Ardahan
Ardahan | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 41°06′40″N 42°42′08″E / 41.11111°N 42.70222°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Ardahan |
District | Ardahan |
Government | |
• Mayor | Faruk Demir (CHP) |
Elevation | 1,811 m (5,942 ft) |
Population (2021)[1] | 22,927 |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Postal code | 75000 |
Website | www |
Ardahan (Georgian: არტაანი, romanized: art'aani;[2] Armenian: Արդահան, romanized: Ardahan;[3] Kurdish: Erdêxan[4]) is a city in northeastern Turkey, near the Georgian border. It is the seat of Ardahan Province and Ardahan District.[5] Its population is 22,927 (2021).[1]
History
Ancient and medieval
Ardahan was historically located in the region of
The
Modern
Before 1829 Ardahan was recorded to have had 400 households, the majority of them Armenian.
As Russian forces withdrew from the front following the October Revolution, a small Armenian volunteer force took up positions to defend the town from the approaching Ottoman Army. On March 6, 1918, the Ottoman army, along with the help of the town's Muslims, overwhelmed Ardahan's Armenian garrison and retook the town. Ardahan was occupied by [11]Democratic Republic of Georgia in 20 April 1919. When the Turkish Nationalists captured Ardahan in 23 February 1921,[12] the town's remaining Armenians, Pontic Greeks, and Georgians fled to Armenia, northern Greece, and Georgia.[citation needed] The Treaty of Moscow, signed the following year between the Soviets and the Ankara Government, confirmed Ardahan as a part of Turkish territory.
In 1986 a brief description of the fortress was published.[13] The original late antique/medieval walls of Ardahan Kalesi were extensively rebuilt several times and in the 19th they were adapted to accommodate small cannons.
In 1960, Ardahan's population stood at 7,228 and was populated by both Kurds and Turks.[7]
Demographics
Year | Total | Ethnic groups |
---|---|---|
1886[14] | 778 | Turks 403 (51.8%), Russians 172 (22.1%), Armenians 141 (18.1%), Greeks 48 (6.2%), Kurds 7 (0.9%) |
1897[15] | 4,142 | Russians 1,331 (32.1%), Armenians 1,315 (31.7%), Turks 746 (18%), Poles 206 (5%) |
1916[16] | 3,167 | Armenians 1,708 (53.9%), Sunni Muslims 778 (24.6%), Roma 361 (11.4%), Russians 270 (8.5%) |
1960[17] | 7,228 | |
1970[17] | 13,399 | |
1980[17] | 14,912 | |
1990[18] | 16,761 | |
2000[17] | 17,274 | |
2010[17] | 16,251 |
Geography
Ardahan is situated in northeastern Turkey, close to the border with Georgia. It lies on the upper course of the river Kura, south of the Yalnızçam Mountains. The town consists of 7 quarters: Halilefendi, Karagöl, Kaptanpaşa, Yenimahalle, Gürçayir, Atatürk and Inönü.[19]
Climate
Ardahan has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb, Trewartha: Dc), bordering on a subarctic climate (Köppen: Dfc, Trewartha: Ec) on higher elevations, with brief, mild summers and very cold winters.
Summers are mild to warm during daytime, but turn colder nocturnally. Because of this, temperatures below freezing have been recorded every month of the year. It is also frequently rainy most of the year, especially in spring and summer.
Winters are quite snowy with snow cover lasting from late October to mid April. Although it does snow in September and May, accumulating snowfall is rare. On rarer occasions, it has also snowed in summer months, such as the snowfall in August 2013.[citation needed] The highest recorded snow thickness was 113 cm (44.5 inches) on 30 January 1968.
Climate data for Ardahan (1991–2020, extremes 1958–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 11.1 (52.0) |
11.0 (51.8) |
18.4 (65.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
33.1 (91.6) |
34.3 (93.7) |
35.0 (95.0) |
32.1 (89.8) |
26.0 (78.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
14.3 (57.7) |
35.0 (95.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.4 (61.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
24.3 (75.7) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
6.7 (44.1) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −10.3 (13.5) |
−9.1 (15.6) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
4.7 (40.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
7.2 (45.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−7.3 (18.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.5 (4.1) |
−14.6 (5.7) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
3.6 (38.5) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
0.7 (33.3) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −39.8 (−39.6) |
−38.7 (−37.7) |
−33.2 (−27.8) |
−19.0 (−2.2) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−28.9 (−20.0) |
−36.3 (−33.3) |
−39.8 (−39.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24.0 (0.94) |
21.7 (0.85) |
37.0 (1.46) |
54.2 (2.13) |
85.2 (3.35) |
101.7 (4.00) |
77.2 (3.04) |
64.8 (2.55) |
38.9 (1.53) |
41.1 (1.62) |
29.9 (1.18) |
24.7 (0.97) |
600.4 (23.64) |
Average precipitation days | 7.80 | 7.97 | 10.33 | 14.23 | 17.97 | 15.50 | 12.97 | 12.00 | 9.47 | 10.87 | 7.93 | 8.03 | 135.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
75.4 | 75.1 | 72.6 | 67.6 | 68.2 | 68.6 | 68.1 | 65.7 | 65.2 | 68.8 | 72.9 | 77.3 | 70.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 80.6 | 104.5 | 155.0 | 153.0 | 195.3 | 234.0 | 257.3 | 251.1 | 213.0 | 164.3 | 111.0 | 77.5 | 1,996.6 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 2.6 | 3.7 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 6.3 | 7.8 | 8.3 | 8.1 | 7.1 | 5.3 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 5.5 |
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[20] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1991-2020)[21]
|
International relations
- Twin towns—Sister cities
Ardahan is twinned with:
Notable locals
References
- ^ TÜİK. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ "არტაანი" (in Georgian). National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ Թորոսյան, Շիրակ. "Արդահանի հարցը հայ-վրացական հարաբերություններում և խնդրի ժամանակավոր լուծումը (1919 թ. մայիս-դեկտեմբեր)" (PDF). Yerevan State University: 1.
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(help) - ^ "Erdêxan". Ria Taza (in Kurdish). Retrieved 5 July 2020.
- ^ İl Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
- ^ Strabo. Geographica. 11.14.7 Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b c d e (in Armenian) "Ardahan," Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia. Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1976, vol. 2, p. 7.
- ISBN 978-1442241466.
- ^ (in Armenian) Evliya Çelebi. Turkakan Aghbyurner, Evlia Chelebi [Turkish Sources, Evliya Chelebi], trans. and commentary by A. Kh. Safrastian. Part of the Series on Foreign Sources on Armenia and Armenians: Turkish Sources, vol. 3. (Yerevan: Haykakan SSH Gitutyunneri Akademiayi Hratarakchutyun, 1967), p. 113.
- ISSN 0137-5210.
- ^ https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/884723 The Fight of Dominaton in Ardahan According to Turkish, Georgian and Armenian Historians (Turkish Article) Page 1235
- ^ https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/884723 The Fight of Dominaton in Ardahan According to Turkish, Georgian and Armenian Historians (Turkish Article) Page 1241
- ^ Robert W. Edwards, "The Fortifications of Artvin: A Second Preliminary Report on the Marchlands of Northeast Turkey," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 40, 1986, pp.176-78, pls. 44-45.
- ^ Şimşek, Oğuz. "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin İlk Genel Nüfus Sayımında Ardahan Vilâyeti'nin Nüfus Özellikleri" (in Turkish): 209.
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(help) - ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и уездам Российской Империи кроме губерний Европейской России (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- ^ Кавказский календарь на 1917 год [Caucasian calendar for 1917] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 198–201. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021.
- ^ a b c d e "Ardahan: Nüfus Bilgileri" (in Turkish). Belediyeler Konuşuyor. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ "Ardahan'ın Tarihçesi" (in Turkish). Ardahan Ticaret İl Müdürlüğü. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
Kentin 1990 yılı nüfusu 16,761'dir.
- ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
- ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
External links
Further reading
- (in Armenian) Kyureghyan, Levon. Կարս և Արտահան (Kars and Artahan). Vienna: Mkhitarian Press, 1949.
- (in Armenian) Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1963.