1923 Kraków riot

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1923 Kraków riot
Part of history of Kraków
Main Square, the site of the mass demonstration
Date6 November 1923
Location
Kraków, Poland
Caused byGovernment crackdown on striking workers
Parties
Casualties and losses
14 soldiers killed, 101 soldiers and 31 policemen injured
18–30 killed, 10+ seriously wounded

The 1923 Kraków riot was a

Main Market Square area and disarmed some troops.[3][4] Eventually troops and police were ordered to fire on the workers, but some soldiers refused. Three armored cars were used,[4] one of which, named Dziadek ("Grandpa"), was captured by the workers in the Market Square area.[3]

Some 18 to 30 workers were killed,[5][4] as well as 14 soldiers. No policemen died, but 31 were injured.[3]

Background

Poland regained independence in 1918 (see

Sulejowek, would use any opportunity to return to power. The Marshall was officially presenting himself as a private person, but his house was carefully watched by the police.[6]

In the fall of 1923, hundreds of strikes took place across the country.[3] At first, Polish government adopted a lenient policy towards workers' demonstrations, but after a scandal in 1922 in which a carriage with Polish president was pelted by stones by the workers while police did nothing, that policy changed.[4] In October 1923, railroads were militarized, and the striking rail workers were drafted into the army. In Kraków, where workers' strikes and demonstrations were occurring as well,[3] the local military commander, General Józef Czikiel, introduced special courts for striking rail workers. In response, on November 5, the Polish Socialist Party proclaimed a general strike.[6]

Riots in Kraków

On 5 November the government forbade any demonstrations, but the decree was disregarded by the workers of Kraków. Therefore, troops, some of them armed with machine guns, were deployed on the streets of the city and in crucial positions across the city early in the morning on November 6. A day earlier, the Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) had declared a general strike as in response to government militarization of the railways, which had been ordered to end a month-long strike of the railway workers, and other restrictions.[3][4] Workers clashed with the police, but the situation did not progress further that day.[citation needed]

Another large workers' demonstration began in the late morning of 6 November and resulted in the events described in some sources as Bloody Tuesday.

Polish-Soviet War.[6]

Since the situation was getting very serious, local authorities called

Rotmistrz Lucjan Bochenek, an experienced soldier, who ordered his subordinates to charge on the crowd, but horses were unable to run on the wet sidewalks, and many of them slipped and fell.[3][5] The workers dispersed, with a number of them hiding in nearby houses, where they opened fire. Bochenek and his deputy, Mieczyslaw Zagorski, were killed, and shocked uhlans were disarmed.[6] Another cavalry unit was also disarmed, and its commandant, shot in both legs, was unable to control the soldiers, who, after hearing workers chant "Long live Pilsudski! Down with the government of Witos!", mingled with the crowd, giving up their weapons.[citation needed
]

Upon order of General Czikiel, Colonel Becker was left in charge of the army units sent to fight the demonstrators. Becker, finding out about failure of the mounted troops, sent into action infantry regiments, which on previous night had been transported from

Main Market Square area and disarmed some troops.[3][4] Eventually, troops and police were given orders to fire on the workers, but some soldiers refused to do so.[3] Three armored cars were used;[4] one of which, named Dziadek, was captured by the workers in the area of the market square.[3] The driver of the armored car was killed, and two other soldiers inside were seriously wounded.[citation needed
]

Around mid-day on November 6, the centre of the city was under control of the workers, with police and army units stationed around

Kraków Main station, and offices of the voivode. At that time, rumours began circulating among the demonstrators, which had it that large army units with artillery were on their way. However, the government in Warsaw, anxious about the situation, had already begun negotiations with the opposition, and a five-hour truce was declared, which prevented further fighting. Altogether, about 18[3] to 30 workers[4] and 14 soldiers[3] were killed (including 11 cavalryman from an ill-fated charge[5]), and there were 101 soldiers wounded.[3] No policeman were killed, but 31 were injured.[3] Among the civilians, 10 were seriously wounded. Also, the demonstrators killed 61 army horses.[citation needed
]

Aftermath

By 6 November the Polish government declared that it was willing to negotiate with PPS, a ceasefire was agreed upon and the riots subsided.[3] The government agreed to reverse its decision about militarization of the railways; the unpopular voivode of Kraków Voivodeship, Kazimierz Gałecki, was replaced by Karol Olpiński; and General Józef Czikel (commander of the Kraków Military District No. V) was replaced by Lucjan Żeligowski.[3] In return, the socialists promised to end the strike and urged all workers to return to work the next day. In Kraków, the police withdrew from the streets, which were temporarily patrolled by the armed workers.[6]

The increasingly-unpopular Chjeno-Piast government would resign in December 1923, partly from its handling of the Kraków riots.[8][9][10][11] Apart from Kraków, there were in early November 1923 violent street demonstrations and clashes with police in other southern Polish cities, such as Tarnów, and Boryslaw, with a number of people wounded or killed. All killed cavalrymen were buried at Kraków's Rakowicki Cemetery, where a monument with their names was erected.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kraków at internet encyclopedia of interia.pl
  2. ^ Gazeta Bankowa, Financial history of the 20th century
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s (in Polish) Stanisław Czerpak, Walka zbrojna na ulicach Krakowa w listopadzie 1923 r.[dead link]
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h (in Polish) Andrzej Osęka, Gumowa kula demokracji. Numer: 26/2005 (1178)
  5. ^ a b c (in Polish) Wspomnienie o adw. Eugeniuszu Śmiarowskim (1878–1932)
  6. ^ a b c d e f Gazeta Wyborcza. 6.XI.1923. Na krakowskim bruku by Wlodzimierz Kalicki retrieved June 17, 2009
  7. ^ (in Polish) Krwawy wtorek w Krakowie, "Naprzód" nr. 257 z dn. 9 XI 1923 r., s. 2;
  8. ISBN 0-87471-824-4, Google Print p.189
  9. ISBN 0-313-26007-9, Google Print, p.65
  10. ISBN 0-312-22843-0, Google Print p.348
  11. ISBN 0-521-27501-6, Google Print, p.156
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