Air pollution in Turkey
In Turkey, air pollution is the most lethal of the nation's environmental issues, with almost everyone across the country exposed to more than World Health Organization guidelines.[1]: 7 Over 30,000 people die each year from air pollution-related illnesses;[2] over 8% of the country's deaths. Air pollution is particularly damaging to children's health.[3] Researchers estimate that reducing air pollution to World Health Organization limits would save seven times the number of lives that were lost in traffic accidents in 2017.
Cars and lorries emit
In early 2020 air pollution in major cities fell significantly due to COVID-19 restrictions, but it started to rise again by the middle of the year. Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey and the Chamber of Environmental Engineers are among organisations campaigning for cleaner air.
Sources of air pollution
Traffic
In 2019 Istanbul had a dangerously high level of NO2 (over three times WHO guidelines).[7]: 11 Although Istanbul's urban smog had cleared by early 2020[8] air pollution in the city increased again once COVID-19 restrictions had been eased.[9] Increasing Turkey's proportion of electric cars in use to 10% by 2030 would also reduce greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey.[10] There are high purchase taxes on new cars[11] and in 2019 about 45% of cars were over 10 years old and energy-inefficient.[12] Continued electrification of the rail network and more high-speed line is one countermeasure being taken.[13] In 2020 strict enforcement of diesel truck emissions was suggested by Sabancı University as a way to get old, polluting vehicles off the road: also in that year tractors have a legal exemption to burn 1000 ppm sulfur diesel.[14]
Heating and cooking
As of 2018[update], Turkish coal is still burnt for home heating in low-income districts of Ankara and some other cities,[15] which is bad because Turkish coal is very low-quality.[16]
Coal-fired power stations
Emissions from coal-fired power stations cause severe impacts on public health. A report from the Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL) estimates that in 2019, there were almost 5,000 premature deaths caused by pollution from coal-fired power stations in Turkey, and over 1.4 million work-days lost to illness. The Director for Strategy and Campaigns said:[18]
Pollution from coal power plants puts everyone at risk of cardiovascular diseases, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer as well as acute respiratory infections. But it particularly affects those most vulnerable – pregnant women, children, the elderly, those already ill or poor.
The HEAL report estimates that the health costs of illness caused by coal-fired power stations make up between 13 and 27 percent of Turkey's total annual health expenditure (including both public and private sectors).[17]
Greenpeace Mediterranean say that the coal-fired
Flue gas emission limits
Since January 2020 flue gas emission limits in mg/Nm3 (milligrams per cubic metre) have been:[21][22]
Installed capacity of power plant | Particulates | SO2 | NO2 | CO |
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 megawatt (MW) ≤ capacity < 5 MW |
200 | Desulfurisation system not required if the sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3) emissions are below 2000 mg/Nm3 . If the 2000 mg/Nm3 limit is exceeded, then SO2 emissions must be reduced to 10%. | Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions should be reduced by technical measures such as reducing the flame temperature by recirculating the flue gas. | 200 |
5 MW ≤ capacity < 50 MW | 150 | 200 | ||
50 MW ≤ capacity < 100 MW | 50 | 850 | 400 | 150 |
capacity ≥ 100 MW | 30 | 200 | 200 | 200 |
These limits allow more pollution than the EU Industrial Emissions Directive.[23][24] In China (which has a similar income per person), the limits for particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NOx emissions are 10, 35, and 50 mg/m3, respectively.[25]
Passive smoking
More than a quarter of adults smoke in Turkey,[26] and secondhand smoking,[27] also known as passive smoking, is a danger in itself[28] and increases the risk of respiratory infection.[29]
Industry and construction
Air pollution from cement production is one of the environmental impacts of concrete.[30] Although asbestos was completely banned in 2010, it can still be a risk when older buildings are demolished,[31] in dumps,[32] and in buildings in some rural areas where it occurs naturally.[33]
Types and levels
Levels across the country are above World Health Organization guidelines.[34][35] There is no limit on PM2.5 and limits for other pollutants (except SO2) are above WHO guidelines:
Pollutant (μg/m3) | Averaging time | World Health Organization guideline[36] | Turkey limit[37][38][39] |
---|---|---|---|
PM2.5 | Annual | 5 | no limit: draft legislation proposes 30 decreasing to 25 by 2029 |
24 hour | 15 | no limit | |
PM10 | Annual | 15 | 40 |
24 hour | 45 | 50 | |
O3 | Peak Season | 60 | |
8 hour | 100 | 120 | |
NO2 | Annual | 10 | 40 |
24 hour | 25 | ||
Hourly | 250 | ||
SO2 | 24 hour | 40 | 20 |
Hourly | 350 | ||
CO | 24 hour | 4000 | |
8 hour | 10000 |
Although there is some monitoring of air pollution, many air pollution indicators are not available.
Particulates
Like in other countries,
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Emissions are mostly from coal-fired power stations, and rose 14% in 2019 to over a megatonne of the world total of 29 megatonnes: Kemerköy power station and the Afşin-Elbistan power stations polluted the surrounding areas with 300 kilotonnes each in 2019.[52]
Volatile organic compounds
As of 2014[update] levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Istanbul were on average similar to those in London and Paris but more variable, with maxima usually exceeding 10 ppb.[53]
Persistent organic pollutants
The emission levels of persistent organic pollutants are regulated,[54] but totals for these emissions were not reported in 2019.[55]
Greenhouse gases
As of 2018[update] Turkey emits one percent of the world's
Monitoring and reporting
In 2018 air quality data was available on the website of the
Pollutant | Duration | Unit | Limit | |
---|---|---|---|---|
SO2 | Hourly (not to be exceeded more than 24 times in a year) | μg/m3 | 350 | |
24 hours | 125 | |||
Long-term limit | 60 | |||
Yearly and winter (1 Oct - 31 Mar) | 20 | |||
NO2 | Hourly (not to be exceeded more than 18 times in a year) | 250 (200 from 2024) | ||
Yearly | 40 | |||
PM10 | Hourly (not to be exceeded more than 35 times in a year) | 50 | ||
Yearly | 40 | |||
Pb | Yearly | 0.5 | ||
CO | Maximum daily 8-hour average | mg/m3 | 10 | |
Cd | Long-term limit | μg/m3 | 0.02 | |
HCI | Short-term limit | 150 | ||
Long-term limit | 60 | |||
HF | Hourly | 30 | ||
Short-term limit | 5 | |||
H2S | Hourly | 100 | ||
Short-term limit | 20 | |||
Total organic compounds | Hourly | 280 | ||
Short-term limit | 70 | |||
Settling dust | Short-term limit | mg/m2/day | 390 | |
Long-term limit | 210 | |||
In settling dust | Pb and compounds | Long-term limit | 250 | |
Cd and compounds | Long-term limit | 3.75 | ||
Tl and compounds | Long-term limit | 5 |
Some industrial companies reach Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) 305 emissions standard.[64]
Medical dangers
About 8% of all deaths have been estimated to be due to air pollution.
Cities
Many cities in Turkey are more polluted than typical European cities.[77] For example the capital of neighbouring Bulgaria is introducing a low emission zone and restricting coal and wood burning.[78]
Istanbul
Pollution has lessened since the 1990s.[79] But as of 2019[update], measured with the air quality index, Istanbul's air affects the hearts and respiratory systems even of healthy individuals during busy traffic.[80] NO2 is visible in measurements by Orbiting Carbon Observatory 3.[81]
Bursa
As of 2020[update], industry located within the city of Bursa is a particular problem,[82] and it is said to have the worst air pollution in the country.[83] Breathing the air there is equivalent to smoking 38 packs of cigarettes a year.[83] NO2 is visible in satellite measurements.[84]
Ereğli
A higher rate of
Relationship to climate change
Some of the sulphur compounds emitted from Turkey's coal-fired power station chimneys become
Politics
The
Economics
The impact of air pollution on the economy via damage to health may be billions of dollars, and an attempt to estimate this more precisely began in 2019.[89] A study of 2015-16 hospital admissions in Erzincan estimated direct costs of air pollution as 2.5% of the total health-related expenditures for the 15–34 and over 65 age groups, but stated that the total cost is likely much higher:[90] for example, the economic costs of the reductions in the intelligence of adults[91] and children[92] have not been estimated. According to medical group Health and Environment Alliance (HEAL), reducing PM 2.5 air pollution in the country would substantially increase GDP.[93] According to the OECD, in 2019 bitumen's exemption from special consumption tax was a subsidy of 5.9 billion lira.[94] Bitumen, also known as asphalt, is used for road surfaces and in hot weather releases secondary organic aerosols, which can damage people's health in cities.[95]
International
As of 2019[update], ambient air quality and national emissions ceilings are not up to EU standards.
Proposed solutions
In the Constitution of Turkey, Article 56 reads, "Everyone has the right to live in a healthy and balanced environment. It is the duty of the State and citizens to improve the natural environment, to protect the environmental health and to prevent environmental pollution."[103]
According to the Eleventh Development Plan (2019-2023), all districts will be monitored by 2023 and:
Air quality management practices will be enabled to prevent air pollution from production, heating and traffic, and air quality will be improved by controlling emissions.
Air quality action plans will be prepared at local level and legislation on pollution and emission control will be updated.
Air quality management capacity will be improved by strengthening regional clean air centres.
Research on air quality modelling and monitoring will be conducted and infrastructure will be developed.[58]
Quitting coal[104] is said to be essential, and the market share of diesel cars is falling.[105] Strengthening environmental laws is said to benefit the economy of Turkey.[106] The Ministry of the Environment has drafted a law limiting PM 2.5 but it has not yet been passed.[107] According to the HEAL, over 500 premature deaths could be avoided per year by shutting down three power stations in Muğla.[108]
Electric ferryboats have been proposed for the
History
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By the law of nature these things are common to mankind – the air, running water, [and] the sea
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External links
- Official Air Quality Map
- Methane map
- Turkey fact sheets European Environment Agency
- Chamber of Environmental Engineers
- 2019 World Clean Air Congress in Istanbul