Brown booby
Brown booby Temporal range: Middle Quaternary to recent [1]
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Male | |
Female both S. l. plotus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Aves |
Order: | Suliformes |
Family: | Sulidae |
Genus: | Sula |
Species: | S. leucogaster
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Binomial name | |
Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783)
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World range,[3] with subspecies: S. l. brewsteri S. l. etesiaca nominate S. l. plotus
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The brown booby (Sula leucogaster) is a large seabird of the booby family Sulidae, of which it is perhaps the most common and widespread species.[3] It has a pantropical range, which overlaps with that of other booby species. The gregarious brown booby commutes and forages at low height over inshore waters. Flocks plunge-dive to take small fish, especially when these are driven near the surface by their predators. They nest only on the ground, and roost on solid objects rather than the water surface.[3]
Taxonomy
The brown booby was described by the French polymath
There are four recognised subspecies:[10]
- S. l. leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) – Caribbean and Atlantic Islands
- S. l. brewsteri Nathaniel Stickney Goss, 1888 – Pacific coasts of USA and Mexico
- S. l. etesiaca Thayer & Bangs, 1905 – Pacific coasts of Central America and Colombia
- S. l. plotus (Forster, JR, 1844) – Red Sea through the Indian Ocean to the west and central Pacific[11]
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male S. l. plotus, Queensland
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female S. l. plotus, Queensland
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Juvenile S. l. etesiaca Costa Rica
Description
The booby's head and upper body (back) is covered in dark brown to blackish plumage, with the remainder (belly) being a contrasting white. The bare-part colours vary geographically, but not seasonally.[3] The species also displays sexual dimorphism of the bare part colours, the males having a blue orbital ring, as opposed to the yellow orbital ring of the female. In addition the male of subspecies S. l. brewsteri is distinctly plumaged in having the forehead, forecrown and chin white, merging to a greyish brown neck and breast.[3]
The female booby reaches about 80 centimetres (31 in) in length, her wingspan measures up to 150 cm (4.9 ft), and she can weigh up to 1,300 g (2.9 lb). The male booby reaches about 75 centimetres (30 in) in length, his wingspan measures up to 140 cm (4.6 ft), and he can weigh up to 1,000 g (2.2 lb).[12]
Unlike other species of sulid, the juvenile plumage already resembles that of the adult.[3] They are gray-brown with darkening on the head, upper surfaces of the wings and tail, while the lower breast and underpart plumages are heavily flecked brown on white. Juveniles of subspecies S. l. brewsteri are once again distinct in having the underpart plumage more evenly mouse brown.[3]
Their beaks are quite sharp and contain many jagged edges. They have fairly short wings resulting in a fast flap rate, but long, tapered tails. While these birds are typically silent, bird watchers have reported occasional sounds similar to grunting or quacking.
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Female and male S. l. plotus at their stick nest
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eggs -MHNT
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Male with chick inSão Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, Pernambuco, Brazil
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feeding S. l. plotus chick
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Juvenile S. l. etesiaca, Pacific coast of Costa Rica
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Juvenile S. l. leucogaster, São Tomé and Príncipe
Ecology
This species breeds on islands and coasts in the pantropical areas of the
Brown booby pairs may remain together over several seasons. They perform elaborate greeting rituals, and are also spectacular divers, plunging into the ocean at high speed. They eat mainly small
[16]), squid (including the family Ommastrephidae)[16] or shrimp[15] which gather in groups near the surface and may catch leaping fish while skimming the surface. Along with plunge-diving, some fledglings and some adults practice kleptoparasitism, where they steal prey from other seabirds. For example, brown boobies have been observed stealing prey from great frigatebirds as they transfer food to their young.[16] Although they are powerful and agile fliers, they are particularly clumsy in takeoffs and landings; they use strong winds and high perches to assist their takeoffs.References
- ^ "Sula leucogaster Boddaert 1783 (brown booby)". PBDB.
- . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-395-60291-1.
- ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1781). "Le Petit Fou". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 16. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 142.
- Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Fou de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 10. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 973.
- ^ Boddaert, Pieter (1783). Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton: avec les denominations de M.M. de Buffon, Brisson, Edwards, Linnaeus et Latham, precedé d'une notice des principaux ouvrages zoologiques enluminés (in French). Utrecht. p. 57, Number 973.
- ^ Mayr, Ernst; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 186.
- ^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. Vol. 1, p. 60,Vol. 6 p. 494.
- ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Hamerkop, Shoebill, pelicans, boobies & cormorants". World Bird List Version 7.3. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 2017-11-05.
- OCLC 944380248. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
- ^ Ospina-Alvarez, A. (2008). "Coloniality of brown booby (Sula leucogaster) in Gorgona National Natural Park, Eastern Tropical Pacific" (PDF). Onitología Neotropical. 19: 517–529.
- S2CID 54507773.
- .
- ^ UWI St. Augustine. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
- ^ a b c "Sula leucogaster (Brown booby)". Animal Diversity Web.
- Harrison, Peter (1996). Seabirds of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01551-1.
- Bull, John; Farrand, John Jr (1984). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-41405-5.
Further reading
- O'Brien, Rory M. (1990). "Sula leucogaster Brown Booby" (PDF). In Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.G. (eds.). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 1: Ratites to ducks; Part B, Australian pelican to ducks. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 781–790. ISBN 978-0-19-553068-1.
External links
- Media related to Sula leucogaster at Wikimedia Commons
- Data related to Sula leucogaster at Wikispecies
- Brown booby videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection