1944 in the Netherlands
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Events in the year 1944 in the Netherlands.
Incumbents
- Monarch: Wilhelmina
- Prime Minister: Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
Events
The
Dutch famine of 1944–45
began late in the year.
June
- 10 June: Anton Mussert reveals that he has become a volunteer for the Wehrmacht.[1]
July
- 30 July: Start of the Deppner executions.[1]
August
- 2 Aug: Gerbrandy and Van Heuven Goedhart sign the documents for the establishment of the College of Trusted Men (Dutch: College van Vertrouwensmannen)[1]
- 24 Aug: First meeting of the College of Trusted Men[1]
- 25 Aug: J.A. van Bijnen becomes the National Sabotage Commander of the Knokploegen[1] (Knokploegen were Dutch resistance fighting squads)
- 28 Aug: First new airdrop of weapons and sabotage materials for Dutch underground groups[1]
- 30 Aug: Hitler orders the improvement and extension of the Siegfried Line[1]
September
- 2 Sep: The mass exodus of NSB members from South Limburg begins[1]
- 3 Sep:
- 3 to 4 Sep: Start of systematic railway sabotage by the Landelijke Knokploegen[1]
- 4 Sep:
- Antwerp liberated[1]
- Hitler orders the stubborn defense of West Zealand-Flanders and Walcheren[1]
- Seyss-Inquart declares the state of exception, Rauter orders everyone to be indoors by 8 pm[1]
- The queen agrees to Colonel Kruis being appointed Chief of Staff of Military Authority[1]
- Mussert decides to evacuate NSB members from the western and central regions to the east[1]
- The Government Information Service disseminates the incorrect information that Breda has been liberated[1]
- 5 Sep:
- The mass exodus of NSB members begins[1]
- The Dutch Labor Service empties[1]
- The population behaves as if the occupier has already been expelled[1]
- First major transport of prisoners from the concentration camp Vught to Germany[1]
- 6 Sep:
- Prince Bernhard establishes himself on the continent[1]
- Second major transport of prisoners from Vught[1]
- 7 Sep: Formation of an illegal Top Triangle in Amsterdam[1]
- 8 Sep:
- First two V-2 rockets launched at London[1]
- Commencement of the evacuation of the German Fifteenth Army across the Western Scheldt[1]
- 10 Sep: The British Second Army crosses the Bocholt–Herentals Canal at Beeringen[1]
- 11 Sep: Schöngarth, Commander of the Security Police and SD, issues the so-called Niedermachungsbefehl[1] (orders to shoot resistance members on sight )
- 12 Sep: Major General Kruis issues a First General Directive with guidelines for the arrest of 'wrongful' elements[1]
- 14 Sep:
- Montgomery issues his directive for Operation Market Garden[1]
- Liberation of Maastricht[1]
- The first attempt by the Canadians to enter West Zeelandic Flanders is repelled[1]
- Establishment of the Militair Gezag (Military authority)[2]
- 15 or 16 Sep: Hitler orders the utmost fanaticism in the defense of German territory[1]
- 16 Sep: The illegal 'Delta Center' begins operating in Amsterdam[1]
- 17 to 20 September – Battle of Nijmegen
- 17 to 26 September – Battle of Arnhem
- 17 Sep:
- 18 Sep: Liberation of Eindhoven[1]
- 20 Sep:
- Entire East Zeelandic Flanders liberated[1]
- Conquest of the Waal bridges near Nijmegen[1]
- The British Airborne forces have to abandon the Rhine bridge at Arnhem[1]
- 21 Sep: Beginning of the German destruction of the port facilities of Rotterdam and Amsterdam[1]
- 22 Sep: Major van Houten grants arrest authority to the Interior Armed Forces Shock Troops[1]
- 24 Sep: The queen, bypassing the ministers, sends a telegram requesting the Great Advisory Commission of Illegality to be prepared to send a delegation to her[1]
- 25 Sep:
- The Airborne forces leave the 'perimeter' at Oosterbeek in the night to the 26th
- Commencement of the evacuation of Arnhem[1]
October
- 3 Oct: The RAF breaches the Westkappelse Zeedijk. In Eindhoven, the radio station 'Herrijzend Nederland' begins its broadcasts.[1]
- 3 October to 8 November – Battle of the Scheldt
- 4 Oct: Important note from the queen: the second Gerbrandy cabinet must disappear.[1]
- 6 Oct: The Canadian First Army launches a major offensive against the Germans in West Zeelandic Flanders.[1]
- 10 Oct: The first company of the Shock Troops departs for the front.[1]
- 16 Oct: Montgomery grants absolute priority to operations for clearing the Wester-Schelde. In Eindhoven, the 'Bond Nederland' is founded (soon renamed 'Gemeenschap Oud-Illegale Werkers Nederland').[1]
- 18 Oct: Second General Directive from General Kruis.[1]
- 24 Oct: Start of the Canadian attack on the Kreekrak Dam.[1]
- 25 Oct: Commencement of the liberation of Den Bosch.[1]
- 27 Oct: Liberation of Tilburg.[1]
- 29 Oct: Liberation of Breda.[1]
November
- 1 Nov: Allied landings at Vlissingen and at Westkapelle.[1]
- 2 Nov: German resistance in and around West Zeeland-Flanders is broken.[1]
- 6 Nov: Liberation of Middelburg.[1]
- 8 Nov: An American division, part of the Canadian First Army, reaches Moerdijk.[1]
- 12 Nov: Assertive letter from General Kruis to prevent the arrival of ministerial 'quartermasters.'[1]
- 15 Nov: Kruis officially establishes a Temporary Committee of General Commissioners for agriculture, trade, and industry.[1]
- 21 Nov: 'Hunger demonstration' in Eindhoven.[1]
- 25 Nov: The ministerial 'quartermasters' establish themselves in Oisterwijk. Disturbances in the center of Brussels.[1]
- 27 to 30 November – Battle of Broekhuizen
- 28 Nov: The first Allied convoy reaches the port of Antwerp.[1]
December
- 2 Dec: The Wehrmacht floods a large part of the Betuwe.[1]
- 3 Dec: In Middle Limburg, the Wehrmacht is pushed east of the Meuse.[1]
- 6 Dec: Meeting of Kruis in Eindhoven with top figures of the resistance in the liberated South to establish guidelines for the arrest of 'wrongful' elements.[1]
- 14 Dec: Kruis issues new arrest guidelines.[1]
- 21 Dec: The bishops of Den Bosch and Breda call on Catholics to remain loyal to their own organizations.[1]
- c. 31 Dec: Incorrectly believing itself to have great influence in the liberated southern Netherlands,[3] the Communist Party of the Netherlands rebrands as the "Communistische Partij Bevrijd Gebied" (Communist Party Liberated Area).[1]
Births
- 2 January – Willy Dobbe, television presenter and announcer
- 23 January – Rutger Hauer, actor, writer and environmentalist (d. 2019)
- 20 February – Willem van Hanegem, football player and coach
- 16 March – Pieter de Zwart, sailor.[4]
- 1 April – Theo Hiddema, lawyer, media personality and politician
- 5 April – Willeke van Ammelrooy, actress and director
- 26 April – Huib Ruijgrok, footballer
- 20 May – Boudewijn de Groot, singer-songwriter
- 24 May – Heleen Sancisi-Weerdenburg, ancient historian (d. 2000)
- 10 June – Eegje Schoo, politician and diplomat
- 15 July – Klaas de Vries, composer
- 27 July – Philip Freriks, journalist, columnist and television presenter
- 3 August – Willem H. Vanderburg, engineer
- 11 August – Bean van Limbeek, sport shooter (d. 2014).[5]
- 30 August – Freek de Jonge, cabaret performer and writer
- 13 September – Gerrit Jan van Ingen Schenau, biomechanist (d. 1998)
- 23 September – Jan Dijkema, politician, sociologist and sports director
- 15 October – Vilma Henkelman, sculptor, ceramist, and photographer
- 29 October – Robbie van Leeuwen, musician
- 5 December – Jeroen Krabbé, actor and film director
- 16 December – Roeland Nolte, chemist (d. 2024)[6]
Full date missing
- Max Bolleman, jazz drummer, audio engineer and record producer
- Kommer Damen, businessman
- Tim Griek, musician and producer (d. 1988)
- Sytse Strijbos, academic
- Tjebbe van Tijen, sculptor, performance artist, curator, net artist, archivist, and media theorist
Deaths
- 1 February – Piet Mondrian, painter and theoretician (b. 1872)
- 2 February – Tjapko van Bergen, rower and SS Rottenführer (b. 1903).[7]
- 8 February – Joop Kolkman, journalist and diplomat (b. 1896)
- 20 February – Albert Heijnneman, sprinter (b. 1896).[8]
- 29 February – Abraham Mok, gymnast (b. 1888).[9]
- 6 March – Eva and Abraham Beem, Jewish siblings and victims of the Holocaust (b. 1932 and 1934)
- 6 March – Simon Okker, fencer (b. 1881).[10]
- 9 March – Casper ten Boom, helped many Jews and resisters escape the Nazis during the Holocaust of World War II (b. 1859)
- 6 April – W. F. Gisolf, geologist (b. 1884)
- 13 April – Friedrich Gutmann, banker and art collector (b. 1886)
- 30 May – Marinus Adrianus Koekkoek the Younger, painter (b. 1873)
- 10 June – Willem Jacob van Stockum, mathematician (b. 1910)
- 10 June – Gerrit van der Veen, sculptor (b. 1902)
- 18 July – Wim Anderiesen, footballer (b. 1903)
- 31 July – Settela Steinbach, holocaust victim (b. 1934)
- 4 August – Hans Mossel, clarinetist and saxophonist (b. 1905)
- 7 August – Johannes Scheuter, sport shooter (b. 1880).[11]
- 11 August – Joop Westerweel, schoolteacher and World War II resistance leader (b. 1899)
- 18 August – Dirk Boonstra, resistance membe (b. 1920)
- 2 September – Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz, explorer and diplomat (b. 1871)
- 3 September – Ernst de Jonge, lawyer, Olympic rower and member of the Dutch resistance (b. 1914).[12]
- 6 September – Lion van Minden, fencer (b. 1880).[13]
- 8 September – Jan van Gilse, composer and conductor (b. 1881)
- 9 September – Dirk Boonstra, police commander (b. 1893)
- 15 September – Walter Middelberg, rower (b. 1875).[14]
- 19 September – Jan van Hoof, resistance member (b. 1922)
- 4 October – Maurits van Löben Sels, fencer (b. 1876).[15]
- 7 October – Jacobus Kann, banker (b. 1872)
- 18 October – Juda Lion Palache, linguist (b. 1886)
- 21 October – Adri Bleuland van Oordt, artist and draftswoman (b. 1862)
- 5 November – Willy Dols, linguist (b. 1911)
- 6 December – Boy Ecury, resistance member (b. 1922)
- 16 December – Betsie ten Boom, resistance member (b. 1885)
- 18 December – M. H. J. Schoenmaekers, mathematician (b. 1875)
- 28 December – Tjeerd Pasma, modern pentathlete (b. 1904).[16]
See also
References
- ^ )
- ^ W. B. Heins, CAS Winschoten (teamleider T. P. Reuderink-Kort) en G. J. Röhner. "Militair gezag (Het Utrechts Archief ) - Het Utrechts Archief". hetutrechtsarchief.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-12-07.
- ^ Koningkrijk p731-733
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Pieter de Zwart". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Bean van Limbeek". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Former CE&C Professor Roeland Nolte passed away
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Tjapko van Bergen". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Albert Heijnneman". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Abraham Mok". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Simon Okker". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Johannes Scheuter". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Ernst, Jonkheer de Jonge". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Lion van Minden". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Walter Middelberg". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Maurits van Löben Sels". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
- ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Tjeerd Pasma". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
