Balfour Formation

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Balfour Formation
Ma
Outcrops of the Balfour Formation are found in the hillsides surrounding Nieu-Bethesda, Eastern Cape, South Africa
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofAdelaide Subgroup, Beaufort Group
Sub-unitsOudeberg Member, Daggaboersnek Member, Ripplemead Member, Elandsberg Member, Palingkloof Member
UnderliesKatberg Formation
OverliesMiddleton Formation
Thicknessup to 2,150 m (7,050 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone, siltstone
OtherSandstone
Location
RegionNorthern Cape, Eastern Cape and Free State
Country South Africa

The Balfour Formation is a

Cradock, the Baviaanskloof river valley, Graaff-Reniet and Nieu Bethesda in the Eastern Cape, and in the southern Free State province.[1][2]

Geology

The Balfour Formation overlies the Middleton Formation of the Adelaide Subgroup and underlies the Katberg Formation of the lower Tarkastad Subgroup, all comprising the greater Beaufort Group. The Balfour Formation is composed of five members which are listed below (from oldest to youngest):

  • Oudeberg Member
  • Daggaboersnek Member
  • Ripplemead Member
  • Elandsberg Member
  • Palingkloof member

The rocks of the Balfour Formation also incorporate the entire Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, the lowermost portion of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone,[3] and the uppermost rocks of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone.[4] Up until the middle section of the Ripplemead Member, the Balfour Formation correlates with the near contemporaneous Teekloof Formation west of the 24 degrees from Beaufort West westwards, and to the Normadien Formation north of the Orange River. However, the Elandsberg and Palingkloof Members do not have any lateral correlates west of 24 degrees. This is either due to past erosion of the upper, unknown members of the Teekloof Formation or there was a sudden cessation of sedimentary deposition in the western section of the Karoo Basin.[5][6][7][8]

The sedimentary rocks of this formation are composed predominantly of alternating greenish-grey, bluish-grey, and grey-ish red mudstone that often contain siltstone lenses. The mudstones are very fine-grained, massive and exhibit blocky weathering. Claystone successions are also found which, along with the mudstones, frequently contain desiccation cracks, raindrop impressions, and calcareous nodules or concretions are found throughout. Rhythmites are also found. Sandstones are less common, but some notable units have been studied in the Balfour Formation. In the lowermost section of the Balfour is a sandstone-rich unit known as the Oudeberg Member. The sandstones in this unit are very fine-grained and are rich in feldspar. Another sandstone unit in the middle of the Balfour Formation is the Daggaboersnek Member which contains thin, tabular sandstones, and ripple structures are common.[9][10]

The presence of these rocks reveal much about the past environment that they were deposited in. The dominance of fine-grained

fluvial environment, most likely one that had meandering rivers. At the time of sedimentary deposition, the Karoo retroarc foreland system was in an overfilled phase, and purely terrestrial sediments occupied the Karoo Basin at this time. As this formation includes the rocks of both the Cistecephalus, Daptocephalus, Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones, the Balfour Formation preserves the geological record for the end Permian extinction event. This is important as the end Permian extinction event was the largest mass extinction event in the Earth's history. This was followed by one of the worst biotic crises, which is reflected in the sudden and drastic sedimentary facies changes in the overlying Katberg Formation.[11][12][13][14][15]

Paleontology

Where the Balfour Formation deposits correlate with the

Permian-Triassic boundary. At this point in the biostratigraphy
there is a marked drop in species diversity as the Permian-Triassic extinction event began to take its course at the time of sediment deposition.

Paleofauna

Reptiles

Diapsids
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Youngina Y. capensis Dicynodon Assemblage zone. Lopingian A diapsid reptile.
Parareptiles
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Anthodon A. serrarius Changhsingian A pareiasaur.
Milleropsis M. pricei Dicynodon Assemblage zone. Changhsingian A
millerettid
parareptile.
Milleretta M. rubidgei Dicynodon Assemblage zone. Changhsingian A
millerettid
parareptile.
Millerosaurus M. nuffieldi Changhsingian A
millerettid
parareptile.
Pareiasaurus P. serridens Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian. A pareiasaur.
Owenetta O. rubidgei Cistecephalus and Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian A procolophonian parareptile.

Synapsids

Therapsids

Cynodonts
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Charassognathus C. gracilis A
cynodont
.
Charassognathus, a primitive type of cynodont.
Cynosaurus C. suppostus Cistecephalus and Daptocephalus Assemblage Zones. Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian. A cynodont.
Procynosuchus P. delaharpeae New Bathsheba. Wuchiapingian A cynodont.
Progalesaurus P. lootbergensis New Lootsberg Pass. Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone. Lopingian A skull, dentition, and postcranial skeleton. A cynodont.
Vetusodon V. elikhulu Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone. Lopingian A cynodont.
Dicynodonts
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Daptocephalus D. leoniceps Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone. Changhsingian A
dicynodont
.
Dolomitipes D. accordii A
dicynodont
.
D. icelsi
Dicynodontoides D. recurvidens Nooitgedacht 68. Uppermost part in Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A skull and postcranial element. A dicynodont.
Emydops E. arctatus A
dicynodont
.
Lystrosaurus L. curvatus Nooitgedacht 68 and Fairydale. lower part of Palingkloof Member, Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. Induan. A skull. A
dicynodont
.
Lystrosaurus
Lystrosaurus
L. declivis uppermost part of Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone. Induan. A skull and a complete skeleton.
L. maccaigi Palingkloof Member, Dicynodon Assemblage Zone Changhsingian.
L. murrayi lower part of Palingkloof Member, Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone. Induan. A skull and skeleton.
Oudenodon O. bainii A small dicynodont.
Gorgonopsids
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Aloposaurus A. tenuis A gorgonopsid.
Alopsaurus
Alopsaurus
Cyonosaurus C. kitchingi A gorgonopsid.
C. longiceps
Dinogorgon D. rubidgei Cistecephalus and Daptocephalus assemblage. A gorgonopsid.
Inostrancevia [23] I. africana lower slope of the hill Loskop, Nooitgedacht 68. Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone A partial skeleton including a complete skull and occluded mandible, entirety of the precaudal axial column, partial scapulae, partial right pelvis, the right femur, and a disarticulated left humerus, ulna, radius, and tibia. A predatory
gorgonopsid
.
Leontosaurus L. vanderhorsti Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A gorgonopsid.
Lycaenops L. ornatus A gorgonopsid.
Paragalerhinus P. rubidgei Wellwood Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A partial skull. A gorgonopsid.
Rubidgea R. atrox Cistecephalus and Daptocephalus assemblage zone. A gorgonopsid.
Scylacops S. capensis A gorgonopsid.
Therocephalians
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Ictidochampsa I. platyceps Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A
therocephalian
.
Ictidosuchoides I. intermedius A
therocephalian
.
Ictidosuchops I. intermedius A
therocephalian
.
Moschorhinus M. kitchingi Spitskop, Nooitgedacht 68. Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A weathered skull along with a complete skull, partially articulated anterior skeleton, and disarticulated pelvis and hind limb. A
therocephalian
.
Moschorhinus.
Notaelurodon N. kitchingi A
therocephalian
.
Olivierosuchus O. parringtoni Palingkloof Member Lystrosaurus assemblege zone. A complete skull and anterior half of skeleton in articulation, including vertebrae, ribs, pectoral girdle, partial left humerus, complete right forelimb,

including terminal phalanges.

A therocephalian.
Promoschorhynchus P. platyrhinus A
therocephalian
.
Theriognathus T. microps A
therocephalian
.
Tetracynodon T. tenuis A
therocephalian
.

Correlation

The Balfour Formation is known to corresponds in age with the Cis-Uralian fauna of Russia[24] and the Sanga do Cabral Formation, Paraná Basin of Brazil. Correlations with other Late Permian - Early Triassic deposits abroad remain inconclusive.

References

  1. ^ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  2. ISSN 0037-0738.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  3. ISSN 1502-3931
    .
  4. S2CID 88833541
    .
  5. ^ Visser, J.N.J. and Dukas, B.A., 1979. Upward-fining fluviatile megacycles in the Beaufort Group north of Graaff-Reinet, Cape Province. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr, 82(149), p.e154.
  6. ISSN 1874-5997. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  7. S2CID 56420970
    .
  8. S2CID 130345218
    .
  9. doi:10.25131/gssajg.120.1.45
    .
  10. ISSN 0031-0182.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  11. ISSN 0091-7613
    .
  12. ISSN 0091-7613
    .
  13. ISSN 1631-0683.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. ISSN 1464-343X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  15. S2CID 46198018
    .
  16. PMID 19011684
    .
  17. ISSN 1464-343X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  18. PMID 26823998
    .
  19. S2CID 140641975
    .
  20. ISSN 0078-8554
    .
  21. ^ Gardner, Nicholas; Holliday, Casey; O’Keefe, F. (2010-11-01). "The Braincase of Youngina Capensis (Reptilia, Diapsida): New Insights from High-Resolution CT Scanning of the Holotype". Biological Sciences Faculty Research.
  22. ISSN 1342-937X
    .
  23. S2CID 258835757
    .
  24. ^ Shishkin, M. A.; Ochev, V. G. (1993). "The Permo-Triassic transition and the early Triassic history of the Euramerican tetrapod fauna". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 3: 435–437. Retrieved 2018-12-11.
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