Blyth, Northumberland
Blyth (
The port of Blyth dates from the 12th century, but the development of the modern town only began in the first quarter of the 18th century. The main industries which helped the town prosper were coal mining and shipbuilding, with the salt trade, fishing, and the railways also playing an important role. These industries have largely vanished, but the port still thrives, receiving paper and pulp from Scandinavia for the newspaper industries of England and Scotland.[3]
The town was seriously affected when its principal industries went into decline, and it has undergone much regeneration since the early 1990s. The Keel Row Shopping Centre, opened in 1991, brought major high street retailers to Blyth, and helped to revitalise the town centre. The market place has recently been re-developed, with the aim of attracting further investment to the town.
The Quayside has also seen much redevelopment and has been transformed into a peaceful open space, the centrepiece of which is a sculpture commemorating the industry that once thrived there. On the opposite side of the river are the nine wind turbines of the Blyth Harbour Wind Farm, which were constructed along the East Pier in 1992. They were joined in 2000 by Blyth Offshore Wind Farm, which consisted of two turbines situated 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) out to sea. These were the first two offshore wind turbines in the UK. These wind turbines were all decommissioned, with the final two being removed in 2019. A new windfarm further off the coast, composed of five turbines, was commissioned in 2017.
Blyth is also home to the non-League football club Blyth Spartans, famed for their 1978 "giant-killing" feats in the FA Cup.
History
The place-name Blyth is first attested in 1130 as Blida, and takes its name from the river Blyth. The river's name comes from the Old English adjective blīðe meaning 'gentle' or 'merry'. The town of Blyth is referred to as Blithmuth in 1236 and Blithemuth in 1250. Had this name persisted, the town would today be referred to as "Blythmouth", on the analogy of Tynemouth to the south.[4]
Little is known of the early development of the Blyth area. The oldest archaeological find is an antler hammer dating from the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age period, which was found at Newsham in 1979.[5] Human skulls, a spearhead and a sword dating from the Bronze Age were found in the river in 1890,[6] as well as a bronze axe which was found at South Beach in 1993,[7] and a dagger found at Newsham. Although there is no conclusive evidence of a Roman presence in the area, an earthwork shown on early mapping of the area, at the location of present-day Freehold Street,[8] is said to have been a Roman camp, but it has also been argued that it may be of Norsemen origin or date from the Civil War.[9] Debate also surrounds a mosaic which was found near Bath Terrace.[9] The strongest evidence so far has been a single coin, dating from the reign of the Emperor Constans (AD337–350), which was found during excavations for a dry dock. Also four Roman coins were found when digging an air raid shelter in a back garden on Chestnut Avenue.[10]
Between the 12th and 18th centuries, there were several small settlements and some industrial activity in the area. The principal industries during this period were coal mining, fishing and the salt trade.[11] Shipbuilding in the area dates from 1748.[3]
The modern town of Blyth began to develop in the first quarter of the 18th century. Up until 1716, the land around the Blyth area—the Newsham Estate—was owned by the
Deep mines were sunk at Cowpen Colliery and Cowpen Square in 1796 and 1804 respectively,[11] and by 1855, a quarter of a million tons of coal was being shipped from Blyth, rising to three million tons by 1900.[3] The only industry not to survive during this prosperous time was the salt trade, which was heavily taxed during the 18th and early-19th centuries. During the Napoleonic Wars, the tax was increased to provide funds for the military and, even though the tax was abolished in 1825, the industry went into terminal decline. Having had fourteen salt pans at the beginning of the 18th century, exporting over 1,000 tons of salt annually, Blyth's salt industry closed in 1876, with the destruction of the last salt pan.[3]
At Easter in 1887, William Morris, the poet and interior designer, met and addressed a considerable crowd of striking miners in the market square in Blyth.[citation needed] He spoke for about 40 minutes and then led them 6 miles (9.7 km) to Horton. They swelled the numbers there to around 6,000–7,000 where Morris spoke again. They had been forced to take a 12.5% pay cut but according to The Newcastle Chronicle Morris said "But let them remember that they were many and the Masters few. Masters could only attack with a certain instrument and what was that instrument? A part of the working classes themselves" – by which he meant the police.[citation needed]
From the mid-19th century, several important events occurred which allowed the port of Blyth to rapidly expand. First, in 1847, a railway line was constructed, connecting Blyth to collieries at Seghill.[14] In 1853, the Blyth Harbour and Docks Board was formed, then in 1858 the Harbour Act was passed allowing dredging of the harbour to begin.[3] In 1882, the formation of the Blyth Harbour Commission[15] led to the building of new coal loading staiths, as well as the construction of the South Harbour.[11]
As trade in Blyth continued to grow, so did the population. Development of the Cowpen Quay and Waterloo areas began in about 1810 and 1815 respectively, and between the 1850s and 1890s major house building took place in these areas.[16] Blyth railway station, first built in 1847, was relocated in 1867 and rebuilt in 1896,[17] to cope with the increase in goods and passenger traffic.[18] The 1890s saw the filling in of "the Slake" (also known as "the Flanker" or "the Gut"). The Slake was a tidal inlet which stretched south from the river, across the site of today's bus station, along the route of Beaconsfield Street, and on past Crofton Mill Pit.[13] Before it was filled in, it almost entirely separated Blyth from Cowpen—Waterloo Bridge providing the only main link. Once it was removed, the two areas could combine and allow the town to begin to take its present form. The town continued to expand in the 20th century; much large-scale house building took place in the 1920s and 1930s, and from the 1950s to the 1970s.[16]
Industry in Blyth reached its peak in the first half of the 20th century. At this time it boasted one of the largest shipbuilding yards on the North East coast, with five dry docks and four building slipways. During the First and Second World Wars, the Blyth shipyards built many ships for the Royal Navy including the first aircraft carrier, HMS Ark Royal in 1914.[3] Blyth also served as a submarine base during both wars.[13] By 1930, the port of Blyth was exporting 5.5 million tons of coal,[11] and by the early 1960s, reached its peak with over six million tons.[12] Blyth A and Blyth B power stations, collectively known as Blyth Power Station, were opened in 1958 and 1962. Blyth A was the first power station in Britain to have 120 megawatt sets installed, while Blyth B was the first to be fitted with 275 megawatt sets.[19]
During the 1960s, Blyth entered a period of steep decline. Following the
Governance
From around the first quarter of the 18th century, until November 1900, the land to the south of the River Blyth was known as South Blyth.
Blyth was the administrative centre for the borough of Blyth Valley, until the borough was abolished in structural changes to local government on 1 April 2009.[24] Blyth Valley—which also included Cramlington and several villages—was 70 square kilometres in size and, according to the Registrar General's Population Estimate for mid-2005, it had a population of 81,600; this gives a population density of 1,166 people per square kilometre.[25] The two-tier local government of Northumberland County Council and Blyth Valley Borough Council has been replaced by a unitary authority for the county of Northumberland.[26] Blyth is situated in the parliament constituency of Blyth Valley, which shares its boundaries with the borough.[27] It is divided up into twenty wards, nine of which—Cowpen, Croft, Isabella, Kitty Brewster, Newsham and New Delaval, Plessey, South Beach, South Newsham, and Wensleydale—make up the town of Blyth.[28]
Blyth is represented in the
Blyth is
Geography
Blyth is on the coast of
The geology of the area is made up of a carboniferous bedrock of sandstone, mudstone, and coal, which is covered mainly by boulder clay and till.[33]
In October 2023 the sand at Blyth promenade beach was washed away by Storm Ciarán.[34]
Climate
The climate in Northumberland is generally cool and dry. Compared with the rest of the United Kingdom, the weather there is relatively stable, and extreme conditions, such as floods, droughts, or heatwaves, are rare.[35] Below are the average maximum and minimum temperatures, and average rainfall recorded between 1971 and 2000 at the Met Office weather station in Boulmer, which is around 33 kilometres (21 mi) north of Blyth.
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
30.5 (86.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.4 (74.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
16.5 (61.7) |
30.5 (86.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.3 (48.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
16.5 (61.7) |
13.3 (55.9) |
9.9 (49.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
12.6 (54.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) |
5.0 (41.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
7.8 (46.0) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.9 (55.2) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
13.2 (55.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.4 (48.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.0 (35.6) |
2.1 (35.8) |
2.9 (37.2) |
4.5 (40.1) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.2 (43.2) |
Record low °C (°F) | −12.3 (9.9) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
2.6 (36.7) |
4.9 (40.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
−8.9 (16.0) |
−12.1 (10.2) |
−12.3 (9.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 57.3 (2.26) |
47.8 (1.88) |
43.7 (1.72) |
49.6 (1.95) |
42.5 (1.67) |
63.7 (2.51) |
63.7 (2.51) |
67.8 (2.67) |
52.9 (2.08) |
72.2 (2.84) |
81.3 (3.20) |
65.2 (2.57) |
707.7 (27.86) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.8 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 11.5 | 125.2 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63.7 | 87.4 | 128.6 | 167.7 | 209.8 | 192.2 | 188.4 | 174.2 | 140.0 | 104.6 | 73.3 | 58.4 | 1,588.4 |
Source 1: Met Office[36] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[37][38] |
The average maximum temperatures between April and October are around 1–2½ °C lower than the national average and the average minimum temperatures between May and August are around ½ °C below the national average; both the average maximum and minimum temperatures for the remainder of the year are about the same as the national average.[39] The average rainfall in Northumberland is well below the national average; 651 millimetres (26 in) was recorded at Boulmer, compared to 838 millimetres (33 in) for the whole of England.[39]
Transport links
The main approach road to Blyth is the
Blyth has no current passenger rail links – the nearest station is
The Northumberland Line project is reopening a passenger rail service to Newsham by 2024.
Port of Blyth
The Port of Blyth was first recorded from 1138, when monks at
The port expanded greatly in the 19th century, with the purchase of a steam tug in 1819, and the rebuilding of the breakwater in 1822. By this point, three ship building yards had also been established. The construction of the
By the 20th century, through connection via the
After World War 2, whilst most ports began to quickly contract, Blyth was still a major facility through the 1960s, when coal exports reached over 6 M tonnes per year. However, with the closure Blyth's last ship builder in 1966, the port began a significant period of contraction. The employment slack was in part taken up by the construction of the coal-fired
In 1997, The Port established Transped, the ports packing business. It has since diversified into logistics areas including import and export packing, customer depot facilities, distribution and storage, ships agency and European and worldwide forwarding.
Today, the Port of Blyth handles up to 1.5 million tonnes of cargo, mainly containers and RoRo, and some limited volumes of bulk cargos.[40] A2B, a Dutch container company, operate twice-weekly shipping services to the Netherlands in partnership with Transped connecting the port to Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.[44]
Economy
Industry and commerce
With the running down of the coal mining and shipbuilding industries, Blyth largely exists today as a dormitory town in the commuter belt serving Newcastle and North Tyneside. However, its port still remains a major industry in the area, handling over 1.5 million tonnes of cargo annually.[45] Its main trades are forest products, such as paper, pulp and timber, unitised cargo (containers and RoRo), and the import of materials used in the production of aluminium. It also handles the import of a variety of stones and metals.[46] A twice weekly container service between the port and Moerdijk, near Rotterdam, provides connections with the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, and France as well as South America and the Far East.[47] The port is operated by Port of Blyth, which is the operating division of Blyth Harbour Commission.[15] Port of Blyth is a trust port, which means that it is governed by its own local legislation under the control of an independent board; there are no shareholders and therefore no dividends to support, which allows any surplus to be reinvested in the port.[15][48]
Energy
Renewables
Several renewable energy projects have been established in Blyth. In 1992,
The
Proposed clean coal power station
On 11 May 2007, proposals for a £2 billion
Proposed gigafactory, then data centre
In December 2020, Blyth was confirmed as the location for a new Britishvolt battery manufacturing plant.[58] In July 2021, plans for the £2.6bn gigafactory employing 3,000 people were approved, with the new plant to be located on former coalyards adjacent to the now-demolished power station in Cambois, near Blyth. It was to produce lithium-ion batteries for the automotive industry.[59] Britishvolt appointed ISG as its construction partner who began work on clearing the site in late 2021.[60] In January 2022, the UK government invested £100m in the Britishvolt project, alongside asset management company abrdn and its property investment arm Tritax,[61] developing what was planned to be Britain's fourth largest building.[62] However, construction work was halted in August 2022 amid funding concerns,[63] with manufacturing delayed until mid-2025, more than a year later than initially planned.[64] In January 2023, Britishvolt went into administration, and its factory site was put up for sale.[65][66] In February, Australian firm Recharge Industries announced it had bought Britishvolt out of administration.[67] The takeover related to Britishvolt's battery technology not the site,[68] and in March, Northumberland County Council extended a buy-back clause on the Blyth site, giving Britishvolt's new owners more time to build the gigafactory.[69] However, the negotiations dragged on into the summer of 2023,[70] amid continued uncertainty surrounding the deal and the finances of Recharge's parent, Scale Facilitation.[71][72]
In April 2024, the site was acquired for construction of a data centre,[73][74] ending hopes for thousands of manufacturing jobs in the region.[75]
Urban regeneration
Commercial developments in the town centre have also helped to revitalise Blyth. Opened in 1991, the Keel Row Shopping Centre has brought many large high street retailers to the town.[13][76] Several streets and many derelict buildings, including the old council offices, were cleared away to make way for the development. Adjacent, is the thrice weekly market which is held on Tuesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays.[77] On 14 March 2009, the market was officially reopened following a £3 million refurbishment, which involved the installation of new paving, seating, lighting, and a water feature.[78] The centrepiece is an artwork by Simon Watkinson, named Hyperscope; the 7.5 metres (25 ft) stainless steel column incorporates lighting effects and represents the town's coal mining heritage and history as a wartime submarine base.[79] The aim of the refurbishment is to attract people to the market area when the market is closed, and to bring further investment to the town.[80] However, the project has received criticism; following approval of the proposals in June 2007, concern was raised by Councillor Alisdair Gibbs-Barton, who said that the market place was beginning to resemble a park, and that more trade should be being encouraged.[81] Following the reopening there were also claims that new stalls provided to market traders are unable to withstand adverse weather conditions, and that traders were being overcharged for stall space.[82]
Employment
The closure of Blyth's male-dominated heavy industries during the latter half of the 20th century led to a shift towards more female-dominated light industries, many of which were based on the new Blyth and Kitty Brewster trading estates.
Demography
Blyth is the largest town in Northumberland;
2011 UK census | Blyth | Blyth Valley | England |
---|---|---|---|
Total population | 37,339 | 82,174 | 53,012,456 |
Foreign born | 2.4% | 2.3% | 13.8% |
White | 98.4% | 98.7% | 85.4% |
Asian | 1.0% | 0.7% | 7.8% |
Christian | 62.6% | 64.9% | 59.4% |
Muslim | 0.4% | 0.3% | 5.0% |
No religion | 13.0% | 13.2% | 24.7% |
Over 65 years old | 16.3% | 17.1% | 16.4% |
Name | Year | Homes | Male | Female | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Blyth and Newsham Township | 1801 | – | 519 | 651 | 1170 |
1811 | – | 718 | 804 | 1522 | |
1821 | – | 809 | 996 | 1805 | |
1831 | 246 | 792 | 977 | 1769 | |
1841 | 287 | 791 | 983 | 1774 | |
1851 | 265 | 1085 | 975 | 2060 | |
1861 | 327 | 971 | 982 | 1953 | |
1871 | 535 | 1419 | 1499 | 2918 | |
1881 | 533 | – | – | 2831 | |
1891 | 634 | 1884 | 1844 | 3728 | |
South Blyth and Newsham Civil Parish | 1901 | 926 | 2710 | 2762 | 5472 |
Blyth Urban District | 1911 | 1440 | 3649 | 3336 | 6985 |
Blyth Urban District and Civil Parish | 1921 | 6473 | 16048 | 15774 | 31822 |
Blyth Municipal Borough and Civil Parish | 1931 | 7218 | 16008 | 15672 | 31680 |
1941 | – | – | – | – | |
1951 | 10091 | 17227 | 17520 | 34747 | |
Blyth Municipal Borough | 1961 | 11193 | 17819 | 18102 | 35921 |
1971 | 12080 | 16916 | 17737 | 34653 | |
Blyth | 1981 | – | – | – | 36466 |
Blyth Wards | 1991 | 14271 | 16972 | 18355 | 35327 |
Education
Like the rest of Northumberland, Blyth has a two-tier school system consisting of first and high schools.[85] The town currently has nine first schools and one high school (The Blyth Academy).[86][87] Until 2009 it also had five middle schools, but these schools were closed as Northumberland County Council decided to switch to a two-tier system of primary and secondary schools.[88]
The Blyth Academy is one of three high schools in Blyth Valley. Opened on 1 September 2000 as Blyth Community College[89] following the amalgamation of Ridley (formerly Newlands) and Tynedale high schools and built on the site of the latter, it is designed to accommodate 1,450 pupils and also serves as a centre for lifelong learning classes.[90] In the town centre is Northumberland College's Blyth centre,[91] as well as the public library, which holds a large collection of local studies resources.[92] As part of a "poverty proofing" initiative, St Wilfrid's Primary School banned pencil cases in 2018, as part of a charity initiative to avoid poorer pupils being viewed negatively for lacking designer goods.[93]
The Dales School is a special needs school. In July 2021, it received a Class 144 train.[95] In April 2019, Blyth won a government bid to establish a 80-place special school for children with specific learning difficulties. The proposed site is the former Princess Louise First School.[96]
In October, Blyth was awarded government funding to establish mental health support teams in schools. The scheme, which requires the county's mental health services to see children within four weeks of referral, is planned to be rolled out by December 2020.[97]
Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from either the Pontop Pike[98] or Chatton TV transmitters.[99]
Local radio stations are
The town is served by the local newspapers, Northumberland Gazette (formerly The News Post Leader) and Evening Chronicle.[101][102]
Entertainment and leisure
Events and venues
Since 2014, Blyth Town Council has organised the Northumberland Live Festival every year in June on a meadow right next to the North Sea beach. It offers numerous attractions such as music performances, fairground rides and children's entertainment.[103] In addition to local bands and bands from the twintown of Solingen, nationally renowned bands such as The Christians,[103] The Lightning Seeds,[104] The Pigeon Detectives,[105] Toploader, Doctor & the Medics, Scouting for Girls[103] and The Undertones[106] have also performed here. Audience numbers have been as high as 18,000.
The Blyth Town Christmas Fayre is also held in the market place and features a similar range of family entertainment.[107] Close to the town centre is an intimate, 299-seat theatre called the Phoenix Theatre. It presents a regular programme of professional performing arts to the local community and has successfully brought amateur and professional practitioners alongside each other to develop work for the community.[108] There were once four cinemas in Blyth, but the last of these, the Wallaw, closed in 2004. The others — The Central, The Essoldo, and The Roxy — all closed in the 1960s and 1970s.[109]
Sport and recreation
The town is home to the
Blyth Sports Centre offers a wide range of facilities including two swimming pools, a sports hall, squash courts, fitness suite, saunas, outdoor skate park, and more.[113] Blyth Golf Club is situated on the outskirts of the town at New Delaval, and has an 18-hole course with a par of 72.[114] Royal Northumberland Yacht Club has its headquarters in the South Harbour. RNYC offers crewing and sailing opportunities and is a Royal Yachting Association Training Centre for sail cruising and powerboating for its members.[115]
Parks and open spaces
Ridley Park was created on land handed over by
Blyth's largest and most natural open space is its beach and sand dunes, which stretch from the mouth of the river to
Landmarks and places of interest
The "Spirit of the Staithes" sculpture on Blyth's Quayside was unveiled by Princess Anne on 28 May 2003. As part of the overall regeneration of the Quayside, it was commissioned by Blyth Valley Council in conjunction with Northern Arts and created by the artist Simon Packard. Standing 15 metres (50 ft) high and 7 metres (22 ft) wide, it represents the heritage of coal distribution in Europe, an industry in which Blyth was the largest exporter.[119][122]
The "High Light" lighthouse is one of Blyth's oldest structures. It stands to the rear of Bath Terrace and is 18.74 m (61 ft 6 in) tall. Built in three stages, the first section was constructed in 1788 to a height of 10.66 m (35 ft 0 in); a further 4.26 m (14 ft 0 in) was added in 1888, and the final 3.82 m (12 ft 6 in) was added in 1900. The original oil-fired lamp had a range of 10 nautical miles (19 km); it was upgraded to gas in 1857 and electricity in 1932.[123] Prior to land reclamation in the late 19th century, the lighthouse had been much closer to the quayside. At some stage it became the rear of a pair of leading lights, and known as the 'High Light'; the corresponding 'low light' has long since been demolished. Blyth High Light was deactivated in 1985 and listed Grade II on 15 July 1987.[124][125]
Before their demolition, the four chimneys of Blyth Power Station dominated the landscape along the coast.[126] Two were 167 m (548 ft) high, the other two were 137 m (449 ft) high, and they were visible for many miles.[127]
On the north side of the River Blyth are the remains of the railway coal staithes which featured in the chase scene at the end of the 1971 film Get Carter, starring Michael Caine.[128][129]
Notable people
- Mark Knopfler, musician and co-founder of Dire Straits[130]
- David Knopfler, rhythm guitarist of Dire Straits, brother of Mark
- Newcastle United football player.[131]
- Charlton Athletic football player.[132]
- Jean Heywood, actress[133]
See also
References
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- ^ a b c d Statistics for the town of Blyth were calculated using data for its nine wards, which was retrieved from the National Statistics website
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- ^ Balmer & Smith 2004:60
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{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Balmer & Smith 2004:7
- ^ "Blyth Valley Borough". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
- ^ a b "Local Authority Area Profile Blyth Valley" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. January 2007. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
- ^ "Make up of new unitary councils". BBC News. 1 April 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
- ^ "Local Authority Area Profile Blyth Valley" (PDF). Government of the United Kingdom. January 2007. p. 41. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2007.
- ^ "Education and Skills In Your Area – Parliamentary Constituency : Blyth Valley". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 15 July 2007.
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- ^ "Town twinning". Government of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2007.
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Printed sources and further reading
- Balmer, Bob (2002) [1997]. Images of England: Blyth (3rd ed.). Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-0773-9.
- Balmer, Bob; Smith, Gordon (2004). Images of England: Blyth volume II. Tempus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7524-3349-3.