Biomphalaria glabrata
Biomphalaria glabrata | |
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An albino individual of Biomphalaria glabrata. (All snails in the family Planorbidae have the red oxygen transport pigment hemoglobin , but this is especially apparent in albino animals.)
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
Superorder: | Hygrophila |
Family: | Planorbidae |
Genus: | Biomphalaria |
Species: | B. glabrata
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Binomial name | |
Biomphalaria glabrata | |
Synonyms | |
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Biomphalaria glabrata is a
.Biomphalaria glabrata is an intermediate snail
The parasite Schistosoma mansoni (which these snails and other Biomphalaria snails carry) infects about 83.31 million people worldwide.[4]
Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni provides a useful
The shell of this species, like all planorbids, is
Distribution
Biomphalaria glabrata is a
This species has recently expanded its native range,[3] but there is reduced its abundance in the Caribbean, because of competition with non-indigenous species and environmental change.[12]
It
Shell description
Like all planorbids, the shell of Biomphalaria glabrata is planispiral, in other words coiled flat like a rope, and the spire of the shell is sunken. Also, like all planorbids, this species has a sinistral shell, in other words, the coiling of the shell is left-handed. However, like all the snails in the subfamily Planobinae, this snail carries its coiled shell upside down, and thus the shell appears to be dextral in coiling. In other families of snails the spire is situated on top of the shell, here what shows on top of the shell is in fact the umbilicus.
Biomphalaria glabrata was discovered and described under the name Planorbis glabratus by American naturalist Thomas Say in 1818.[1] Say's type description reads as follows:
Shell sinistral; whorls about five, glabrous or obsoletely rugose, polished, destitute of any appearance of carina; spire perfectly regular, a little concave; umbilicus large, regularly and deeply concave, exhibiting all the volutions to the summit; aperture declining, remarkably oblique with respect to the transverse diameter. Breadth nearly nine-tenths of an inch.
Unfortunately Say listed an incorrect type locality: North Carolina.[1] The shell was probably actually from the West Indian island of Guadeloupe.[11]
The shell of animals from natural habitats is usually olivaceous (
An adult shell consist of aragonite and sometimes there is also under 1.5% of vaterite especially near the margin of the shell.[15]
Anatomy
The anatomy of the mantle cavity is described in Sullivan et al. (1974)[16] and Jurberg et al. (1997).[17]
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Genetics
The
The
A complete genome sequence from the
The ancestor of Biomphalaria glabrata colonized Africa, and speciated into all of the African Biomphalaria species.[26]
Phylogeny
A cladogram showing phylogenic relations of species in the genus Biomphalaria:[26]
Biomphalaria |
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Ecology
Biomphalaria glabrata inhabits small streams, ponds[27] and marshes. These snails can survive in aestivation for a few months when removed from their freshwater habitat or when the habitat dries out.[28] For example, the snail lives in banana plantation drains in Saint Lucia.[29]
Biomphalaria glabrata can also survive up to 16 hours in anaerobic water using lactic acid fermentation.[30]
Like other species, this snail is "light sensitive" and can be disrupted by artificial light.[31]
Feeding habits
Biomphalaria glabrata feeds on bacterial films, algae, diatoms and decaying macrophytes.[32]
They can be fed using
Life cycle
Biomphalaria glabrata snails lay egg masses at rather a high rate (about 1 per day).[5] One snail can lay 14,000 eggs during its whole life span.[32]
The periostracum of the embryonic shell (inside the egg) begin to grow in 48-hour old embryos.[34] Amorphous calcium carbonate appear in 54-60-hour old embryos.[34] Calcification (formation of aragonite) of the embryonic shell starts in the time interval between 60-hour old embryos and 72-hour-old ones.[33] The weight of the shell of 72-hour-old embryo is 0.64 μg.[34]
The weight of the embryonic shell in 5-day-old (120-hours-old) embryos a very short time before hatching, is 30.3 μg, and the width is 500 μm.[34] The juvenile snail hatches from 5 to 6 days old eggs.[34] The weight of the juvenile shell is 2.04 mg in four weeks after hatching.[34] There is no vaterite in juvenile shells.[15]
The growth rate, maximum birth rate, and longevity of Biomphalaria glabrata was studied by Pimentel (1957).[5] There can be up to seven generations in one year in laboratory.[32] The generation time (the time it takes a snail from developing from an egg to laying an egg of its own) is 4–6 weeks.[13] The lifespan is 15–18 months in natural conditions.[32] The lifespan in laboratory conditions can be up to 18–24 months,[32] but usually it is 9–12 months.[13]
Biomphalaria glabrata is a
Parasites
Biomphalaria glabrata is a major
In medical research, the most commonly used Biomphalaria glabrata snail stock (used for the maintenance of Schistosoma mansoni) is
There are both resistant and susceptible strains of B. glabrata. Li et al 2021 finds resistant snails to have innate immune receptors specifically to fight S. mansoni infection. These IIRs are expressed on particular immune cells.[41]
Some other trematodes are also natural parasites of Biomphalaria glabrata:
- Ribeiroia marini[42]
- Candidatus Paenibacillus glabratella – this bacterial pathogen is causing white nodules and high mortalities of snails.[43]
Experimental parasites include:
- Angiostrongylus vasorum – (experimental)[44]
- Echinostoma caproni – (experimental)[45]
- Echinostoma paraensei – (experimental)[46]
- Echinostoma trivolvis – as second (experimental) intermediate host (referred as Echinostoma revolutum in Anderson & Fried (1987)).[47][48]
- Plagiorchis elegans can experimentally infect Biomphalaria glabrata and it can cause its parasitic castration, but the snail is incompatible for its full development.[49]
Interaction with schistosome
Schistosoma mansoni can infect juveniles of Biomphalaria glabrata much more easily than it can adults.[13] Schistosoma mansoni causes parasitic castration in infected snails.[13]
Interactions between snails and schistosomes are complex and there exists an urgent need to elucidate pathways involved in snail-parasite relationships as well as to identify those factors involved in the intricate balance between the snail internal defence system and trematode infectivity mechanisms that determine the success or failure of an infection.[2]
Molluscs appear to lack an
On the
Predators
The freshwater snail Marisa cornuarietis is a predator of Biomphalaria glabrata: it feeds on its eggs, juvenile and adult snails.[51] It also acts as a competitor.[51][52]
Competitors
Symbionts
A single-celled
Hybrid
There is one known hybrid: Biomphalaria glabrata × Biomphalaria alexandrina, from Egypt.[55]
Toxicology
The
The latex of Euphorbia conspicua is toxic to adults of Biomphalaria glabrata.[57]
Four species of the genus Solanum from Brazil are toxic to Biomphalaria glabrata.[58]
Some species of Annona are toxic to adults of Biomphalaria glabrata and to its eggs.[59]
References
This article incorporates public domain text from reference,
- ^ Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 1 (2): 276–284.
- ^ PMID 19114004.
- ^ S2CID 11158571..
- PMID 10386428. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 February 2010.
- ^ a b c Pimentel D. (October 1957) "Life history of Australorbis glabratus, the intermediate snail host of Schistosoma mansoni in Puerto Rico". Ecol 38(4): 576-580.
- PMID 931167.
- ^ PMID 8103624.
- PMID 4082255.
- ^ Sturrock, R. F. (1974). "Ecological notes on habitats of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni on St. Lucia, West Indies" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science. 14 (3–4): 149–162.
- S2CID 6282227.
- ^ PMID 11586421.
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- ^ a b c d e f The Genome Center at Washington University in St. Louis. Biomphalaria glabrata Archived 30 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 21 November.
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- ^ PMID 11073237.
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- ^ Knight M., Adema C. M., Raghavan N., Loker E. S., Lewis F. A. & Tettelin H. (2003) "Obtaining the genome sequence of the mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata: a major intermediate host for the parasite causing human schistosomiasis". Online at http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Research/Sequencing/SeqProposals/BiomphalariaSEQv.2.pdf National Human Genome Research Institute. Accessed 20 November 2009
- ^ Approved Sequencing Targets Archived 27 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Last updated 14 September 2009. Accessed 21 November 2009
- ^ Briggs, Helen (16 May 2017). "Snail's DNA secrets unlocked in fight against river disease". BBC News. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ^ Goldman M. A., Loverde P. T., Chrisman C. L., & Franklin D. A. (1984) "Chromosomal evolution in planorbid snails of the genera Bulinus and Biomphalaria". Malacologia 25(2): 427-446.
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- ^ [Organism%3Anoexp] , accessed 20 November 2009.
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- PMID 15420230., article and PDF
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- ^ a b c d e f What is Biomphalaria glabrata? Archived 4 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine UNM Biology Department Home Page. Accessed 20 November 2009.
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- ^ PMID 18754688.
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- ^ Vianey-Liaud, M (1995). "Bias in the production of heterozygous pigmented embryos from successively mated Biomphalaria glabrata (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) albino snails". Malacological Review. 28: 97–106.
- ^ PMID 18665228.
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Further reading
- Genetics as known up to 2006:
- Adema, Coen M; Luo, Mei-Zhong; Hanelt, Ben; Hertel, Lynn A; Marshall, Jennifer J; Zhang, Si-Ming; DeJong, Randall J; Kim, Hye-Ran; Kudrna, David; Wing, Rod A; Soderlund, Cari; Knight, Matty; Lewis, Fred A; Caldeira, Roberta Lima; Jannotti-Passos, Liana K; Carvalho, Omar dos Santos; Loker, Eric S (October 2006). "A bacterial artificial chromosome library for Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate snail host of Schistosoma mansoni". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 101 (suppl 1): 167–177. PMID 17308766.
- Adema, Coen M; Luo, Mei-Zhong; Hanelt, Ben; Hertel, Lynn A; Marshall, Jennifer J; Zhang, Si-Ming; DeJong, Randall J; Kim, Hye-Ran; Kudrna, David; Wing, Rod A; Soderlund, Cari; Knight, Matty; Lewis, Fred A; Caldeira, Roberta Lima; Jannotti-Passos, Liana K; Carvalho, Omar dos Santos; Loker, Eric S (October 2006). "A bacterial artificial chromosome library for Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate snail host of Schistosoma mansoni". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 101 (suppl 1): 167–177.
- Feeding behaviour:
- Townsend, C. R. (1973). "The food-finding orientation mechanism of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say)". Animal Behaviour. 21 (3): 544–548. PMID 4748749.
- Boissier, Jérôme; Rivera, Ezequiel R.; Moné, Hélène (June 2003). "Altered Behavior of the Snail Biomphalaria glabrata as a Result of Infection with Schistosoma mansoni". Journal of Parasitology. 89 (3): 429–433. S2CID 43703731.
- Townsend, C. R. (1973). "The food-finding orientation mechanism of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say)". Animal Behaviour. 21 (3): 544–548.
- Egg-laying process:
- Boyle, J. P.; Yoshino, T. P. (1 February 2000). "The Effect of Water Quality on Oviposition in Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)(planorbidae), and a Description of the Stages of the Egg-laying Process". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 66 (1): 83–94. .
- Competition in laboratory:
- Giovanelli, A.; Vieira, M. V.; da Silva, C. L. P. A. C. (2002). "Interaction between the Intermediate Host of Schistosomiasis in Brazil Biomphalaria glabrata (Planorbidae) and a Possible Competitor Melanoides tuberculata (Thiaridae): I. Laboratory Experiments" (PDF). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 97 (3): 363–369. PMID 12048567.
- Giovanelli, A.; Vieira, M. V.; da Silva, C. L. P. A. C. (2002). "Interaction between the Intermediate Host of Schistosomiasis in Brazil Biomphalaria glabrata (Planorbidae) and a Possible Competitor Melanoides tuberculata (Thiaridae): I. Laboratory Experiments" (PDF). Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 97 (3): 363–369.
- Circulatory system:
- Santos, Marco Antonio Vasconcelos; Diniz, José Antonio Picanço (September 2009). "Aspectos ultraestruturais de hemócitos de Biomphalaria glabrata Say (1818) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) analisados sob microscopia eletrônica de transmissão" [Ultrastructural aspects of hemocytes from Biomphalaria glabrata Say (1818) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) analysed with transmission electronic microscopy]. Acta Amazonica (in Portuguese). 39 (3): 707–712. .
- Biochemistry:
- Marxen, Julia C.; Nimtz, Manfred; Becker, Wilhelm; Mann, Karlheinz (August 2003). "The major soluble 19.6 kDa protein of the organic shell matrix of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata is an N-glycosylated dermatopontin". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1650 (1–2): 92–98. PMID 12922172.
- Marxen, Julia C.; Nimtz, Manfred; Becker, Wilhelm; Mann, Karlheinz (August 2003). "The major soluble 19.6 kDa protein of the organic shell matrix of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata is an N-glycosylated dermatopontin". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 1650 (1–2): 92–98.
- Interactions with Schistosome:
- Moné, Y.; Gourbal, B.; Duval, D.; Du Pasquier, L.; Kieffer-Jaquinod, S.; et al. (2010). "A Large Repertoire of Parasite Epitopes Matched by a Large Repertoire of Host Immune Receptors in an Invertebrate Host/Parasite Model". PMID 20838648.
- Moné, Y.; Gourbal, B.; Duval, D.; Du Pasquier, L.; Kieffer-Jaquinod, S.; et al. (2010). "A Large Repertoire of Parasite Epitopes Matched by a Large Repertoire of Host Immune Receptors in an Invertebrate Host/Parasite Model".
- Mineralogy:
- Marxen, J. C.; Becker, W.; Finke, D.; Hasse, B.; Epple, M. J. (2003). "Early mineralization in Biomphalaria glabrata: microscopic and structural results". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 69 (2): 113–121. .
- Prymak, O.; Tiemann, H.; Sötje, I.; Marxen, J. C.; Klocke, A.; Kahl-Nieke, B. R.; Beckmann, F.; Donath, T.; Epple, M. (2005). "Application of synchrotron-radiation-based computer microtomography (SRμCT) to selected biominerals: Embryonic snails, statoliths of medusae, and human teeth". Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry. 10 (6): 688–695. S2CID 25109955.
- Phylogeography:
- Dejong, R. J.; Morgan, J. A.; Wilson, W. D.; Al-Jaser, M. H.; Appleton, C. C.; Coulibaly, G.; d'Andrea, P. S.; Doenhoff, M. J.; Haas, W.; Idris, M. A.; Magalhães, L. A.; Moné, H.; Mouahid, G.; Mubila, L.; Pointier, J. P.; Webster, J. P.; Zanotti-Magalhães, E. M.; Paraense, W. L.; Mkoji, G. M.; Loker, E. S. (2003). "Phylogeography of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. Pfeifferi, important intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in the New and Old World tropics". Molecular Ecology. 12 (11): 3041–3056. S2CID 25911829.
- Dejong, R. J.; Morgan, J. A.; Wilson, W. D.; Al-Jaser, M. H.; Appleton, C. C.; Coulibaly, G.; d'Andrea, P. S.; Doenhoff, M. J.; Haas, W.; Idris, M. A.; Magalhães, L. A.; Moné, H.; Mouahid, G.; Mubila, L.; Pointier, J. P.; Webster, J. P.; Zanotti-Magalhães, E. M.; Paraense, W. L.; Mkoji, G. M.; Loker, E. S. (2003). "Phylogeography of Biomphalaria glabrata and B. Pfeifferi, important intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in the New and Old World tropics". Molecular Ecology. 12 (11): 3041–3056.
- Toxicology:
- De s. Luna, J.; Dos Santos, A. F.; De Lima, M. R. F.; De Omena, M. C.; De Mendonça, F. A. C.; Bieber, L. W.; Sant'Ana, A. E. G. (2005). "A study of the larvicidal and molluscicidal activities of some medicinal plants from northeast Brazil". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 97 (2): 199–206. PMID 15707752.
- De s. Luna, J.; Dos Santos, A. F.; De Lima, M. R. F.; De Omena, M. C.; De Mendonça, F. A. C.; Bieber, L. W.; Sant'Ana, A. E. G. (2005). "A study of the larvicidal and molluscicidal activities of some medicinal plants from northeast Brazil". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 97 (2): 199–206.