are also the "Kakogianneio" Astronomical School and

trekking paths.[32]

The 15th-century Agathonos Monastery is located some 3 km west of the town.[33][34] The monastery also houses the Oiti Natural History Museum, dedicated to the geology, climate, flora and fauna of Mount Oeta and its national park.[35]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  3. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Kramolisch, Herwig (October 2006). "Hypata". Brill's New Pauly. Brill Online, 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  5. ^ a b Kramolisch, Herwig (October 2006). "Aenianes". Brill's New Pauly. Brill Online, 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
  6. ISBN 0-19-814099-1
    .
  7. Ab urbe condita Libri
    [History of Rome]. Vol. 36.27-29.
  8. ^ Polybius. The Histories. Vol. 20.9-11.
  9. ^ Jorge Martínez de Tejada Garaizábal, Instituciones, sociedad, religión y léxico de Tesalia de la antigüedad desde la época de la independencia hasta el fin de la edad antigua (siglos VIII AC-V DC), pp.237,432.
  10. ^
    ISSN 0084-5388
    .
  11. ^ Rozaki, Stavroula (1983). AAA: Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik. 16: 132–142. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. JSTOR 147601
    .
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-3-7001-0182-6
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 0-19-504652-8
    .
  15. ^ Nicephorus Gregoras, 4.9. p. 112, ed. Bonn.
  16. ^ a b c d Τουρκοκρατία - Επανάσταση (in Greek), Municipality of Ypati, retrieved 21 May 2010
  17. ^ "Reisen ins Osmanische Reich". Jahrbücher der Literatur (in German). 49–50. Vienna: C. Gerold: 22. 1830.
  18. ^ a b "Μνημείο μαρτυρικής πόλης Υπάτης" (in Greek). Municipality of Lamia. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  19. ^
    OCLC 955922747
    .
  20. ^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte und ungenügend veröffentlichte Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, in: Abhandlungen der philosophisch-historische classe der bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1901, p. 559, nnº 665-666. Le Quien erroneously considered it a suffragan of Euchaita (in Pontus).
  21. ^ Gustave Léon Schlumberger, Sigillographie de l'empire byzantin, 1884, p. 176
  22. ^ William Martin Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii, p. 14 et seq.
  23. ^ Public Domain Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Hypata". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.
  24. ^ a b "Παλαιό Κάστρο και Βυζαντινός Ναός Αγίας Σοφίας" (in Greek). Municipality of Lamia. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  25. ^ a b "Αποκατάσταση και ανάδειξη Μεσαιωνικού Κάστρου Υπάτης" (in Greek). Municipality of Lamia. 16 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  26. ^ "Επισκέψιμο και πάλι το Μεσαιωνικό Κάστρο Υπάτης" (in Greek). in.gr. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  27. ^ Georgios Pallis. "Βυζαντινό Μουσείο Φθιώτιδας: Ιστορικό" (in Greek). Greek Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  28. ^ Georgios Pallis. "Βυζαντινό Μουσείο Φθιώτιδας: Περιγραφή" (in Greek). Greek Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  29. ^ "Ναός Αγίου Νικολάου και ψηφιδωτό" (in Greek). Municipality of Lamia. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  30. ^ ""Κακογιάννειο" Αστεροσχολείο Υπάτης" (in Greek). Municipality of Lamia. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  31. ^ "Καταρράκτης και Νερόμυλος Υπάτης" (in Greek). Municipality of Lamia. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  32. ^ "Ορειβατικά Μονοπάτια Υπάτης" (in Greek). Municipality of Lamia. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
  33. ISBN 3-7001-0182-1
    .
  34. ^ Vasiliki Sythiakaki. "Μονή Αγάθωνος: Περιγραφή" (in Greek). Greek Ministry of Culture. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  35. ^ "Μουσείο Φυσικής Ιστορίας Οίτης" (in Greek). Municipality of Lamia. Retrieved 17 December 2015.

Sources and external links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ypati.
Bibliography - ecclesiastical history
  • Pius Bonifacius Gams, Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae, Leipzig 1931, p. 429
  • Michel Lequien, Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. II, coll. 123-126
  • Gaetano Moroni, lemma 'Patrasso o Neopatra o Nova Patrasso', in Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica, vol. LI, Venice 1851, p. 291
  • Konrad Eubel, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, vol. 1, p. 362; vol. 2, p. XXXII
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ypati&oldid=1213502177"
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: Ypati. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy