Chaetodon
Chaetodon Temporal range:
Late Oligocene ? – Recent | |
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Foureye butterflyfish, C. capistratus the type species of Chaetodon | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Perciformes |
Family: | Chaetodontidae |
Genus: | Chaetodon Linnaeus, 1758 |
Type species | |
Chaetodon capistratus Linnaeus, 1758
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Subgenera | |
Chaetodon Linnaeus, 1758 preoccupied )Corallochaetodon Burgess, 1978 Discochaetodon Nalbant, 1971 Exornator Nalbant, 1971 Gonochaetodon Bleeker, 1876 Lepidochaetodon Bleeker, 1876 Megaprotodon Guichenot, 1848 Rabdophorus Swainson, 1839 Rhombochaetodon Burgess, 1978 (disputed) Tetrachaetodon Weber & Beaufort, 1936 and see text | |
Synonyms | |
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Chaetodon is a
Species
There are currently 87 recognized species in this genus:[2]
Chaetodon sensu stricto
- Chaetodon capistratusLinnaeus, 1758 (Foureye butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon ocellatus Bloch, 1787 (Spotfin butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon striatusLinnaeus, 1758 (Banded butterflyfish)
C. robustus group
- Chaetodon hoefleri Steindachner, 1881 (Four-banded butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon robustus Günther, 1860 (Three-banded butterflyfish)
Lepidochaetodon group
-
Spotband butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Exornator) punctatofasciatus -
Peppered butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Exornator) guttatissimus -
Fourspot butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Exornator) quadrimaculatus -
Teardrop butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Lepidochaetodon) unimaculatus -
Seychelles butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rhombochaetodon) madagaskariensis -
Brownburnie
Chaetodon (Rhombochaetodon) blackburnii -
A group of Yellow teardrop butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Lepidochaetodon) interruptus
Subgenus Exornator (including Burgessius, Heterochaetodon and possibly Rhombochaetodon; tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon citrinellus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Speckled butterflyfish, Citron butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon dolosus C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (African butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon guentheri C. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Crochet butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon guttatissimus E. T. Bennett, 1833 (Peppered butterflyfish)
- , 1825 (Millet butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon multicinctus A. Garrett, 1863 (Pebbled butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon pelewensis Kner, 1868 (Sunset butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon punctatofasciatusG. Cuvier, 1831 (Spotband butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon quadrimaculatus J. E. Gray, 1831 (Fourspot butterflyfish)
- Poey, 1860 (Reef butterflyfish)
Subgenus Lepidochaetodon (including Tifia)
- Chaetodon daedalma D. S. Jordan & Fowler, 1902 (Wrought-iron butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon interruptusC. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Yellow teardrop butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon kleiniiBloch, 1790 (Sunburst butterflyfish, black-lipped butterflyfish, Klein's butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon litus J. E. Randall & D. K. Caldwell, 1973 (Easter Island butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon nippon Steindachner & Döderlein (de), 1883 (Japanese butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon smithiJ. E. Randall, 1975 (Smith's butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Günther, 1874 (Tahiti butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon unimaculatusBloch, 1787 (Teardrop butterflyfish)
Subgenus Rhombochaetodon (including Roaops, might belong in Exornator; tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon argentatus H. M. Smith & Radcliffe, 1911 (Asian butterflyfish)
- Desjardins, 1836 (Brownburnie) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon burgessi G. R. Allen & Starck, 1973 (Burgess' butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon declivisJ. E. Randall, 1975 (Marquesas butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon flavocoronatus R. F. Myers, 1980 (Yellow-crowned butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon frembliiE. T. Bennett, 1828 (Blue-striped butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon madagaskariensisC. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Seychelles butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon mertensii G. Cuvier, 1831 (Atoll butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon mitratusGünther, 1860 (Indian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon paucifasciatusC. G. E. Ahl, 1923 (Eritrean butterflyfish, Crown butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon tinkeri L. P. Schultz, 1951 (Hawaiian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon xanthurus Bleeker, 1857 (Pearlscale butterflyfish, Philippines chevron butterflyfish, yellow-tailed butterflyfish)
Megaprotodon group
-
Ornate butterflyfish
Chaetodon ("Citharoedus") ornatissimus -
Mailed butterflyfish
Chaetodon ("Citharoedus") reticulatus -
Blacktail butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Corallochaetodon) austriacus -
Oval butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Corallochaetodon) lunulatus -
Eightband butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Discochaetodon) octofasciatus -
Eastern triangular butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Gonochaetodon) baronessa -
Chevron butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Megaprotodon) trifascialis -
Mirror butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Tetrachaetodon) speculum -
Zanzibar butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Tetrachaetodon) zanzibarensis
Subgenus "Citharoedus" (tentatively placed here)
- J. G. Schneider, 1801 (Scrawled butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon ornatissimusG. Cuvier, 1831 (Ornate butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon reticulatusG. Cuvier, 1831 (Mailed butterflyfish)
Subgenus Corallochaetodon (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon austriacus Rüppell, 1836 (Blacktail butterflyfish, exquisite butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon lunulatusQuoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Oval butterflyfish, red-finned butterflyfish)
- Guichenot, 1863 (Arabian butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon trifasciatus M. Park, 1797 (Melon butterflyfish)
Subgenus Discochaetodon
- Chaetodon aureofasciatus W. J. Macleay, 1878 (Golden butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon octofasciatusBloch, 1787 (Eightband butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon rainfordi McCulloch, 1923 (Rainford's butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon tricinctus Waite, 1901 (Three-striped butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Subgenus Gonochaetodon (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon baronessaG. Cuvier, 1829 (Eastern triangular butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon larvatus G. Cuvier, 1831 (Hooded butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon triangulum G. Cuvier, 1831 (Triangle butterflyfish)
Subgenus Megaprotodon
- Chaetodon trifascialisQuoy & Gaimard, 1825 (Chevron Butterflyfish, Triangulate butterflyfish, V-lined butterflyfish)
Subgenus Tetrachaetodon
- Chaetodon andamanensis Kuiter & Debelius (de), 1999 (Andaman butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon bennettiG. Cuvier, 1831 (Bluelashed butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon plebeius G. Cuvier, 1831 (Blue-blotched butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon speculumG. Cuvier, 1831 (Mirror butterflyfish)
- Playfair (fr), 1867 (Zanzibar butterflyfish)
Rabdophorus group
Including Aspilurochaetodon, Chaetodontops
-
Threadfin butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) auriga -
Blackwedged butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) falcula -
Blackback butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) melannotus -
Lined butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) lineolatus -
Redtail butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) collare -
Black butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) flavirostris -
Bluecheek butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) semilarvatus -
Saddle butterflyfish
Chaetodon (Rabdophorus) ephippium
- Chaetodon adiergastos Seale, 1910 (Philippine butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon auriga Forsskål, 1775 (Threadfin butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon auripes D. S. Jordan & Snyder, 1901 (Oriental butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon collareBloch, 1787 (Redtail butterflyfish, Pakistani butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon decussatusG. Cuvier, 1829 (Indian vagabond butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon ephippiumG. Cuvier, 1831 (Saddle butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon falcula Bloch, 1795 (Blackwedged butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon fasciatus Forsskål, 1775 (Diagonal butterflyfish, Red Sea raccoon butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon flavirostrisGünther, 1874 (Black butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon gardineri Norman, 1939 (Gardner's butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon leucopleura Playfair, 1867 (Somali butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon lineolatusG. Cuvier, 1831 (Lined butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon lunula (Lacépède, 1802) (Raccoon butterflyfish, Crescent-masked butterflyfish, lunule butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon melannotusBloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801 (Blackback butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon mesoleucos Forsskål, 1775 (White-faced butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon nigropunctatus Sauvage, 1880 (Black-spotted butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
- Chaetodon ocellicaudusG. Cuvier, 1831 (Spot-tail butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon oxycephalusBleeker, 1853 (Spot-naped butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon pictus Forsskål, 1775 (Horseshoe butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon rafflesiiAnonymous [Bennett], 1830 (Latticed butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon seleneBleeker, 1853 (Yellow-dotted butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon semeionBleeker, 1855 (Dotted butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon semilarvatusG. Cuvier, 1831 (Bluecheek butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon ulietensis G. Cuvier, 1831 (Pacific double-saddle butterflyfish, false falcula butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon vagabundusLinnaeus, 1758 (Vagabond butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon wiebeli Kaup, 1863 (Hong Kong butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon xanthocephalusE. T. Bennett, 1833 (Yellowhead butterflyfish) (tentatively placed here)
Incertae sedis
Most are probably either Chaetodon sensu stricto or C. robustus group.
- Chaetodon assariusWaite, 1905 (West Australian butterflyfish)
- , 1989 (Oman butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon humeralis Günther, 1860
- Chaetodon marleyi Regan, 1921 (Doublesash butterflyfish)
- Chaetodon sanctaehelenaeGünther, 1868 (Saint Helena butterflyfish)
Proposed subgenera
Several
Basically, a core group around the
Prognathodes, for some time contained in Chaetodon, is worthy of recognition as full genus, as is Roa.[6]
Historically, more distantly related fish were placed in Chaetodon too, for resembling them in details – e.g. the
The classification proposed in Fessler and Westneat is based on the species of Chaetodon they sampled and these sorted into the following clades:[3]
- Clade 1
- Chaetodon robustus
- Chaetodon hoefleri
- Clade 2
- Chaetodon kleini
- Chaetodon unimaculatus
- Chaetodon fremblii
- Chaetodon burgessi
- Chaetodon xanthurus
- Chaetodon paucifasciatus
- Chaetodon mertensi
- Chaetodon quadrimaculatus
- Chaetodon citrinellus
- Chaetodon multicinctus
- Chaetodon punctatofasciatus
- Chaetodon pelewensis
- Chaetodon sedentarius
- Chaetodon dolosus
- Chaetodon miliaris
- Chaetodon guentheri
- Clade 3
- Chaetodon austriacus
- Chaetodon trifasciatus
- Chaetodon ornatissimus
- Chaetodon reticularis
- Chaetodon meyeri
- Chaetodon larvatus
- Chaetodon baronessa
- Chaetodon trifascialis
- Chaetodon rainfordi
- Chaetodon octofasciatus
- Chaetodon bennetti
- Chaetodon plebius
- Chaetodon speculum
- Chaetodon zanzibarensis
- Clade 4
- Chaetodon ocellatus
- Chaetodon capistratus
- Chaetodon striatus
- Chaetodon semeion
- Chaetodon ephippium
- Chaetodon selene
- Chaetodon melannotus
- Chaetodon ocellicaudus
- Chaetodon rafflesi
- Chaetodon auriga
- Chaetodon vagabundus
- Chaetodon collare
- Chaetodon adiergastos
- Chaetodon fasciatus
- Chaetodon lunula
- Chaetodon semilarvatus
- Chaetodon lineolatus
- Chaetodon oxycephalus
- Chaetodon falcula
- Chaetodon ulietensis
Fossil record
The oldest fossils that are usually assigned to Chaetodon date from the late
Footnotes
- ^ FishBase (2006)
- ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). Species of Chaetodon in FishBase. February 2013 version.
- ^ .
- ^ Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2007). "Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement. 14: 77–86. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ Blum (1988)
- ^ Kuiter, R. H. 2004. Description of a new species of butterflyfish, Roa australis, from northwestern Australia (Pisces: Perciformes: Chaetodontidae). Records of the Australian Museum v. 56 (no. 2): 167-171.
- ^ Sepkoski (2002), Fessler & Westneat (2007)
- ^ Paleobiology Database
References
- Blum, S. D. (1988): Osteology and Phylogeny of the Chaetodontidae (Pisces: Perciformes). University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
- Fessler, Jennifer L. & Westneat, Mark W. (2007): Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family.
- Hsu, Kui-Ching; Chen, Jeng-Ping & Shao, Kwang-Tsao (2007): Molecular phylogeny of Chaetodon (Teleostei: Chaetodontidae) in the Indo-West Pacific: evolution in geminate species pairs and species groups. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Supplement 14: 77-86. PDF fulltext
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002): [Chaetodon]. In: A compendium of fossil marine animal genera. Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. HTML database excerpt