Azawadi declaration of independence
Azawadi Declaration of Independence | |
---|---|
Created | 6 April 2012 |
Location | Gao |
Author(s) | National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad |
Signatories | Secretary General Bilal Ag Acherif |
Purpose | Independence of the Azawad from Mali |
Official website | |
Declaration of Independence |
On 6 April 2012, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (French acronym: MNLA) unilaterally declared Azawad independent from the Republic of Mali in the wake of a rebellion which was preceded by a string of other Tuareg rebellions. It is called the Independent State of Azawad.
History
Following the return of 5,000 soldiers after the
Declaration of Independence
The Secretary-General of the MNLA,
The declaration was issued in French on behalf of the "voice of the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad" and in consultation with the Executive Committee, the Revolutionary Council, the Consultative Council, the State-Major of the Army of Liberation and the regional offices.[5] It also cited as reasoning France's unilateral attachment of the region to Mali despite an appeal to French President Charles de Gaulle.[6]
The document concluded by adding that the new state declared by the MNLA would recognise international state borders,
Reactions
The day before the declaration, the Foreign Ministry of
Supranational bodies
- African Union: The AU rejected the UDI as "null and of no value whatsoever" and appealed to the rest of the world to ignore it.[9] The AU's commission chairperson Jean Ping's office issued a statement that read he "calls on the international community as a whole to fully support this principled position of Africa".[2]
- Constitution of Mali.[11]
- European Union: The spokeswoman for the Representative for Foreign Affairs, Catherine Ashton, said that the EU respected Mali's territorial integrity.[12] Richard Zinc, EU representative in Bamako, said that it was "out of question" that the EU would accept the declaration.[13]
States
- Algeria: Prime Minister Ahmed Ouyahia said Azawad's northern neighbour country would never "accept questioning Mali's territorial integrity". However, he also rejected foreign intervention and called for a solution through dialogue.[14]
- Canada: Chris Day, an aide to Foreign Minister John Baird, stated that Canada's position on Azawad's independence: "We’re absolutely not recognising this declaration. We are closely monitoring events on the ground."[15]
- France: Defence Minister Gérard Longuet reacted by saying: "A unilateral declaration of independence which is not recognised by African states would not have any meaning for us."[2] Foreign ministry spokesman Bernard Valero said the declaration was "null and void". He affirmed France's commitment to the "territorial integrity of Mali".[12] On the other hand, Valero admitted that "the demands of the northern Tuareg population are old and for too long had not received adequate and necessary responses". France, however, also indicated it would offer military assistance to the ECOWAS force aimed at stabilising Mali and containing the rebels.[11]
- Russia: In a statement the same day as the declaration, the presidential special envoy to Africa Mikhail Margelov rejected the formation of the state. "There are virtually no chances, this is undoubted, for [the] legitimization of a Tuareg state." "[The Sahelian countries, the ECOWAS, and the AU] do not need it. We stand unequivocally for the territorial integrity and restoration of the constitutional order in Mali."[16]
- United States: Patrick Ventrell, a spokesman of the U.S. State Department stated: "We reject the MNLA's statement of independence and reiterate our call for the territorial integrity of Mali."[10] The State Department also later expressed concern that the separation would "only exacerbate the grave problems challenging the Malian state".[17]
Academia
Alessandra Giuffrida of the African Studies Department at the School of Oriental and African Studies said:
[The MNLA is] taking advantage of a new situation, which is the lack of a constitutional government in Bamako, which means the MNLA was able to claim, according to international law, independence, and this is a new fact which has never occurred before in the history of the Tuareg. According to international law experts, this actually gives the Tuareg some ground to fight legally for the independence of their state. [The international reactions reflect that] they have an interest in maintaining the status quo. There is economic interest in the north of the country after the discovery of mineral resources.[18]
See also
References
- ^ Vogl, Martin (31 January 2012). "Tuareg rebels attack 6th town in Mali". Yahoo News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f "Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali". Al Jazeera English. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ "Mali's Tuareg rebels declare independence". The Guardian. Associated Press. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Déclaration D'Indépendance De L'Azawad" (in French). Mouvement National de libération de l'Azawad. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ a b "Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali". Alarabiya.net. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "Mali rebels declare independence – africa – world". Stuff.co.nz. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ "Global powers dismiss Tuaregs' declared independence". FRANCE 24. Agence France-Presse. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (6 April 2012). "Mali's Tuareg Rebels Declare Independence". Time. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
- ^ Felix, Bate (6 April 2012). "Mali rebels declare independent 'Azawad'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ a b Fessy, Thomas (3 April 2012). "Mali Tuareg rebels' call on independence rejected". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ a b Felix, Bate (6 April 2012). "AU, US reject Mali rebels' independence declaration". Reuters. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ a b "Malian Group, EU, France Denounce Independence Proclamation". P.M. News. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (6 April 2012). "Mali's Tuareg rebels declare independence". The Hindu. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ "Algeria rules out Mali split, foreign intervention: Report". english.ahram.org.eg. Agence France-Presse. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ Callimachi, Rukmini (6 April 2012). "Mali's coup leader to return power". The Globe and Mail. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 11 April 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ "Russia: No Chance to Recognize Azawad Independence". CRI English. Xinhua. 6 April 2012. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
- ^ Katarina Höije (27 May 2012). "Mali rebel groups join forces, vowing an Islamic state". CNN. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ "Tuaregs claim independence". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
External links
- Full original text of declaration (in French)