1998 Brazilian general election
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| Turnout | 78.51% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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All 513 seats in the Chamber of Deputies 257 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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27 of the 81 seats in the Federal Senate | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections were held in Brazil on 4 October 1998 to elect the President, National Congress and state governorships. If no candidate in the presidential election received more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a second-round runoff would have been held on 25 October. The election saw voting machines used for the first time in Brazilian history.
Elected in
In addition to Lula,
Cardoso won reelection with an absolute majority in the first round, negating the need for a second round. In doing so, he became the first President of Brazil to be reelected since the fall of the military dictatorship. Four years later, Lula would succeed him after winning the 2002 presidential election, while Ciro would mount a second presidential bid in the same election, where he came in fourth place.
Background
Fernando Henrique Cardoso, better known as "FHC", had been inaugurated as president on January 1, 1995, after defeating Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, his main rival in the
On the very first day of his administration, the
Although approved in the Congress, the reforms carried by the federal government met strong resistance from the opposition, most notably the Workers' Party, which fiercely criticized the
Despite its political victories, the government needed to impose measures to cool down the domestic demand and help the
Presidential election
Candidates
The 1998 presidential race had twelve candidates, the largest number of candidates since the 1989 election, when over twenty candidacies were launched. The number could have been as high as fifteen, but the Electoral Justice withdrew the candidacy of impeached President Fernando Collor de Mello,[8] while Oswaldo Souza Oliveira[9] and João Olivar Farias declined to run.
Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB)
The
Workers' Party (PT)
The Workers' Party reprised its past two candidacies, by launching former union leader and federal deputy Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva as its candidate and forming a coalition with the Communist Party of Brazil, and the Brazilian Socialist Party. Other PT members, such as former Mayor of Porto Alegre Tarso Genro, were mentioned as potential candidates.[10] Indeed, it was reported in 1997 that Lula was willing to give up his candidacy in favor of backing a bid by Genro, though this did not come to fruition.[11]
The novelty in this election was the choice of longtime fixture of the Brazilian Left Leonel Brizola, a member of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT), as his running mate. Unlike in 1994, when close Lula ally and fellow PT member Aloizio Mercadante was chosen as Lula's running mate, Brizola had previously been a rival of Lula's, serving as his main opposition on the left in the 1989 election. The PT previously refrained from forming coalitions with parties linked to varguista labour unions to guarantee the Central Única dos Trabalhadores' (CUT) independence. As a result, the United Socialist Workers' Party left the coalition and launched union leader José Maria de Almeida as its candidate.
Brizola was noted for his combative style in contrast to Lula's more "diplomatic" tone on the campaign trail, while led the Folha de S.Paulo to declare that he "outshine[d]" Lula in their first joint appearance.[10]
Socialist People's Party (PPS)
Former Governor of
Other candidates
After securing the third place in the 1994 election,
This election also brought the second woman candidate ever: Thereza Tinajero Ruiz from the National Labor Party, which replaced Dorival Masci de Abreu.[12]
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Results
President
| Candidate | Running mate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party of National Mobilization | 251,337 | 0.37 | |||
| Alfredo Sirkis | Carla Miranda Rabello | Green Party | 212,984 | 0.31 | |
| José Maria de Almeida | José Galvão de Lima | United Socialist Workers' Party | 202,659 | 0.30 | |
| João de Deus | Nanci Pilar | Labour Party of Brazil | 198,916 | 0.29 | |
| José Maria Eymael | Josmar Alderete | Christian Social Democratic Party | 171,831 | 0.25 | |
| Thereza Ruiz | Eduardo Gomes | National Labour Party | 166,138 | 0.25 | |
| Sérgio Bueno | Ronald Azaro | Social Christian Party | 124,659 | 0.18 | |
| Vasco Azevedo Neto | Alexandre José dos Santos | National Solidarity Party | 109,003 | 0.16 | |
| Total | 67,722,565 | 100.00 | |||
| Valid votes | 67,722,565 | 81.30 | |||
| Invalid/blank votes | 15,575,298 | 18.70 | |||
| Total votes | 83,297,863 | 100.00 | |||
| Registered voters/turnout | 106,101,067 | 78.51 | |||
| Source: Nohlen[13] | |||||
Chamber of Deputies
Party of National Mobilization 360,298 | 0.54 | 2 | –2 | | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green Party | 292,691 | 0.44 | 0 | –1 | |||||
| Progressive Republican Party | 255,509 | 0.38 | 0 | –1 | |||||
| Labour Party of Brazil | 216,640 | 0.33 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Social Labour Party | 193,562 | 0.29 | 1 | New | |||||
| United Socialist Workers' Party | 187,675 | 0.28 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Social Liberal Party | 177,037 | 0.27 | 1 | New | |||||
| National Solidarity Party | 136,829 | 0.21 | 0 | New | |||||
| National Labour Party | 64,712 | 0.10 | 0 | New | |||||
| Party of the Nation's Retirees | 62,653 | 0.09 | 0 | New | |||||
| Christian Social Democratic Party | 62,057 | 0.09 | 0 | New | |||||
| National Reconstruction Party | 54,641 | 0.08 | 0 | –1 | |||||
| Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | 53,778 | 0.08 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Brazilian Communist Party | 49,620 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Workers' General Party | 27,825 | 0.04 | 0 | New | |||||
| Workers' Cause Party | 8,067 | 0.01 | 0 | New | |||||
| Total | 66,612,048 | 100.00 | 513 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | 66,612,048 | 79.98 | |||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 16,668,707 | 20.02 | |||||||
| Total votes | 83,280,755 | 100.00 | |||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 106,053,106 | 78.53 | |||||||
| Source: Nohlen,[14] Senate | |||||||||
Senate
Party of National Mobilization 144,541 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian Social Democratic Party | 114,573 | 0.19 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| National Solidarity Party | 110,080 | 0.18 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| National Reconstruction Party | 99,077 | 0.16 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Progressive Republican Party | 76,969 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Liberal Party | 71,974 | 0.12 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Brazilian Labour Renewal Party | 67,586 | 0.11 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Labour Party of Brazil | 62,086 | 0.10 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Party of the Nation's Retirees | 43,389 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| National Labour Party | 42,042 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Social Democratic Party | 18,647 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Social Liberal Party | 12,870 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Workers' General Party | 11,810 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Workers' Cause Party | 274 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Total | 61,840,361 | 100.00 | 27 | 81 | |||||
| Valid votes | 61,840,361 | 74.26 | |||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 21,435,568 | 25.74 | |||||||
| Total votes | 83,275,929 | 100.00 | |||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 106,053,106 | 78.52 | |||||||
| Source: Nohlen,[15] IPU | |||||||||
Notes
References
- ^ ISBN 85-7645-016-X
- S2CID 144099400.
- ^ "Primeiro Governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso". Mundo Educação (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ^ "Leonel Brizola, 82; Brazilian Politician". Los Angeles Times. 2004-06-23. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ISBN 978-1-316-54626-0.
- ^ "Folha de S.Paulo - Partido pode apoiar Ciro Gomes - 30/6/1998". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ^ "Mandelson under fire in Brazil". BBC News. 1998-07-23. Retrieved 2010-11-01.
- ^ "O Caso Collor - A tentativa de retorno" Archived June 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Superior Electoral Court. December 19, 2008. Accessed December 2, 2010.
- ^ MENEZES, Ana Cláudia. "Candidatos passam o Dia dos Pais com as famílias" Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine. A Notícia. August 10, 1998. Accessed December 2, 2010.
- ^ a b "Folha de S.Paulo - Brizola ofusca Lula em 1° ato conjunto - 22/11/97". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ^ "Folha de S.Paulo - Lula apóia Tarso Genro para Presidência - 12/05/97". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
- ^ LARANJEIRA, Leandro. "Mulheres podem fazer história nas eleições de 2010" Archived 2012-03-08 at the Wayback Machine. Diário do Grande ABC. 10 de agosto de 2009. Acesso em: 28 de junho de 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-19-928358-3
- ^ Nohlen, pp196-226
- ^ Nohlen, p213
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