Aristolochiaceae

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Aristolochiaceae
Temporal range: Aptian - recent[1][2]
California pipevine (Aristolochia californica)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Piperales
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Juss.
Subfamilies
Synonyms
  • Asaraceae Ventenat 1799
  • Hydnoraceae Agardh 1821 nom. cons.
  • Lactoridaceae Engler 1888 nom. cons.
  • Pistolochiaceae J. B. Müll. 1841
  • Sarumaceae Nakai 1936 nom. nud.

The Aristolochiaceae (English: /əˌrɪstəˈloʊkiəsii/) are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is Aristolochia L.

Description

They are mostly

perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, or lianas. The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. No stipules are present. The bizarre flowers
are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.

Classification

Aristolochiaceae are

paraphyletic.[3]

Some newer classification schemes, such as the update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales, but it is still quite common, though superseded, for the Aristolochiaceae to be assigned, sometimes with some other families, their own order (Aristolochiales).

Phylogeny

Eight genera are accepted –

Euglypha, Hydnora, Lactoris, Prosopanche, Saruma, and Thottea.[4]

Four assemblages can be distinguished in the genus-level cladogram of Aristolochiaceae:

  • Aristolochia is closely related to Thottea.
  • Hydnora is closely related to Prosopanche.
  • Lactoris occupies an isolated position.
  • Asarum is closely related to Saruma, and both genera display a deep-branching position in the family.
Genus-level cladogram of the Aristolochiaceae.
  Aristolochiaceae  
  Asaroideae  

  Asarum L. 1753

  Saruma Oliver 1889[5]

  Lactoridoideae  

  Lactoris Philippi 1865

  Aristolochioideae  

  Aristolochia L. 1753

  Thottea Rottboell 1783[6]

  Hydnoroideae  

  Hydnora Thunberg 1775

  Prosopanche de Bary 1868

The phylogeny is based on the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.[7][8]

Phytochemistry

Many members of Aristolochia and some of Asarum contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which discourages herbivores and is known to be carcinogenic in rats. Aristolochia species are carcinogenic to humans.

Genomics

The highly reduced plastid genome map of a member of Aristolochiaceae, Hydnora visseri

The complete

base pairs) and gene content (24 genes appear to be functional).[9] This Aristolochiaceae species therefore possesses one of the smallest plastid genomes among flowering plants.[10]

Ecology

predators
.

Fossil record

The earliest records of the family are the

Mediterranean species A. rotunda and A. baetica.[12]

References

  1. ^ "Piperales". www.mobot.org. Retrieved 2023-06-18.
  2. ^
    ISSN 1058-5893
    .
  3. doi:10.1111/boj.12385
    .
  4. ^ Aristolochiaceae Juss. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
  5. ^ "GRIN Genera of Aristolochiaceae subfam. Asaroideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  6. ^ "GRIN Genera of Aristolochiaceae subfam. Aristolochioideae". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  7. ^ Stevens, P.F. (2001). "ARISTOLOCHIACEAE Jussieu". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 13. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
  8. ^ "Family: Aristolochiaceae Juss., nom. cons". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-04-12. Retrieved 2011-01-09.
  9. PMID 26739167
    .
  10. ^ List of sequenced plastomes: Flowering plants.
  11. ^ Evolution and Diversification of Land Plants by Kunio Iwatsuki and Peter H. Raven, Springer Science & Business Media, 6. des. 2012
  12. ^ The first fossil Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae, Piperales) leaves from Austria by Barbara Meller, Article number: 17.2.21A, https://doi.org/10.26879/420, Palaeontological Association, May 2014

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aristolochiaceae.
Wikispecies has information related to Aristolochiaceae.
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