1292–1294 papal election
Papal conclave 1292–94 Papal election | |
---|---|
Dates and location | |
5 April 1292 – 5 July 1294 Matteo Orsini Rosso | |
Elected pope | |
Pietro de Morrone Name taken: Celestine V | |
The 1292–94 papal election (from 5 April 1292 to 5 July 1294), was the last papal election which did not take the form of a papal conclave (in which the electors are locked in seclusion cum clave—Latin for "with a key"—and not permitted to leave until a new Bishop of Rome has been elected). After the death of Pope Nicholas IV on 4 April 1292, the eleven surviving cardinals (a twelfth died during the sede vacante) deliberated for more than two years before electing the third of six non-cardinals to be elected pope during the Late Middle Ages: Pietro da Morrone, who took the name Pope Celestine V.[1]
Contemporary sources suggest that Morrone was hesitant to accept his election when word of the cardinals' decision reached his mountain-top hermitage. His ascetic life left him largely unprepared for the day-to-day responsibilities of the papacy, and he quickly fell under the influence of the Neapolitan monarchy of Charles of Anjou, to the dissatisfaction of even the pro-Angevin cardinals within the College. Celestine V
Cardinal electors
Twelve cardinal electors began the election, but one—Jean Cholet—died before it was completed.
Elector | Nationality | Order | Title | Elevated | Elevator | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latino Malabranca Orsini, O.P. | Roman | Cardinal-bishop | Bishop of Ostia e Velletri
|
1278, March 12 | Nicholas III | Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals; Inquisitor General
nephew of Nicholas III |
Gerardo Bianchi | Parmesan | Cardinal-bishop | Bishop of Sabina
|
1278, March 12 | Nicholas III | |
Giovanni Boccamazza | Roman | Cardinal-bishop | Bishop of Frascati
|
1285, December 22 | Honorius IV | Nephew of Honorius IV |
Matteo d'Acquasparta , O.F.M.
|
Todini | Cardinal-bishop | Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina
|
1288, May 16 | Nicholas IV | Major Penitentiary
|
Jean Cholet | French | Cardinal-priest | Titulus S. Cecilia | 1281, April 12 | Martin IV | Protopriest; Died August 2, 1293 |
Benedetto Caetani | Anagnini (Catalan family) |
Cardinal-priest | Titulus Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti | 1281, April 12 | Martin IV | Protopriest after August 2, 1293; Future Pope Boniface VIII |
Hugues Aycelin de Billom, O.P. | French | Cardinal-priest | Titulus S. Sabina | 1288, May 16 | Nicholas IV | |
Pietro Peregrosso | Milanese | Cardinal-priest | Titulus S. Marco | 1288, May 16 | Nicholas IV | Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals
|
Matteo Rosso Orsini | Roman | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Maria in Portico | 1262, May 22 | Urban IV | Vatican Basilica
|
Giacomo Colonna | Roman | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata | 1278, March 12 | Nicholas III | Archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian Basilica
|
Napoleone Orsini
|
Roman | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Adriano | 1288, May 16 | Nicholas IV | |
Pietro Colonna | Roman | Cardinal-deacon | Deacon of S. Eustachio | 1288, May 16 | Nicholas IV |
Deliberation
The eleven electors were relatively evenly divided between the factions of Colonna and Orsini, two powerful Roman families,[2][3] led by Giacomo Colonna and Matteo Orsini, respectively.[4] The three Orsini cardinals were pro-French and pro-Angevin, while the two Colonna cardinals supported competing Aragonese claims in Sicily.[5] James II of Aragon had bankrolled the Colonna faction with gold, but it is unknown whether simony actually transpired.[6]
After ten days of balloting in
The College continued to deliberate fruitlessly in Perugia, where they were addressed by Charles II of Naples in March 1294.[7] By the summer of 1294, cardinals had begun to disperse, leaving only six in Perugia for their final meeting, where a letter was read aloud from a hermit, Pietro de Morrone, stating that God had revealed to him that the cardinals would be punished for any further delay.[7] Latino Malabranca Orsini, the senior cardinal, suddenly nominated Morrone—who would have been well known by the cardinals as a saintly figure—and the other cardinals rapidly agreed and recalled the departed electors to consent.[7][9][10]
Consensus was achieved by 5 July 1294, when Morrone was elected.
Coronation
Pietro Colonna and three bishops brought the news of Morrone's election to his mountain-top hermitage.[14] Contemporary sources are emphatic in noting Morrone's reluctance to accept his election; for example, Petrarch recounts his attempt to flee.[15]
Instead of coming to Perugia (the site of the election), Celestine insisted that the cardinals join him in L'Aquila (in Neapolitan territory) for his coronation, rather than crossing into the bordering Papal States.[16] Imitating the entry of Christ into Jerusalem,[17] Celestine rode a donkey, led by the bridle by Charles II of Naples and his son Charles Martel of Anjou[18] to the L'Aquila basilica, which was the nearest cathedral to his hermitage.[11] Latino Orsini died on August 10 in Perugia, but many of the other cardinals had second thoughts because of the perceived degree of Angevin control of the new pope.[17] Because only three cardinals were present at the ceremony on August 29, it was repeated a few days later when more arrived, making Celestine the only pope to be crowned twice.[citation needed]
The Angevin-Neapolitan influence of Celestine was evident in his first
Legacy
Before abdicating, Celestine re-enacted
See also
- Papal election, 1268–1271, during which the procedures of the conclavelargely developed (the first two of the seven intervening papal elections were conclaves)
Notes
- ^ a b Miranda, Salvator. 1998. "Election of April 5, 1292 – July 5, 1294: (Celestine V)."
- ^ Emerton, 1917, p. 111.
- ^ Williams, 2004, p. 37-38.
- ^ a b Gregorovius, 1906, p. 516.
- ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 43. Peter Herder, "Das Kardinalskollegium und der Feldzug vom Orvieto im Val del Lago (1294)," in Erwin Gatz (editor), Romische Kurie. Kirchiliche Finanzen. Vatikanisches Archiv. Studien zu Ehren von Hermann Hoberg (Roma: 1979), 325–327.
- ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 43-44.
- ^ a b c d e f g Baumgartner, 2003, p. 44.
- ^ a b c d Gregorovius, 1906, p. 517.
- ^ Toropov, 2002, p. 52.
- ^ Gregorovius, 1906, p. 518.
- ^ a b c Baumgartner, 2003, p. 45.
- ^ Rotberg, 2001, p. 59.
- ^ Baumgartner, 2003, p. 41.
- ^ Gregorovius, 1906, p. 520.
- ^ Vita solitaria, ii, c. 18.
- ^ a b c Emerton, 1917, p. 112.
- ^ a b Gregorovius, 1906, p. 522.
- ^ Gregorovius, 1906, p. 521.
- ^ Collins, 2005, p. 111.
- ^ Toropov, 2002, p. 52-53.
- ^ Trollope, 1876, p. 87.
References
- Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8
- Collins, Michael. 2005. The Fisherman's Net: The Influence of the Popes on History. Hidden Spring. ISBN 1-58768-033-5
- Emerton, Ephraim. 1917. The Beginnings of Modern Europe (1250–1450). Ginn & Co. (Available online)
- Gregorovius, Ferdinand. 1906. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. G. Bell & Sons. (Available online)
- Herde, Peter. 1981. Cölestin V (1294) (Peter vom Morone): Der Engelpapst (Stuttgart, 1981).
- Pietropaoli, Paolo. 1894. "Il Conclave di Perugia e l'elezione di Pier Celestino," Celestino V ed il VI centenario della sua Incornazione (Aquila 1894), 97–114.
- Rotberg, Robert I. 2001. Politics and political change: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-68129-3
- Toropov, Brandon. 2002. The Complete Idiot's Guide to the Popes and Papacy. Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-864290-2
- Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. 1876. The Papal Conclaves, as They Were and as They are. Chapman and Hall. (Available online)
- Williams, George L. 2004. Papal Genealogy: The Families And Descendants Of The Popes. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2071-5
External links