Atlantic Bronze Age

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Atlantic Bronze Age
Iron Age Spain
See also: Bronze Age Europe

The Atlantic Bronze Age refers to a cultural complex of the Bronze Age period in prehistoric Europe, spanning approximately 1300–700 BC. This complex includes various cultures in Britain, France, Ireland, Portugal and Spain.

Trade

Main article: Bronze Age Europe

The Atlantic Bronze Age is characterized by economic and cultural exchange, resulting in a high degree of cultural similarity between coastal communities from central Portugal to Galicia, Armorica, Cornwall and Scotland. This is evidenced by the frequent use of stone as chevaux-de-frise, the construction of cliff castles, and domestic architecture, sometimes characterized by roundhouses. [1] Trade contacts extended from Sweden[2] and Denmark to the Mediterranean.[1] The Bronze Age was characterized by distinct regional centers of metal production, linked by regular maritime trade. The main centers were in southern England and Ireland, northwestern France, and western Iberia.[3] Radiocarbon dating indicates that the Early Bronze Age began on the northern Iberian plateau in 2100 cal. BC, while the Late Bronze Age began in 1350 cal. BC. [4][5][6] Items associated with this culture are often found in hoards or deposited in ritual areas,[7][8] typically in watery contexts such as rivers, lakes, and bogs. The cultural complex includes various items, such as socketed and double-ring bronze axes, sometimes buried in large hoards in Brittany and Galicia. Military equipment such as lunate spearheads, V-notched shields, and a variety of bronze swords, including carp-tongue swords, are usually found buried in lakes, rivers, or rocky outcrops.[9] Elite feasting equipment such as spits, kettles, and meat hooks[8][10] have also been found from central Portugal to Scotland.[1]

In 2008, John T. Koch attributed the origins of the Celts to this period.[11] This theory is supported by Barry Cunliffe,[12] who argues that Celtic developed as an Atlantic lingua franca before spreading to mainland Europe.[8] The authors argue that communities in the Late Bronze Age adopted elite status markers, such as grip-tongue swords and bronze sheet metalwork, from the Urnfield period (Bronze D and Hallstatt A). They also acquired new skills for their production and ritual knowledge about their proper treatment after deposition.[13] These changes may indicate processes related to language change.[13] In 2013, Koch suggested that the emergence of Celtic languages with a Proto-Celtic homeland in west-central Europe could be explained by elite contact from east to west.[14] However, this view contrasts with the more widely accepted view that Celtic origins are linked to the central European Hallstatt C culture.

Gallery

  • A Bronze Age gold hoard: Tesouro de Caldas, Galicia, Spain
    A Bronze Age gold hoard: Tesouro de Caldas, Galicia, Spain
  • Gold torque from Stretham, England
    Gold torque from Stretham, England
  • Bronze weapons from Lanzahíta, Spain
    Bronze weapons from Lanzahíta, Spain
  • Bronze Age swords, France
    Bronze Age swords, France
  • The Caergwrle Bowl, Wales, c. 1300 BC
    The Caergwrle Bowl, Wales, c. 1300 BC
  • Casco de Leiro, Galicia, Spain
    Casco de Leiro, Galicia, Spain
  • Gold bowls from Axtroki, Spain
    Gold bowls from Axtroki, Spain
  • Gold bracelets and neckrings, England, 1150–750 BC
    Gold bracelets and neckrings, England, 1150–750 BC
  • Sintra collar, Portugal, c. 10th century BC
    Sintra collar, Portugal, c. 10th century BC
  • Bronze cauldrons. Left Cabárceno [es], Spain. Right Chiseldon, England.[15][16]
    Bronze cauldrons. Left Cabárceno [es], Spain. Right Chiseldon, England.[15][16]
  • Gold and bronze hoard from Wrexham, Wales, 1300-1150 BC
    Gold and bronze hoard from Wrexham, Wales, 1300-1150 BC
  • Gold torque or belt from Guînes, France, 1300-1150 BC[17]
    Gold torque or belt from Guînes, France, 1300-1150 BC[17]
  • Gold torque from Guînes, Pas-de-Calais, France.[18]
    Gold torque from Guînes, Pas-de-Calais, France.[18]
  • Deposito da Samieira, a hoard of Galician Bronze Age axes. Museo de Pontevedra
    Deposito da Samieira, a hoard of Galician Bronze Age axes. Museo de Pontevedra
  • Stele of Solana de Cabañas, Spain.
    Stele of Solana de Cabañas, Spain.
  • Adabrock Hoard, Scotland, c. 1000 BC
    Adabrock Hoard, Scotland, c. 1000 BC
  • Gold torque from the Treasure of Berzocana, Extremadura, Spain
    Gold torque from the Treasure of Berzocana, Extremadura, Spain
  • Ceremonial bronze dirk, France, c. 1300 BC
    Ceremonial bronze dirk, France, c. 1300 BC
  • Dirks from England and France
    Dirks from England and France
  • Brazalete da Urdiñeira, Spain
    Brazalete da Urdiñeira, Spain
  • Gold torc, Saint-Jean-Trolimon, France
    Gold torc, Saint-Jean-Trolimon, France
  • Bronze axes, France
    Bronze axes, France
  • Gold disk/ring, Extremadura, Spain, c. 1000 BC
    Gold disk/ring, Extremadura, Spain, c. 1000 BC
  • Dún Aonghasa hillfort, Ireland
    Dún Aonghasa hillfort, Ireland

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Cunliffe, Barry (1999). "Atlantic Sea-ways" (PDF). Revista de Guimarães. Especial (I): 93–105. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  2. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.07.018
    .
  3. ^ Europe Before History by Kristian Kristiansen Archived May 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ISBN 9788496606289
    .
  5. ISBN 9781407315195
    .
  6. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.002
    .
  7. ^ Comendador Rey, Beatriz. "SPACE AND MEMORY AT THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER ULLA (GALICIA, SPAIN)" (PDF). Conceptualising Space and Place: On the role of agency, memory and identity in the construction of space from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Iron Age in Europe. Archaeopress. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-300-17086-3
    .
  9. ^ Quilliec, Bénédicte T. (2007). "Vida y muerte de una espada atlántica del Bronce Final en Europa: Reconstrucción de los procesos de fabricación, uso y destrucción" [Life and death of an Atlantic sword: Reconstruction of the processes of fabrication, use wear and destruction]. Complutum (in Spanish). 18: 93–107. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  10. S2CID 161084139
    . Retrieved 22 September 2011.
  11. ISSN 1578-5386. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
  12. ^ Cunliffe, Barry (2008). A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 2009, pp. 55–64. The Prehistoric Society. p. 61.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-1-84217-529-3. Archived from the original
    on 21 January 2013.
  14. ISBN 978-1-84217-529-3. Archived from the original
    on 21 January 2013.
  15. JSTOR 25508908
    .
  16. ^ Barrowclough, David (2014). "Bronze Age Feasting Equipment: A contextual discussion of the Salle and East Anglian cauldrons and flesh-hooks". Cambridge: Red Dagger Press. Red Dagger Press, Cambridge: 1–17.
  17. ^ Armbruster, Barbara (2013). "Gold and gold working of the Bronze Age". The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age. pp. 454–468.
  18. S2CID 114317154
    .

External links

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