Tom Denning, Baron Denning
Lord Justice of Appeal | |
---|---|
In office 12 October 1948 – 1957 | |
High Court Judge | |
In office 7 March 1944 – 1948 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Alfred Thompson Denning 23 January 1899 Whitchurch, Hampshire |
Died | 5 March 1999 Royal Hampshire County Hospital, Winchester | (aged 100)
Spouses |
|
Children | 1 |
Alma mater | |
Profession | Barrister, judge |
Alfred Thompson "Tom" Denning, Baron Denning,
Margaret Thatcher said that Denning was "probably the greatest English judge of modern times".[1] One of Lord Denning's successors as Master of the Rolls, Lord Bingham, called him "the best known and best loved judge in our history".[2] Denning's appellate work in the Court of Appeal did not concern criminal law. Mark Garnett and Richard Weight argue that Denning was a conservative Christian who "remained popular with morally conservative Britons who were dismayed at the postwar rise in crime and who, like him, believed that the duties of the individual were being forgotten in the clamour for rights. He had a more punitive than redemptive view of criminal justice, as a result of which he was a vocal supporter of corporal and capital punishment."[3] However, he changed his stance on capital punishment in later life.
Denning became one of the highest profile judges in England in part because of his report on the
Early life and studies
Denning was born on 23 January 1899 in Whitchurch, Hampshire, to Charles Denning, a draper, and his wife Clara Denning (née Thompson). He was one of six children; his older brother Reginald Denning later became a staff officer with the British Army, and his younger brother Norman Denning became Director of Naval Intelligence and Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff (Intelligence).[4] Denning was born two months earlier than expected and almost died at birth; he was so small and weak that he was nicknamed 'Tom Thumb' and could fit in a pint pot.[5] He was named after Alfred the Great by his sister Marjorie, and was baptised on 23 April 1899 at All Hallows Church, Whitchurch.[5]
Denning, along with his older brother Gordon, began his schooling at the National School of Whitchurch, one of many set up by the
In addition to his Magdalen Scholarship he gained a scholarship from
War service
Denning was told he would be ineligible to serve in the Armed Forces because of a
In March 1918, the German Army
Denning's oldest brother, Captain John Edward Newdigate Denning, was killed near
Return to Oxford
Denning was demobilised on 6 February 1919,
On the advice of Herbert Warren, he returned to Magdalen to study
Denning gained a high grade in all his subjects except jurisprudence, which he described as "too abstract a subject for my liking". He did not return to read for a Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) but instead attempted to gain a prize fellowship at All Souls College, Oxford; he failed to be accepted, something he put down to his poor pronunciation of Latin.[26]
The Bar
Denning was admitted to
His work steadily increased in amount and quality throughout the 1920s and 1930s. By the 1930s, he was making most of his court appearances in the senior courts such as the
From 1937 until 1944, he was
In December 1943, a judge was taken ill, and Denning was asked to take his place as a
High Court
Denning was officially appointed on 7 March 1944[40] with a salary of £5,000, and received the customary knighthood on 15 March 1944.[41] After becoming a judge Denning was also elected a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn, and became its treasurer in 1964.[42] Denning had little experience with divorce law and disliked it; it was seen as an inferior type of law.[43] There were few good barristers specialising in divorce law; two other barristers were sworn into the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division along with Denning, and of the three only one had ever practised divorce law.[44] His work as a divorce judge was relatively sound; his decisions were overturned only once, in Churchman v Churchman [1945] 2 All ER 190.[45]
With the appointment of Lord Jowitt as Lord Chancellor in 1945, Denning was transferred to the King's Bench Division, where Jowitt thought his talents would be better put to use (with Hildreth Glyn-Jones QC, later a High Court judge, greeting him with the words "welcome home").[46]
In 1946, he travelled the Western Circuit but was recalled by the Lord Chancellor to chair a committee looking at the reform of procedure in divorce cases. He continued working as a judge while chairing the daily committee. The committee was appointed on 26 June 1946 and published its first report in July, which reduced the time between
His appointment to the King's Bench Division allowed him to hear pension appeals, and he attempted to reform the principles applied by the government minister and the Pensions Tribunals. In Starr v Ministry of Pensions [1946] 1 KB 345 he ruled that it was up to the tribunals to prove that an injury was not due to war service, reversing the previous state of affairs where a claimant would have to prove their injuries were due to war service before they would be granted a pension.
The government refused to do anything about those servicemen who had been rejected by the courts prior to Denning's judgment, which provoked public outcry under the slogan "Fit for Service, Fit for Pension".[51] The British Legion chose 73 cases and asked Denning to let the Legion present them while the courts were not sitting; Denning heard all 73 cases on 11 July 1946.[52]
In 1947, he decided in
As a High Court judge Denning sentenced people to death, which he said at the time "didn't worry [him] in the least".[citation needed] Denning maintained that for murder, death was the most appropriate penalty, and that in cases where mistakes had been made there was always an appeals system.[55] In the 1950s there was growing opposition to the use of the death penalty, and a Royal Commission was appointed to investigate abolishing it. Denning told the Commission in 1953 that "the punishment inflicted for grave crimes should adequately reflect the revulsion felt by the great majority of citizens for them".[55]
He later changed his mind about capital punishment, regarding it as unethical.[56] In 1984, he wrote "Is it right for us, as a society, to do a thing – hang a man – which none of us individually would be prepared to do or even witness? The answer is 'no, not in a civilised society'".[57]
Court of Appeal
After less than five years as a judge, Denning was appointed a
Dear Sir: You are a disgrace to all mankind to let these women break up homes and expect us chaps to keep them while they rob us of what we have worked for and put us out on the street. I only hope you have the same trouble as us. So do us all a favour and take a Rolls and run off Beachy Head and don't come back.[60]
This was effectively nullified with the case National Provincial Bank Ltd v Ainsworth [1965] AC 1175 in 1965, which ruled that the deserted wife had no licence to stay. The decision was very unpopular and led to the passing of the Matrimonial Homes Act 1967. Much of his work in favour of the deserted wife was based around his interpretation of the Married Women's Property Act 1882, which the House of Lords unanimously overruled in Pettitt v Pettitt [1970] AC 777 in 1970.[61] Further notable decisions by Denning in this area were Heseltine v Heseltine [1971] 1 WLR 342 in 1971 and Wachtel v Wachtel [1973] Fam 72 in 1973,[62] which created basic rules for dividing family assets in a divorce case, something which had not previously been established in the law.[63]
In 1951, he gave a significant dissenting judgment in the case
House of Lords
After the resignation of
Denning did not enjoy his time in the House of Lords and clashed frequently with
Master of the Rolls
In 1962, Lord Evershed resigned as Master of the Rolls, and Denning was appointed to replace him on 19 April 1962[72] with a salary of £9,000. Although Denning himself described it as "a step down" he was pleased with his appointment, as he had much preferred his time with the Court of Appeal than the House of Lords.[73] Court of Appeal judges sit in threes, and the Lords in fives (or more), so it was suggested that to get his way in the Court of Appeal Denning only had to persuade one other judge whereas in the House of Lords it was at least two. The other "benefit" of the Court of Appeal is that it hears more cases than the House of Lords, and so has a greater effect on the law. During his twenty years as Master of the Rolls, Denning could choose both which cases he heard, and the judges with whom he sat. Therefore, on most issues, he effectively had the last word; comparatively few cases went on to the House of Lords, which was at that time Britain's highest court of law.[citation needed]
As Master of the Rolls he selected cases he felt to be particularly important to hear and, rather than having an American system (where judges had a rota for taking cases), assigned cases to those judges who had expertise in that particular area of law.[74] In 1963, he chaired a committee investigating ways to reduce the archive of legal documents kept by the Public Record Office; by that point the files for civil cases of the High Court alone occupied four miles of shelving.[75] The final report was presented to the Lord Chancellor on 16 May 1966, with the conclusion being that "if our proposals are implemented the Public Record Office alone will be relieved of two hundred tons of records (occupying 15,000 feet of shelving)".[76] The Lord Chancellor took Denning's report to heart, and had the changes he recommended implemented immediately.[77]
Contract law
Denning gave the leading judgment in D & C Builders Ltd v Rees [1965] 2 QB 617 in 1965. D & C Builders Ltd (the respondent) had been hired by Rees (the appellant) to do some construction work at his shop, where he sold building materials.[78] The respondent finished the work and repeatedly phoned the appellant to request the money they were owed. After three phone calls spread out over several months the appellant's wife spoke to the respondents; she said there were several problems with the work that they had done, and she would only pay £300 of the £482 owed.[78] The respondents replied that £300 would barely cover the costs of the materials, but that they would accept it anyway. If the respondents had not received the money they would have gone bankrupt, something the appellant's wife was well aware of.[78] In his judgment, Denning modified English case law on part payment and accord and satisfaction, saying that the rules on part payment can be set aside in situations where one of the parties is under duress.[79] The fact that D & C Builders were effectively forced into accepting the lesser amount meant that the payment was not valid.[78]
In Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] 2 QB 163 in 1971 the Court of Appeal under Denning ruled that when dealing with offer and acceptance between a person and an automated machine the offer was made by the machine.[80]
Tort law
Denning gave the leading judgment in Letang v Cooper [1964] 2 All ER 929 in 1964.[81] Mrs Letang, on holiday in Cornwall, decided to lie down and rest in grass outside a hotel. Cooper drove into the hotel car park and, not seeing Letang, ran over her legs.[81] More than three years after the events, Letang brought a tort case against Cooper, claiming damages for her injuries.[81] The standard tort for personal injuries is that of negligence, which has a three-year statute of limitations, and Letang instead claimed damages under the tort of trespass to the person.[81] In his judgment, Denning stated that the tort of trespass could only be used if the injury was inflicted intentionally; if it was unintentionally, only negligence could be used.[82]
In
- Statutory utility providers are never liable for damages caused by their negligence.
- A blackout is a common hazard and a risk which everyone can be expected to tolerate from time to time.
- If claims for pure economic loss in such cases were allowed, it might lead to countless claims, some of which may be spurious.
- It would be unfair to place the entire weight of many comparatively small losses upon the shoulders of one person in such cases.
- The law does not leave the claimant without remedy by allowing him to recover the economic losses that are directly consequential upon physical damage.[83]
The Court of Appeal's decision in Spartan Steel has been criticised, firstly for being based on public policy rather than any legal principle,[84] and secondly because the main public policy ground for their decision (that allowing claims of pure economic loss would lead to countless claims) has never been backed up by evidence.[84] The House of Lords eventually ruled in Junior Books v Veitchi [1982] 3 All ER 201 that pure economic loss was recoverable.[84]
The Profumo affair
Denning delivered a report into the
The police did not initially investigate; no crime had been committed, and the morals of ministers were not their concern. Although the relationship lasted only a few weeks it became public knowledge in 1962. Keeler attempted to publish her memoirs in the
Profumo made a statement in the House of Commons on 22 March, saying that "there was no impropriety whatsoever in my acquaintanceship with Miss Keeler". On 4 June 1963, he contacted the Chief Whip and the Prime Minister's private secretary and informed them that he had indeed been having an affair with Keeler; therefore, he sent a letter of resignation to the Prime Minister, which was accepted.[87]
On 21 June 1963, Harold Macmillan, the Prime Minister at the time, asked Denning to lead an enquiry into the "circumstances leading to the resignation of the former Secretary of State for War, Mr J. D. Profumo".[88] He started work on 24 June and began speaking to witnesses a day later. This period of the inquiry took 49 days and involved his speaking to 160 people. He concluded that the primary responsibility for the scandal was with Profumo, for associating with Keeler and for lying to his colleagues, with the greatest error being his false statement in the House of Commons.[citation needed]
He also said that the situation had been looked at in the wrong way by police, members of parliament and the security services; rather than asking if Profumo had committed adultery they should have asked if his conduct had led ordinary people to believe he committed adultery. His analogy was with divorce law; a man does not need to have committed adultery for his wife to have grounds to divorce him, but rather she simply has to believe that he has committed adultery. This is because such a belief would destroy the trust and confidence within the relationship. This brought criticism from several government ministers including
Denning's final report was 70,000 words long and was completed in the summer of 1963. He signed it on 16 September and it was published ten days later. It was a best-seller; 105,000 copies were sold, 4,000 in the first hour,
The report was criticised as a "whitewash",[91] a claim Denning rejected; he said that "while the public interest demands that the facts should be ascertained as completely as possible there is a higher interest to be considered, namely the interest of justice to the individual which overrides all others".[92]
Children's rights
In 1969, Denning heard the case of Hewer v Bryant which related to the rights of those under 18 to act on their own behalf. In this case, Denning rejected the concept of absolute parental control over someone under 18,[93] and established it as a 'dwindling right'.[94]
the legal right of a parent to the custody of a child… is a dwindling right which the courts will hesitate to enforce against the wishes of the child, and the more so the older he is. It starts with a right of control and ends with little more than advice[95]
— Lord Denning
This judgement was subsequently cited in the landmark case of Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority which remains the definitive case on children's rights, with leading judge for that case, Lord Fraser saying that he agreed "with every word" of Denning's ruling.[96][97][98]
National security
In 1977, Denning upheld the deportation of Mark Hosenball, a journalist who had worked on a story which referred to the existence of GCHQ, which was considered to be a state secret. In the ruling, he argued that the government's decisions in these cases were beyond legal review, writing:
"There is a conflict here between the interests of national security on the one hand and the freedom of the individual on the other. The balance between these two is not for a court of law. It is for the Home Secretary. He is the person entrusted by Parliament with the task. In some parts of the world national security has on occasions been used as an excuse for all sorts of infringements of individual liberty. But not in England."[99]
Illness and controversy
In 1979, he began to experience hip and leg problems; one of his legs had shortened an inch and a half and he had to learn to walk again.[100]
In the
In 1980, during an appeal by the Birmingham Six (who were later acquitted), Denning judged that the men should be stopped from challenging legal decisions. He listed several reasons for not allowing their appeal:
Just consider the course of events if their action were to proceed to trial ... If the six men failed it would mean that much time and money and worry would have been expended by many people to no good purpose. If they won, it would mean that the police were guilty of perjury; that they were guilty of violence and threats; that the confessions were involuntary and improperly admitted in evidence; and that the convictions were erroneous. ... That was such an appalling vista that every sensible person would say, "It cannot be right that these actions should go any further."[101]
In 1982, he published What Next in the Law; in it, he seemed to suggest that "British citizens were no longer all qualified to serve on juries", that some members of the black community were unsuitable to serve on juries and that immigrant groups may have had different moral standards to native Englishmen.
On 5 July, George Thomas held a dinner in Denning's honour at the Speaker's House. Attending were Margaret Thatcher, Robert Runcie, Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone, Geoffrey Howe, Lord Lane, Willie Whitelaw, Michael Havers, and Christopher Leaver.[105] On 30 July 1982, his last day in court, Denning prepared four judgments and, dressed in his official robes and in the company of the Lord Chief Justice, delivered his farewell speech to over 300 lawyers crowded into the court. He delivered his last judgment on 29 September in George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] 2 AC 803 and, characteristically, dissented, though the House of Lords would later unanimously uphold his dissent.[106]
Retirement and death
In retirement, Denning removed to Whitchurch and continued the work he had done outside court hours, lecturing and presenting awards. He also on occasion dispensed legal advice; in February 1983, he advised Patrick Evershed on the statutory duties of water suppliers.
In 1983, he published the final volume of his autobiography The Closing Chapter and a year later published Landmarks in the Law. His final book titled Leaves from my Library was published in 1986; it was a collection of his favourite pieces of prose, and was subtitled "An English Anthology".
In the summer of 1990, he agreed to a taped interview with
In the same article, according to Wilson, "Denning the Europhobe told me that it was 'entirely wrong' for this country to have put its interests in Europe into the hands of 'a German Jew, if you please' called Leon Brittan. When I questioned the accuracy of this description of Sir Leon, Denning reaffirmed it: 'Look him up – you'll see he was a German Jew.'"[119] Leon Brittan was, in fact, born in England, the child of Lithuanian immigrants.[120] Denning appeared on a radio programme aimed at the Jewish community to apologise, saying that Jewish refugees from Hitler's Germany had contributed a great deal in the fields of science, culture, art, law and music, and that "I'd like to express my gratitude to those of that origin who came and have done so much for England."[120]
On 25 November 1997, he was appointed to the Order of Merit;[121] by this point he was too weak to travel to London to receive it, so instead a representative of the Queen travelled to Whitchurch to present it to him.[122]
He celebrated his 100th birthday in Whitchurch on 23 January 1999, receiving telegrams from both the Queen and Queen Mother. A male choir sang "Happy Birthday to You" and the local church had a new bell named "Great Tom" cast in his honour specifically for the occasion.[122] By this point his health had deteriorated even further; he was legally blind and required a hearing aid.[90] On 5 March 1999 he fell ill and was rushed to Royal Hampshire County Hospital, where he died of an internal haemorrhage.[122]
Denning was buried in his home town of Whitchurch, in the local churchyard.[123] A memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey on 17 June 1999; among the tributes received, one was from the Lord Chief Justice Lord Bingham, who described Denning as "the best-known and best loved judge in our history".[122]
Other work
As well as his work as a barrister and judge, Denning was involved in supporting student law societies and other groups; at various times he was Vice-President of
In 1949, he gave the inaugural
In addition to being a Bencher of Lincoln's Inn in 1944 he was made an Honorary Bencher of
Overseas travels
Throughout his career Denning travelled abroad to lecture and learn more about other legal systems. In 1954, he was sponsored by the Nuffield Foundation to travel to South Africa and visit the universities there in the court vacation. He visited all six universities, accompanied by his son Robert and wife Joan, lecturing on the role of the judiciary and the press in safeguarding freedom.[136] In 1955, he travelled to the United States at the behest of the American Bar Association and was elected an honorary member, followed by a trip to Canada a year later as a guest of the Canadian Bar Association, where he was awarded an honorary law doctorate by the University of Ottawa and made a life member of the Canadian Bar Association.[57][137] In 1958, he visited Israel and from there travelled to Poland, where he was surprised by both the number of female judges and how badly they were paid.[138] In 1961, he travelled again to Israel to give the Lionel Cohen Lecture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[139]
In January 1964, Denning and his wife Joan travelled to India and Pakistan, visiting cities such as Madras (now Chennai) and Jaipur, meeting eminent jurists and speaking with Jawaharlal Nehru.[140] He again visited Canada and the United States in the long vacation of 1964 and addressed a full conference hall in New York.[127] On 14 August 1965, he and his wife flew to South America for a month-long tour of the continent sponsored by the British Council. The couple visited Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Peru before flying north to visit Mexico City.[141] On 6 January 1966, the couple flew to Malta, where Denning spoke at legal conferences and lectures. In the same year, they flew to San Francisco, Fiji and finally to New Zealand to take part in the law conference at Dunedin, New Zealand.[141] His lecture at the conference so impressed an Australian visitor that he was invited in 1967 to speak at the Australian Law Society annual conference.[141] On the return home, the couple briefly stayed in Delhi, where they gave a dinner for members of the Indian Bar who had welcomed them during their visit in 1964. In 1968, they again visited Canada, and Denning was given an honorary degree by McGill University.[142] In 1969, he again travelled to India, this time on an official visit with Elwyn Jones and Sir John Widgery.[143]
In August 1969, he travelled to Fiji to arbitrate in a dispute between a majority of
Judicial style
Denning was known for his excellent memory, repeating notes almost verbatim in his exams at Oxford and on one occasion identifying the exact book, page and paragraph of text in a judgment that covered a particular situation.[146] As a judge he attempted to make his decisions and the law publicly understandable, believing that the public would not want to follow the law unless they believed and understood that it was just.[128] In his cases, he referred to the parties by name in his judgments rather than as "plaintiff" and "defendant" and used short sentences and a "storytelling" style of speech shown in the case Beswick v Beswick[147] where his judgment started:
Old Peter Beswick was a coal merchant in Eccles, Lancashire. He had no business premises. All he had was a lorry, scales, and weights. He used to take the lorry to the yard of the National Coal Board, where he bagged coal and took it round to his customers in the neighbourhood. His nephew, John Joseph Beswick, helped him in his business. In March 1962, old Peter Beswick and his wife were both over 70. He had had his leg amputated and was not in good health. The nephew was anxious to get hold of the business before the old man died. So they went to a solicitor, Mr. Ashcroft, who drew up an agreement for them.[148]
In court, Denning preferred to let counsel talk on for as long as they wanted to so that he could get a grasp of the situation without wading through irrelevant court papers; to prevent them going on too long he sat quietly and allowed them to wind down at their own pace.[149]
Denning was also known for his long working schedule; when he served as Master of the Rolls he sat for five full days a week, and required reserved judgments (about one case in ten) to be written during the weekend. He expected the other justices to keep to the same schedule as himself, and was repeatedly warned about overwork.[150] Fellow judge Stephen Henn-Collins wrote him a poem:
Unlike most of the judiciary, Denning firmly believed that the press should have access to the courts and freedom to criticise magistrates and judges. He believed all legal proceedings should be held in public, quoting Jeremy Bentham when he said that "in the darkness of secrecy all sorts of things can go wrong. If things are really done in public you can see that the judge does behave himself, the newspapers can comment on it if he misbehaves – it keeps everyone in order".[152]
For many years, Denning was the president of the Lawyers' Christian Fellowship, and he once wrote that "Without religion there is no morality, and without morality there is no law."[153] His Christian beliefs sometimes affected his judgments, particularly on the subject of the sanctity of marriage. In Re L (infants) he reversed a decision to give the children of a couple to the wife in a divorce case, believing that should the wife get custody of the children there would be no chance of saving the marriage.[154]
Denning's style was consistently unique and regularly discussed by appellate judges. In the appeal of Denning's final case, Lord Diplock commented "I cannot refrain from noting with regret, which is, I am sure, shared by all members of the Appellate Committee of this House, that Lord Denning M.R.'s judgment in the instant case, which was delivered on September 29, 1982 is probably the last in which your Lordships will have the opportunity of enjoying his eminently readable style of exposition and his stimulating and percipient approach to the continuing development of the common law to which he has himself in his judicial lifetime made so outstanding a contribution."[155]
Legacy
Denning has been described as the most influential judge of the 20th century,[156] in part because of his changes to the common law and also due to his personalisation of the legal profession. Former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher referred to Denning as "probably the greatest English judge of modern times" and former Prime Minister Tony Blair lauded him as "one of the great men of his age". The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Bingham, said "Lord Denning was the best-known and best-loved judge of this or perhaps any generation" and "a legend in his own lifetime".[1]
With his judgments on war pensions and his role in the enquiry into the Profumo affair, Denning became possibly the best-known judge ever to belong to the English judiciary,[156] with the public treating Denning and the Court of Appeal as synonymous.[157] He was equally well-loved and controversial, appreciated for his role as 'the people's judge' and his support for the common man and disliked by elements of the bar and judiciary for 'uncertainty in the law' created by his broad judgments.[158]
Denning made sweeping changes to the Common Law, with the resurrection of equitable estoppel and his reform of divorce law. A common misconception is that most of his judgments were overturned in the House of Lords; many were, including the expansion to the doctrine of fundamental breach he set out in Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd, but they let many judgments stand and on occasion agreed with his judgment in situations where he dissented, such as in his final case George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd in 1983.[159]
Personal life
Denning met his future wife Mary Harvey on 25 October 1914 aged fifteen at his confirmation; she was the daughter of the Vicar of Whitchurch. Denning attempted to court her for many years, but for a long time his love was unrequited, with Mary wanting them to be only friends.
The couple moved to London in 1933 but the city at the time was sooty and foggy. This affected Mary's health, and after treatment at
In 1945, Denning met Joan Stuart, a widow with three children. They married on 27 December 1945, and were by all accounts happy together.[47] On 19 October 1992, she suffered a massive heart attack; although she survived the initial attack she died a few days later on 23 October.[165]
Denning spoke with a rural Hampshire accent throughout his life, which made him stand out.[166][167]
Publications
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1949). Freedom Under the Law. London: Stevens & Sons. ISBN 0-420-42140-8 – via Internet Archive.
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1953). The Changing Law. London: Stevens & Sons. ISBN 8-175-34434-2.
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1955). The Road to Justice. Stevens & Sons. ISBN 0-421-40200-8 – via Internet Archive.
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1979). The Discipline of Law. Butterworths. ISBN 978-0-406-17604-2 – via Internet Archive.
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1980). The Due Process of Law. Butterworths. ISBN 978-0-406-17607-3.
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1981). The Family Story. Butterworths. ISBN 0-406-17609-4 – via Internet Archive.
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1982). What Next in the Law. Butterworths. ISBN 978-0-406-17602-8 – via Internet Archive.
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1983). The Closing Chapter. Butterworths. Internet Access.
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1984). Landmarks in the Law. Butterworths. ISBN 978-0-406-17614-1 – via Internet Archive.
See also
References
- ^ a b Burrell, Ian (6 March 1999). "Lord Denning, the century's greatest judge, dies at 100". The Independent. Archived from the original on 11 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
- ^ Wilson (2023) p. 287
- ^ Mark Garnett and Richard Weight, The A–Z Guide to Modern British History (2003) p. 143.
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 8
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 6
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 23
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 10
- ^ a b Freeman (1993) p. 38
- ^ a b Freeman (1993) p. 53
- ^ "No. 30410". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 November 1917. p. 12634.
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 5, 54
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 11
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 12
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- ^ "Casualty Details | CWGC". cwgc.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ "Casualty Details | CWGC". cwgc.org. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ^ "Lord Denning, OM". The Telegraph. 6 March 1999. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
- ^ "No. 32157". The London Gazette (Supplement). 7 December 1920. p. 12149.
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 52
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 65
- ^ a b Freeman (1993) p. 86
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 13
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 70
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 14
- ^ "Eldon Scholarship Award Holders since 1919". Oxford University. 16 September 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 15
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 20
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 21
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 92
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 22
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 25
- ^ Wilson (2023) p. 47
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 26
- ^ "No. 34500". The London Gazette. 8 April 1938. p. 2322.
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 29
- ^ Wilson (2023) p. 61
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 94
- ^ "No. 36402". The London Gazette. 29 February 1944. p. 1015.
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 33
- ^ "No. 36420". The London Gazette. 10 March 1944. p. 1174.
- ^ "No. 36430". The London Gazette. 17 March 1944. p. 1285.
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 34
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 35
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 147
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 150
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 39
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 40
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 176
- ^ a b Heward (1990) p. 44
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 45
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 170
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 171
- ^ McKendrick (2007) p. 118
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 181
- ^ a b Freeman (1993) p. 231
- ISBN 9780713915105. Archivedfrom the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
- ^ a b Freeman (1993) p. 232
- ^ "No. 38431". The London Gazette. 15 October 1948. p. 5445.
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 50
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 52
- ^ Heward (1990) p. 54
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 365
- ^ Freeman (1993) p. 366
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Bibliography
- Denning, Alfred Thompson (1983). The Closing Chapter. Butterworths. ISBN 978-0-406-17612-7.
- de Burgh, Hugo, ed. (2000). Investigative Journalism: Context and Practice. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-19054-1.
- Elliott, Catherine (2007). English legal system. Pearson Education. ISBN 978-1-4058-4733-9.
- Freeman, Iris (1993). Lord Denning – A Life. Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-174594-3.
- Heward, Edmund (1990). Lord Denning: A Biography. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited. ISBN 978-0-297-81138-1.
- Hodge, Sue (2004). Tort Law. Willan Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84392-098-4. Retrieved 17 January 2009.
- McKendrick, Ewan (2007). Contract Law (7th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-01883-9.
- Mortimer, John (1984). In Character. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-006389-9.
- Oughton, David (1987). "Liability in tort for economic loss suffered by the consumer of defective goods". Journal of Business Law. ISSN 0021-9460.
- Whitton, Evan (1988). The Cartel: Lawyers and their Nine Magic Tricks. E & N Whitton. ISBN 978-0-646-34887-2.
- Wilson, James (2023). Lord Denning: Life, Law and Legacy. Wildy, Simmonds & Hill. ISBN 978-0-854-902941.
Further reading
- Stephens, Charles (2009). Fiat Justitia: Lord Denning and the Common Law. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-1244-3.
- Stephens, Charles (2009). The Last of England: Lord Denning's Englishry and the Law. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-1245-0.
- Stephens, Charles (2009). Freedom under the Law: Lord Denning as Master of the Rolls 1962–1982. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-1246-7.
External links
- Portraits of Tom Denning, Baron Denning at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- 1963 Denning Report – Parliament & the 1960s – UK Parliament Living Heritage