Carlina
| Carlina | |
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| Carlina vulgaris | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Carduoideae |
| Tribe: | Cardueae |
| Subtribe: | Carlininae |
| Genus: | Carlina L. |
| Synonyms[1] | |
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Carlina is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.[2][3] It is distributed from Madeira and the Canary Islands across Europe and northern Africa to Siberia and northwestern China.[4][5][6]
Plants of the genus are known commonly as carline thistles.[7][8]
Description
Carlina species are very similar to true thistles (genus pappus made up of tufts of bristles.[9]
Taxonomy and relationships
Carlina is closely related to the genus Atractylis. Together they are a sister group to the genus Atractylodes in the subtribe Carlininae.[10] Carlina has been divided into five subgenera: Carlina, Carlowizia, Heracantha, Lyrolepis, and Mitina.[4]
There are about 28[4][9] to 34[11] species in the genus.
- Carlina acanthifolia
- Carlina acaulis – stemless carline thistle
- Carlina atlantica
- Carlina balfouris
- Carlina barnebiana
- Carlina biebersteinii
- Carlina brachylepis
- Carlina canariensis
- Carlina comosa
- Carlina corymbosa (syn. C. curetum) – clustered carline thistle
- Carlina curetum
- Carlina diae
- Carlina frigida
- Carlina graeca
- Carlina guittonneaui
- Carlina gummifera– stemless atractylis
- Carlina hispanica
- Carlina involucrata
- Carlina kurdica
- Carlina lanata – wooly carline thistle
- Carlina libanotica
- Carlina macrocephala
- Carlina macrophylla
- Carlina nebrodensis
- Carlina oligocephala
- Carlina pygmaea
- Carlina racemosa
- Carlina salicifolia
- Carlina sicula – Sicilian carline thistle
- Carlina sitiensis
- Carlina tragacanthifolia
- Carlina vayredrae
- Carlina vulgaris – common carline thistle
- Carlina xeranthemoides
Etymology
The genus name honors the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1500–1558).[9]
Uses
Carlina species have been used as
herbal remedies in European systems of traditional medicine.[12] C. acaulis root is known as Carlinae radix and is still used medicinally as a diuretic and a treatment for such conditions as skin lesions and rashes, catarrh, and toothache. Most commercial preparations of Carlinae radix are not C. acaulis, but are in fact adulterated with C. acanthifolia, a related species. The essential oil of both species is mostly composed of carlina oxide, an acetylene derivative. The compound has antimicrobial activity.[13] The young flowerhead of C. acaulis is also eaten like an artichoke
.
References
- ^ Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist
- ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 2: 828-829 in Latin
- ^ Tropicos, Carlina L.
- ^ a b c d Kovanda, M. (2002). Observations on Carlina biebersteinii. Thaiszia Journal of Botany 12(1), 75-82.
- ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, genere Carlina includes photos and European distribution maps
- ^ Flora of China Vol. 20-21 Page 39 刺苞菊 ci bao ju Carlina biebersteinii Bernhardi ex Hornemann, Suppl. Hort. Bot. Hafn. 94. 1819.
- ^ Carlina. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
- ^ Carlina. In: Greuter, W. & E. von Raab-Straube. (Eds.) Compositae. Euro+Med Plantbase.
- ^ a b c Carlina. Flora of North America.
- ^ Peng, H. S., et al. (2011). Molecular systematics of genus Atractylodes (Compositae, Cardueae): Evidence from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and trnL-F sequences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13(11), 14623-33.
- ^ Carlina. The Plant List.
- ^ Đorđević, S., et al. (2012). Bioactivity assays on Carlina acaulis and C. acanthifolia root and herb extracts. Archived November 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 7(3), 1213-22.
- ^ Djordjevic, S., et al. (2005). Composition of Carlina acanthifolia root essential oil. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 41(4), 410-12.
External links
| Authority control databases: National |
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