Zanthoxylum
Zanthoxylum | |
---|---|
Zanthoxylum kauaense | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Rutaceae |
Subfamily: | Zanthoxyloideae |
Genus: | Zanthoxylum L. |
Type species | |
Zanthoxylum americanum | |
Synonyms[2] | |
List
|
Zanthoxylum is a
Description
Plants in the genus Zanthoxylum are typically
Taxonomy
The genus Zanthoxylum was first formally described in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in the first volume of Species Plantarum.[6][7] The generic name is derived from Ancient Greek words ξανθός (xanthos), meaning 'yellow', and ξύλον (xylon), meaning 'wood'. It is technically misspelled, as the z should be x, but botanical nomenclature does not allow for spelling corrections. It refers to a yellow dye made from the roots of some species.[8] The first species that Linnaeus described was Zanthoxylum trifoliatum, now regarded as a synonym of Eleutherococcus trifoliatus.[7][9] The once separate genus Fagara is now included in Zanthoxylum.[10]
Fossil record
28 fossil seeds of the extinct Zanthoxylum kristinae, from the early Miocene, have been found in the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, the Czech Republic.[11]
Uses
Many Zanthoxylum species make excellent bonsai and in temperate climates they can be grown quite well indoors. Zanthoxylum beecheyanum and Zanthoxylum piperitum are two species commonly grown as bonsai.[12]
Culinary use
Spices are made from a number of species in this genus, including:
- Andaliman
- Zanthoxylum armatum – Sichuan pepper
- Zanthoxylum bungeanum – Sichuan pepper
- sanshō, chopi
- Zanthoxylum nitidum[citation needed]
- Zanthoxylum rhetsa – teppal, tirphal
- Zanthoxylum schinifolium – sancho
- Zanthoxylum simulans – Sichuan pepper
Andaliman
In
Chopi and sanshō
Sancho
The Korean
Sichuan pepper
The fruit of Zanthoxylum armatum and Zanthoxylum bungeanum species is used to make Sichuan pepper by grinding the husks that surround the berries.[19]
Triphal and teppal
In the states of
The fresh fruits are parrot green in color and are used as a flavouring agent in many curries made with a paste of coconut, chilis, and other spices. When dried, the flesh of the fruit hardens, turns a brownish black color and opens up to show the black seeds within. The seeds are discarded and the dried fruit is stored in containers for use around the year. Mostly used in fish preparations and a few vegetarian dishes, with coconut masala, this spice has a very strong woody aroma and is discarded at the time of eating the curry.
Chemistry
Plants in the genus Zanthoxylum contain the lignan sesamin.
Species identified in Nigeria contains several types of alkaloids including
Ecology
Zanthoxylum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the engrailed (Ectropis crepuscularia).
Species list
The following is a list of species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of August 2020:[2]
- Zanthoxylum acanthopodium D.R.Simpson (southern Asia)
- Zanthoxylum aculeatissimum Engl. (Bolivia)
- Sw.(Cuba, Jamaica)
- Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Siebold & Zucc. – ailanthus-like prickly ash
- Baker f.(New Caledonia)
- Zanthoxylum albuquerquei D.C. (Peru)
- Ohwi (Ryukyu Islands)
- Zanthoxylum amapaense (Albuq.) P.G.Waterm. (Brazil, Venezuela)
- Zanthoxylum americanum Mill. – northern prickly ash, prickly ash, toothache tree (Canada, United States)
- Zanthoxylum anadenium (Urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti)
- Zanthoxylum andamanicum Kurz (Andaman Islands)
- Zanthoxylum andinum Reynel (Ecuador)
- L.O.Williams(Guatemala)
- Zanthoxylum anthyllidifolium Guillaumin (Vietnam)
- Zanthoxylum apiculatum (Sandwith) P.G.Waterman (South America)
- Zanthoxylum arborescens Rose (Mexico, Nicaragua)
- DC.– winged prickly ash (Indian subcontinent to temperate east Asia and Malesia)
- Côte d'Ivoire)
- Zanthoxylum austrosinense C.C.Huang (southern China)
- Zanthoxylum avicennae (Lam.) DC. (southern China to western and central Malesia)
- T.G.Hartley
- K.Koch(Bonin Islands, Ryukya Islands)
- Zanthoxylum bifoliolatum Leonard – Maricao prickly ash (Hispaniola to Puerto Rico)
- Zanthoxylum bissei Beurton (Cuba)
- Zanthoxylum bonifaziae Cornejo & Reynel (Ecuador)
- Zanthoxylum bouetense (Pierre ex Letouzey) P.G.Waterman (Congo, Gabon)
- Zanthoxylum brachyacanthum F.Muell. – thorny yellowwood (New South Wales, Queensland)
- Zanthoxylum brisasanum (Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to Peru)
- Zanthoxylum buesgenii (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Nigeria to west central tropical Africa)
- Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. – Chinese/Sichuan pepper (Himalaya to China)
- Zanthoxylum burkillianum Babu
- Zanthoxylum calcicola C.C.Huang (China)
- Zanthoxylum campicola Reynel (Colombia)
- Zanthoxylum canalense (Guillaumin) P.G.Waterman
- Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.) Harv. (southern Africa)
- Zanthoxylum caribaeum Lam. – yellow prickly ash (Mexico to tropical America)
- Zanthoxylum caudatum Alston (Sri Lanka)
- Zanthoxylum celebicum Koord. (Sulawesi)
- Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras)
- Zanthoxylum chevalieri P.G.Waterman (western tropical Africa)
- Zanthoxylum chuquisaquense Reynel (Bolivia)
- Zanthoxylum ciliatum Engl. (Mexico to northern Venezuela)
- Zanthoxylum claessensii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (west central tropical Africa)
- Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L. – Hercules' club, pepperbark, southern prickly ash, West Indian yellowwood (central and southeastern United States to eastern Mexico)
- )
- Zanthoxylum collinsiae Craib (China to Indochina)
- Zanthoxylum comosum (Theodor Carl Julius Herzog|Herzog) P.G.Waterman (central Bolivia)
- Zanthoxylum compactum (Huber ex Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Venezuela to western South America)
- Perry(New Guinea)
- Zanthoxylum cucullatipetalum Guillaumin (Vietnam)
- I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman – forest knobwood (Zimbabwe to South Africa)
- H.Perrier(Madagascar)
- Zanthoxylum delagoense P.G.Waterman (southern Mozambique)
- Zanthoxylum deremense (Engl.) Kokwaro (Malawi, Tanzania)
- Hemsl.(southern China to Indochina, Taiwan)
- Zanthoxylum dinklagei (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Nigeria to western central tropical Africa)
- H.Mann– Kāwaʻu (Hawaii)
- Zanthoxylum dissitum Hemsl. (central and southern China to Hainan)
- Warb.(New Guinea)
- Zanthoxylum djalma-batistae (Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Brazil)
- Urb.) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti)
- Zanthoxylum dumosum A.Rich. (Cuba)
- Zanthoxylum echinocarpum Hemsl. (southern China)
- Zanthoxylum ekmanii (Urb.) Alain (southern Mexico to southern tropical America, western Cuba)
- Zanthoxylum eliasii D.M.Porter (Panama to Peru)
- Zanthoxylum engleri Waterm.
- Zanthoxylum esquirolii H.Lév. (southern central China)
- Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) Sarg. – Lime prickly ash (tropical and subtropical America)
- Zanthoxylum fauriei (Nakai) Ohwi – lesser ailanthus-like prickly ash (South Korea, Japan)
- Zanthoxylum finlaysonianum Wall. (Thailand)
- Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl – West Indian satinwood (Caribbean)
- Donn.Sm.(Mexico to Nicaragua)
- Zanthoxylum forbesii T.G.Hartley (Sumatra)
- Zanthoxylum formiciferum (Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to northern Peru)
- Zanthoxylum gardneri Engl. (Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum gentryi Reynel (western Colombia)
- Turcz.(Gulf of Mexico)
- Zanthoxylum gillespieanum (A.C.Sm) A.C.Sm. (Fiji)
- Zanthoxylum gilletii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (tropical Africa)
- Zanthoxylum glomeratum C.C.Huang (China)
- Tul.(Colombia)
- Zanthoxylum haitiense (Urb.) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti)
- Zanthoxylum hamadryadicum Pirani (north-eastern Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum harrisii P.Wilson (Jamaica)
- Zanthoxylum hartii[(Krug & Urb.) P.Wilson (Jamaica)
- Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Hillebr. – a'e, Hawai'i prickly ash (Hawaii)
- Zanthoxylum heitzii (Aubrév. & Pellegr.) P.G.Waterm. (west central tropical Africa
- Mascarenes)
- Zanthoxylum holtzianum (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (southern Somalia to northern Mozambique)
- Zanthoxylum huberi P.G.Waterman (South America)
- Zanthoxylum humile (E.A.Bruce P.G.Waterman (Zimbabwe to Mozambique and Mpumalanga)
- Zanthoxylum impressinervium Reynel (Colombia)
- Elmer(Taiwan to the Philippines)
- Zanthoxylum iwahigense Reynel (the Philippines)
- Zanthoxylum jamaicense P.Wilson (Jamaica)
- Zanthoxylum juniperinum Poepp. (Central America)
- Zanthoxylum kauaense A.Gray – Kauai prickly ash (Hawaii)
- Hook.f.(Assam to China (W. Yunnan))
- R.S.Cowan) P.G.Waterman (Brazil)
- Hand.-Mazz.) Chunex C.C.Huang (China)
- Zanthoxylum laetum Drake (China to Vietnam)
- Zanthoxylum laurentii (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (Congo to Democratic Republic of Congo)
- Zanthoxylum leiboicum C.C.Huang (China)
- Zanthoxylum lemairei (De Wild.) P.G.Waterman (western tropical Africa to Uganda)
- Zanthoxylum lenticellosum (Urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Dominican Republic)
- Zanthoxylum lenticulare Reynel (Colombia to Venezuela)
- Zanthoxylum lepidopteriphilum Reynel (Ecuador to Peru, north-west Venezuela)
- Perr.(tropical and southern Africa)
- Zanthoxylum leratii Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
- Zanthoxylum liboense C.C.Huang (China)
- Oerst.(Mexico to Colombia)
- Zanthoxylum lindense (Engl.) Kokwaro (Tanzania)
- Zanthoxylum macranthum (Hand.-Mazz.) C.C. Huang (south-east Tibet to southern China)
- Zanthoxylum madagascariense Baker (Madagascar)
- Zanthoxylum magnifasciculatum Reynel (Venezuela)
- Zanthoxylum mananarense H.Perrier (Madagascar)
- Zanthoxylum mantaro (J.F.Macbr.) J.F.Macbr. (Peru)
- Zanthoxylum maranionense Reynel (Peru)
- Zanthoxylum martinicense (Lam.) DC. – white prickly ash
- Bertero (Juan Fernández Islands)
- Zanthoxylum megistophyllum (B.L.Burtt) T.G.Hartley (Solomon Islands)
- Cham.(Mexico to north-west Venezuela and Peru)
- Zanthoxylum mezoneurispinosum (Aké Assi) W.D.Hawth. (Liberia to Ivory Coast)
- Zanthoxylum micranthum Hemsl. (China)
- Zanthoxylum mildbraedii (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (east central tropical Africa to south-west Kenya
- Zanthoxylum minahassae Koord. (Sulawesi)
- Zanthoxylum molle Rehder (China)
- Zanthoxylum mollissimum (Engl.) P.Wilson (Mexico to Colombia)
- Zanthoxylum monogynum A.St.-Hil. (eastern Bolivia to Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum motuoense C.C.Huang
- Franch.(China)
- Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. ex Hook.f. (eastern Himalaya to southern China and western and central Malesia)
- Zanthoxylum myrianthum (A.C.Sm.) P.G.Waterman (Fiji)
- Zanthoxylum nadeaudii Drake (French Polynesia)
- Zanthoxylum nashii P.Wilson (Cuba to Hispaniola)
- Zanthoxylum nebuletorum (Herzog) P.G.Waterman (Bolivia)
- Mart.(eastern Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum neocaledonicum Baker f. (New Caledonia)
- Zanthoxylum nigrum Mart. (Brazil)
- Roxb.) DC. – shiny-leaf prickly ash (tropical and subtropical Asia, Queensland)
- Zanthoxylum novoguineense T.G.Hartley (New Guinea)
- Zanthoxylum oahuense Hillebr. – Oahu prickly ash (Hawaii)
- Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight (Andaman Island, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Queensland)
- Zanthoxylum ovatifoliolatum (Engl.) Finkelstein (Angola to north-west Namibia)
- Edgew.(Nepal to China and Myanmar)
- Zanthoxylum panamense P.Wilson (Mexico to Central America)
- Zanthoxylum pancheri P.S.Green (New Caledonia)
- )
- Mildbr.) Kokwaro (south-east Kenya to central Tanzania)
- Zanthoxylum paulae (Albuq.) P.G. Waterman (Guianas to northern Brazil)
- R.A.Howard(Trinidad to northern Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum petenense Lundell (Mexico to Guatemala)
- Zanthoxylum petiolare A.St.-Hil. & Tul. (Bolivia to Brazil and northern Argentina)
- Maxim.(China)
- Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (Democratic Republic of Congo to Angola)
- E.H.Wilson(south-central China)
- Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides (Lam.) DC. (Cuba to Hispaniola)
- W.R.B.Oliv.(Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, south-west Pacific.)
- Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. (China to South Korea, Japan)
- Griseb.) Wright (Cuba)
- Zanthoxylum piasezkii Maxim.
- Zanthoxylum pilosiusculum (Engl.) P.G.Waterm.
- Zanthoxylum pilosulum Rehder & E.H. Wilson
- Zanthoxylum pimpinelloides (Lam.) DC.
- Zanthoxylum pinnatum Druce
- Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. – Japanese pepper, chopi, Korean pepper (China, Japan, Korea)
- Zanthoxylum pluviatile T.G.Hartley (New Guinea and Solomon Islands)
- Zanthoxylum poggei (Engl.) P.G.Waterman (western central tropical Africa)
- Zanthoxylum psammophilum (Aké Assi) P.G.Waterman (Ivory Coast)
- Zanthoxylum pseudoxyphyllum Babu (Ivory Coast)
- Zanthoxylum pteracanthum Rehder & E.H.Wilson (China)
- Zanthoxylum pucro D.M Porter (Panama to north-west Colombia)
- Zanthoxylum punctatum Vahl – dotted prickly ash (Caribbean)
- Steyerm.(Mexico to Guatemala.)
- Tul.(western South America to north-west Venezuela)
- Zanthoxylum renieri (G.C.C.Gilbert) P.G.Waterman (Democratic Republic of Congo to Uganda)
- Zanthoxylum retroflexum T.G.Hartley (Sumatra)
- Zanthoxylum retusum (Albuq.) P.G.Waterman (Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb.) DC. – Cape yellowwood, Indian ivy-rue, Indian pepper (tropical Asia, Queensland)
- Zanthoxylum rhodoxylum (Urb.) P.Wilson (Jamaica)
- Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (tropical and subtropical America)
- Zanthoxylum rhombifoliolatum C.C.Huang (China)
- Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl. (Brazil to north-east Argentina)
- Willd.(western South America to Paraguay)
- Hook.(western tropical Africa to south-west Kenya and Angola)
- Zanthoxylum sapindifolium Wall. (Myanmar)
- Zanthoxylum sarasinii Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
- Zanthoxylum scandens Blume (southern China to Nansei-shoto and western Malesia)
- Zucc.– mastic-leaf prickly ash, Sichuan pepper (central and eastern China to temperate eastern Asia)
- Zanthoxylum schlechteri Guillaumin (New Caledonia)
- J.F.Gmel.) Reynel ex C.Nelson (Mexico to Venezuela and Bolivia, Caribbean)
- Zanthoxylum setulosum P.Wilson (Costa Rica to north-west Venezuela)
- Zanthoxylum simulans Hance (China, South Korea, Taiwan)
- Zanthoxylum spinosum (Sw.) Sw. (Florida to Caribbean)
- Zanthoxylum spondiifolium Wall. (Myanmar)
- Zanthoxylum sprucei Engl. (Ecuador to Peru and western Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum stelligerum Turcz. (central and eastern Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum stenophyllum Hemsl. (central and eastern central China)
- Zanthoxylum subspicatum H. Perrier (Madagascar)
- Zanthoxylum syncarpum (Tul.) Tul. ex B.D.Jacks. (Venezuela, eastern Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum taediosum A.Rich. (Cuba)
- Nadeaud) J.Florence & N.Hallé(Society Islands)
- Zanthoxylum tambopatense Reynel (Peru)
- Zanthoxylum tetraphyllum (urb. & Ekman) J.Jiménez Alm. (Haiti)
- Arn.(southern India, Sri Lanka)
- A.Chev.ex P.G.Waterman (Gabon and Gulf of Guinea Island)
- Zanthoxylum thornycroftii (I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman (Limpopo to Mpumalanga)
- Zanthoxylum thouventii H.Perrier (Madagascar])
- Miq. (Maluku Islands)
- Span. (Lesser Sunda Islands)
- Zanthoxylum tingoassuiba A.St.-Hil. (eastern and southern Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum tomentellum Hook.f. (Nepal to China and Myanmar)
- Zanthoxylum tragodes (L.) DC. – Niaragato (Caribbean)
- Zanthoxylum trijugum (Dunkley) P.G.Waterman (central Tanzania to Zambia)
- Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa H.Perrier (Madagascar)
- Zanthoxylum undulatifolium Hemsl. (China)
- Zanthoxylum unifoliatum Groppo & Pirani (Brazil)
- Zanthoxylum usambarense (Engl.) Kokwara (Ethiopia to Rwanda)
- Laness.(Vietnam)
- Zanthoxylum venosum Leonard (Hispaniola)
- Zanthoxylum verrucosum (Cuatrec.) P.G.Waterman (Colombia to Ecuador)
- Zanthoxylum vinkii T.G.Hartley (New Guinea)
- Zanthoxylum viride (A.Chev.) T.G.Hartley (west tropical Africa to Congo)
- Zanthoxylum vitiense A.C.Sm. (Fiji)
- Zanthoxylum wutaiense I.S.Chen (Taiwan)
- Zanthoxylum xichouense C.C.Huang (China)
- Zanthoxylum yakumontanum (Sugim.) Nagam. (Japan)
- Zanthoxylum yuanjiangensis C.C.Huang (China)
- Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler – Senegal prickly ash (western tropical Africa)
Doubtful species
The genus Fagara has been sunk into Zanthoxylum, but as of September 2021[update], no name seemed to have been provided for the former Fagara externa, which was regarded as an unplaced name by Plants of the World Online.[24]
References
- ^ "Zanthoxylum L." TROPICOS. Missouri Botanical Garden. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-02-26.
- ^ a b "Zanthoxylum". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-77009-561-8.
- ^ "Genus Zanthoxylum". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ Hartley, Thomas G. (2013). Wilson, Annette J.G. (ed.). Flora of Australia (Volume 26). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 74. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Zanthoxylum". APNI. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ a b Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum. Berlin: Junk, 1908. p. 270. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
- ^ "Zanthoxylum trifoliatum". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- S2CID 2655415.
- ^ A review of the early Miocene Mastixioid flora of the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, The Czech Republic, January 2012 by F. Holý, Z. Kvaček and Vasilis Teodoridis - ACTA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Series B – Historia Naturalis • vol. 68 • 2012 • no. 3–4 • pp. 53–118
- ^ Wilbur, C. Keith, MD. Revolutionary Medicine 1700-1800. The Globe Pequot Press. Page 23. 1980.
- ^ "Andaliman – A Family of Sichuan Pepper". IndonesiaEats.com. 3 November 2006. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Leifsson, Lanny (8 November 2011). "Sambal Andaliman Recipe (Andaliman Pepper Sambal)". indonesiaeats.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ "Arsik Recipe (Spiced Carp with Torch Ginger and Andaliman – Mandailing Style)". indonesiaeats.com. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-780-64315-1.
- ^ "Szechuan Peppercorns)". CooksInfo.com. 17 June 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Gowman, Philip (5 December 2016). "In praise of Sancho and Flat Three". londonkoreanlinks.net. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-85573-721-1.
- ^ "Tirphal/ Teppal Pepper". foodsofnations.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-7818-1143-9.
- ^ "{title}". Archived from the original on 2017-12-17. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ The Nigerian Zanthoxylum; Chemical and biological values. S. K. Adesina, Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 2005, volume 2, issue 3, pages 282-301 (article Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ "Fagara externa Skottsb". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
- Hu, Shiu-ying (2005), Food plants of China (preview), vol. 1, Chinese University Press, ISBN 9789629962296
- Zhou, Jiaju; Xie, Guirong; Yan, Xinjian (2011), Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines - Molecular Structures (preview), vol. 1, Springer, ISBN 9783642167355
- Zhang, Dianxiang; Hartley, Thomas G. (2008), "1. Zanthoxylum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 270. 1753.", Flora of China, 11: 53–66 PDF
- Stuart, George Arthur; Smith, Frederick Porter (1985), Chinese materia medica (snippet), vol. vegetable kingdom, Southern Materials Center, 1985
- Blaschek, Wolfgang; Hänsel, Rudolf; Keller, Konstantin (1998), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis (preview), vol. 3 (L-Z), Gabler Wissenschaftsverlage, pp. 809–, ISBN 978-3-540-61619-1
External links
- Media related to Zanthoxylum at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Zanthoxylum at Wikispecies