Tarnów

Coordinates: 50°00′45″N 20°59′19″E / 50.01250°N 20.98861°E / 50.01250; 20.98861
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other places with the same name, see Tarnow.

Tarnów
  • From top, left to right: Tarnów Cathedral
  • Town Hall
  • General Józef Bem Mausoleum
  • Railway station
  • Historic townhouses
Car plates
KT
Websitehttp://www.tarnow.pl
Historical population
YearPop.±%
195037,405—    
196070,835+89.4%
197085,929+21.3%
1980105,109+22.3%
1990121,216+15.3%
2000120,822−0.3%
2010114,635−5.1%
2020107,498−6.2%
source [2]

Tarnów (Polish pronunciation: [ˈtarnuf] ⓘ) is a city in southeastern Poland with 105,922 inhabitants[1] and a metropolitan area population of 269,000 inhabitants. The city is situated in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999. From 1975 to 1998, it was the capital of the Tarnów Voivodeship. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east–west connection from Lviv to Kraków, and two additional lines, one of which links the city with the Slovak border.

Tarnów is known for its traditional

tenements, houses and defensive walls, has been preserved. Tarnów is also the warmest city of Poland, with the highest long-term mean annual temperature in the whole country.[4]

Companies headquartered in the city include Poland's largest chemical industry company Grupa Azoty and defence industry company ZMT. The city is currently subdivided into 16 districts and is a member of the Association of Polish Cities (Związek Miast Polskich).[5]

Names and etymology

See also:
Names of Tarnów in different languages

The first documented mention of the settlement dates back to 1105, spelled as Tharnow. The name later evolved to Tarnowo (1229), Tarnów (1327), and Tharnow (1473).

Bosnia, and North Macedonia
. The name Tarnów comes from an early Slavic word trn/tarn, which means "thorn", or an area covered by thorny plants.

History

Already in the mid-9th century, on the Tarnów's St. Martin Mount (Góra sw. Marcina, 2.5 kilometers from the centre of today's city), a

Gilles de Paris (1124).[6]

The first documented mention of Tarnów occurs in the year 1309, when a list of miracles of

Castellan of Kraków, Spycimir Leliwita of Leliwa coat of arms (its ruins can still be seen).[7]

Tarnów remained in the hands of the Leliwa family, out of which in the 15th century the

Calvinist prayer house, Roman Catholic churches, and up to twelve guilds
.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Lubomirski family
.

Habsburg Empire

Market Square in Tarnów in 1800, painting by Zygmunt Vogel

After the

Galician slaughter. The massacre, led by Jakub Szela (born in Smarżowa), began on 18 February 1846. Szela's peasant units surrounded and attacked manor houses and settlements located in three counties – Sanok, Jasło
, and Tarnów. According to Austrians, the revolt got out of hand and the Austrians had to put it down as they were subjugating a previously free people.

Tarnów went through the period of quick development in the second half of the 19th century, due to the program of construction of the railway system. In 1852, the town received rail connection with

Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive
). In the early stages of the offensive, Tarnów was shelled by German-Austrian heavy artillery, which brought destruction to some of its districts.

Second Polish Republic

Mościce district in 1938

Tarnów was one of the first Polish cities to be freed during the rebirth of Poland following World War I. The Polish Legions liberated the city on the night of 30–31 October 1918. In the

Tarnów rail station bomb attack killing 20 civilians and wounding 35, four days before the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the outbreak of World War II.[10]

World War II

First transport of Polish captives deported from Tarnów to Auschwitz concentration camp during German AB-Aktion in Poland, June 1940

During the German invasion of Poland, the city was overrun by the German forces on 7 September 1939. Under German occupation, Tarnów was incorporated into the General Government territory as the seat of the Kreishauptmanschaft Tarnow administrative unit in the Kraków District on 26 October 1939.

In September 1939, the

Armia Krajowa (AK) and other resistance organizations. In mid-1944 AK's 16th Infantry Regiment "Barbara" took part in Operation Tempest. After the Warsaw Uprising, in October 1944, the Germans deported 3,000 Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków, where they were initially imprisoned, to Tarnów.[15] Those Poles were mainly old people, ill people and women with children.[15] The Wehrmacht retreated from Tarnów on 18 January 1945, and the city was captured by the Red Army
, and then restored to Poland.

Post-war period

Ludwik Solski Theatre

A few months later, the Museum of Tarnów Land was opened, and Tarnów began a postwar recovery. In 1957, State Theatre of Ludwik Solski was opened, and in 1975 Tarnów became the capital of a voivodeship.

The Jews of Tarnów

Before World War II, about 25,000 Jews lived in Tarnów.[16] Jews, whose recorded presence in the town went back to the mid-15th century, comprised about half of the town's total population. A large portion of Jewish business in Tarnów was devoted to garment and hat manufacturing. The Jewish community was ideologically diverse and included religious Hasidim, secular Zionists, and many more.[17]

Jewish men humiliated and tortured by German policemen

Immediately following the German occupation of the city on 8 September 1939, the persecution of the Jews began. German units burned down most of the city's synagogues on 9 September and drafted Jews for forced-labor projects.[16] Tarnów was incorporated into the Generalgouvernement. Many Tarnów Jews fled to the east, while a large influx of refugees from elsewhere in occupied Poland continued to increase the town's Jewish population. In early November, the Germans ordered the establishment of a Jewish council (Judenrat) to transmit orders and regulations to the Jewish community. Among the duties of the Jewish council were enforcement of special taxation on the community and providing workers for forced labor.[17]

During 1941, life for the Jews of Tarnów became increasingly precarious.[16] The Germans imposed a large collective fine on the community. Jews were required to hand in their valuables. Roundups for labor became more frequent and killings became more commonplace and arbitrary. Deportations from Tarnów began in June 1942, when about 13,500 Jews were sent to the Belzec extermination camp. The first major act in the extermination of the Jews of Tarnów was the so-called "first operation" from 11–19 June 1942. The Germans gathered thousands of Jews in the Rynek (market place), and then they were tortured and killed. During this time period, on the streets of the town and in the Jewish cemetery, about 3,000 Jews were shot; in the woods of Zbylitowska Góra a few kilometers away from Tarnów a further 7,000 were murdered.[18] According to a document from Michal Borawski born in 1926, featured at the entry of the Bimah as part of the panel offered by the Batory Foundation, the street stairs ("małe schody" or little stairs) from the town-center to the Bernardynski street (where the Bernardine Monastery is located), had to be cleaned of the blood by the local fire brigade for three days.[19] Poles gave shelter to several Jewish escapees from the ghetto, however, several Poles were eventually captured and murdered by the Germans for rescuing Jews.[20][21] Many Poles were imprisoned by the Germans in the local prison for rescuing and helping Jews and then often deported to Auschwitz and other concentration camps, in which some died, while some fortunately survived until the end of the war.[22]

After the June deportations, the Germans forced the surviving Jews of Tarnów, along with thousands of Jews from neighboring towns, into the new Tarnów Ghetto. The ghetto was surrounded by a high wooden fence. Living conditions in the ghetto were deplorable, marked by severe food shortages, a lack of sanitary facilities, and a forced-labor regimen in factories and workshops producing goods for the German war industry. In September 1942, the Germans ordered all ghetto residents to report to Targowica Square, where they were subjected to a 'selection' in which those deemed 'non-essential' were singled out for deportation to Belzec. About 8,000 people were deported. Thereafter, deportations from Tarnów to extermination camps continued sporadically; the Germans deported a group of 2,500 in November 1942.[16]

Holocaust resistance

In the midst of the 1942 deportations, some Jews in Tarnów organized a

Jewish resistance movement. Many of the resistance leaders were young Zionists involved in the Hashomer Hatzair youth movement. Many of those who left the ghetto to join the partisans fighting in the forests later fell in battle with SS units. Other resisters sought to establish escape routes to Hungary, but with limited success. The Germans decided to destroy the Tarnów ghetto in September 1943. The surviving 10,000 Jews were deported, 7,000 of them to Auschwitz and 3,000 to the Plaszow concentration camp in Kraków. In late 1943, Tarnów was declared "free of Jews" (Judenrein). By the end of the war, the overwhelming majority of Tarnów Jews had been murdered by the Germans. Although 700 Jews returned in 1945, some of them soon left the city. Many moved to Israel.[16]

Property restoration

Our Lady of the Scapular

The church of Our Lady of the Scapular in Tarnów was built on a plot that was illegally obtained by the parish from the descendants of Jewish Holocaust survivors. The plot, which belonged to a Goldman family, remained in the care of family friend Jerzy Poetschkes after Blanka Drillich (née Goldman), the last remnant of the family, left Poland after the war. In 1987 Poetchkes, with the advice of parish lawyers, claimed that the plot has been abandoned (i.e. the last owner is unknown, or had perished), despite being in contact with the Drillichs; he then sold half the plot and transferred the other half to the Church. In 2016, following a lengthy legal battle, a three judge panel found the Church had acted in bad faith and had no legal rights to the property. A year later the case was re-opened after the Church appealed to the local district attorney, with the personal involvement of Minister of Justice Zbigniew Ziobro.[23][24]

Geography

Tarnów lies at the

Carpathian foothills, on the Dunajec and the Biała rivers. The area of the city is 72.4 square kilometres (28.0 sq mi). It is divided into sixteen districts, known in Polish as osiedla. A few kilometers west of the city lies the district of Mościce, built in the late 1920s, together with a large chemical plant. Located to the southeast is Saint Martin's Peak.[25] The district was named after President of Poland, Ignacy Mościcki.[6]

Climate

Its climate is classified as marine west coast (Cfb) by Köppen. Tarnów is one of the warmest cities in Poland. The average temperature in January is −0.4 °C (31 °F) and 19.8 °C (68 °F) in July.[26] It is claimed that Tarnów has the longest summer in Poland spreading from mid May to mid September (above 118 days).

Climate data for Tarnów (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		24.8
(76.6) 		31.1
(88.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		35.5
(95.9) 		37.7
(99.9) 		37.9
(100.2) 		36.8
(98.2) 		27.6
(81.7) 		22.1
(71.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		37.9
(100.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		15.5
(59.9) 		20.4
(68.7) 		23.7
(74.7) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.5
(77.9) 		19.9
(67.8) 		14.4
(57.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		3.2
(37.8) 		14.3
(57.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.1
(30.0) 		0.2
(32.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		9.7
(49.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.6
(67.3) 		19.1
(66.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		9.4
(48.9) 		4.7
(40.5) 		0.3
(32.5) 		9.4
(48.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		4.3
(39.7) 		8.7
(47.7) 		12.2
(54.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		9.3
(48.7) 		5.4
(41.7) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		5.0
(41.0)
Record low °C (°F) −30.3
(−22.5) 		−28.2
(−18.8) 		−24.6
(−12.3) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		0.2
(32.4) 		5.5
(41.9) 		2.9
(37.2) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−15.8
(3.6) 		−27.6
(−17.7) 		−30.3
(−22.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 34.7
(1.37) 		33.7
(1.33) 		38.5
(1.52) 		53.2
(2.09) 		92.1
(3.63) 		92.8
(3.65) 		107.2
(4.22) 		66.4
(2.61) 		71.8
(2.83) 		51.5
(2.03) 		38.0
(1.50) 		33.2
(1.31) 		713.2
(28.08)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 9.2
(3.6) 		11.2
(4.4) 		6.1
(2.4) 		2.3
(0.9) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.5
(0.2) 		4.3
(1.7) 		5.7
(2.2) 		11.2
(4.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 17.07 14.66 14.77 13.37 15.03 14.57 14.97 11.87 12.47 13.17 13.21 15.08 170.22
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 18.6 16.7 7.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 5.3 12.7 62.1
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		82.2 79.1 73.6 68.2 70.7 72.1 73.2 73.9 78.9 80.9 82.9 83.2 76.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 51.3 69.9 120.1 176.2 222.0 230.0 240.3 235.6 155.0 115.9 60.9 45.6 1,722.7
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[35][36][37]

Economy

Grupa Azoty headquarters in Tarnów's industrial district Mościce

Tarnów is an important center of

industry. The city has chemical plants including Zakłady Azotowe w Tarnowie-Mościcach S.A., which is part of Poland's biggest company operating within the chemical sector Grupa Azoty, Becker Farby Przemysłowe Sp. z o.o., Summit Packaging Polska Sp. z o.o.; as well as food plants (Fritar), building materials (Leier Polska S.A., Bruk-Bet), textiles (Spółdzielnia "Tarnowska Odzież, Tarnospin, Tarkonfex"), and several warehouses, as well as a distribution center of the Lidl supermarket chain. Tarnów is an important center of natural gas industry, with headquarters of three different gas corporations.[6]

Another significant company based in Tarnów is the

defence industry
. It manufactures handguns, assault rifles, sniper rifles and anti-air guns. It is part of the state-controlled Bumar Corporation.

Among the major shopping malls in Tarnów are the Gemini Park Tarnów and Galeria Tarnovia.

Transport

Railway station in Tarnów Mościce (1976) was registered as historical monument of modern architecture (2021).

Tarnów is an important road and rail hub. It lies at the intersection of two major roads – the motorway along European route E40, and the National Road No. 73, which goes from Kielce to Jasło. Furthermore, the city is a rail junction, with four lines: three main electrified routes (westward to Kraków, eastward to Dębica and southward to Nowy Sącz), as well as secondary-importance local connection to Szczucin. The history of rail transport in Tarnów dates back to the year 1856, when the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis reached the city. The architectural complex of Tarnów Main Station, fashioned after the Lviv railway station was completed in 1906 in the Austrian Partition of Poland. Since 2010, Tarnów station houses a gallery of modern art, the only such gallery located in a rail station in Poland. Tarnów also has three additional stations: Tarnów Mościce, as well as Tarnów Północny and Tarnów Klikowa, both of which are currently out of service.

The city's public transport system consists of 29 municipal bus routes, which provide convenient transportation to all districts. In 1911–1942 Tarnów had a tram line, with the length of 2.5 kilometres, since replaced by buses.[6]

Politics

Members of Parliament (

Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in New York City, was Urszula Gacek
, PO, EPP-ED.

Tourism

Panorama of the Old Town in Tarnów

Tarnów is an important tourist, cultural and economic center in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. The old town of Tarnów, called the "pearl of the Polish Renaissance", is one of the most beautiful examples of the Renaissance architectural layout of Polish cities.

Tourist Information

Detailed information about the city, tourist attractions, cultural events and other things are provided by Tourist Information Center, located in the southern part of Main Square. Office is well equipped with a wide variety of brochures and souvenirs, it also serves as a bike rental spot, luggage storage and small guesthouse (4 rooms/8 beds).

Tourist Information Center

  • Rynek 7, 33–100 Tarnów V-IX.[38]

Attractions

Points of interest around the city include:

  • Market Square in the Old Town, with the medieval urban layout of streets and tenement houses, some from the Renaissance period,
  • Town Hall (14th century, rebuilt in 16th century),
  • Tarnów Cathedral (14th century),
  • Mikolajowski House (1524), the oldest tenement house in Tarnow,
  • Remains of the Tarnowski family castle,
  • Remains of the Old Synagogue,
  • Remains of the 14th – 16th century defensive wall,
  • 16th century two fortified towers,
  • Jewish Cemetery (1583),
  • Holy Trinity church (1597),
  • Wooden Church of Our Lady of the Scapular (1589),
  • Bernadine Abbey complex (1776),
  • Late 16th century Florencki House,
  • 18th and 19th century manor houses in the suburbs,
  • Exaltation of the Holy Cross Church (1776),
  • Old Cemetery (late 18th century),
  • Sanguszko Palace (1799),
  • Railway Station (1855),
  • Strzelecki City Park (1866),
  • Nalepówka Villa (1860s)
  • Diocesan Museum in Tarnów (1888),
  • Church of the Holy Family (1906),
  • Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski villa in Mościce (1928),
  • General Józef Bem Mausoleum (1929),
  • Modernist Church of the Holiest Heart of Jesus (1935),
  • Modernist Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary Queen of Poland (1956).

Education

University of Applied Sciences in Tarnów (UAS)
  • University of Applied Sciences in Tarnów, UAS (Akademia Nauk Stosowanych w Tarnowie, ANS)
  • Lesser Poland Higher School of Economics (Małopolska Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczna)
  • Higher School of Business (Wyższa Szkoła biznesu)
  • Higher Theological Seminary in Tarnów (Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne w Tarnowie, WSD)
  • John Paul II High School in Tarnów (IV Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Jana Pawła II w Tarnowie)

Sports

Unia Tarnów speedway team in 2007

The list features selected sport teams based in Tarnów:

Religion

Besides Catholics, other Christian denominations are also present in Tarnów including Baptist Church, Free Brothers Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Methodist Church, Pentecostal Church, Seventh-day Adventist Church and the non-denominational Evangelical Movement "The Lord is my Banner". Before World War II there was a large population of Jews comprising half of the city's population, but now there remain just monuments of their past presence.

According to 2007 Catholic Church statistics provided by the Instytut Statystyki Kościoła Katolickiego SAC, Tarnów is the most religious city in Poland, with 72.5% of the congregation of the Diocese of Tarnów attending Mass.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – Sister cities

Tarnów is

twinned with:[39]

Former twin towns:

In June 2021, the Tarnów city council decided to suspend its partnership with the Ukrainian town of Ternopil as a reaction to the naming of a stadium in Ternopil in honour of Roman Shukhevych, one of the leaders of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army responsible for massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia perpetrated between 1943–1945.[42]

Notable people

Józef Bem
Józef Cyrankiewicz
Jacek Dukaj
Wilhelm Sasnal
Jan Amor Tarnowski
See also: Category:People from Tarnów

See also

References

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  48. ^ "Rozmowa z Lidią Morawską". przemysl.naszemiasto.pl (in Polish). 16 January 2003. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  49. ^ Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Tarnowski, Jan" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 429–430.
  50. ^ "Weissmann-Chajes, Marcus". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 24 April 2013.

Note

External links

Media related to Tarnów at Wikimedia Commons


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