Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry
Frances, Adolphus, & others | |
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Father | Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry |
Mother | Lady Frances Pratt |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Vane%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry%2C_KG%2C_GCB%2C_GCH%2C_PC.png/220px-Shield_of_arms_of_Charles_Vane%2C_3rd_Marquess_of_Londonderry%2C_KG%2C_GCB%2C_GCH%2C_PC.png)
Charles William Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry,
On resigning from his post under Wellington in 1812, his half-brother Lord Castlereagh helped him to launch a diplomatic career. He was posted to Berlin in 1813, and then as ambassador to Austria, where his half-brother was the British plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna.
He married Lady Catherine Bligh in 1804 and then, in 1819, Lady Frances Anne Vane, a rich heiress, changing his surname to hers, thus becoming Charles Vane instead of Charles Stewart. In 1822 he succeeded his half-brother as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, inheriting estates in the north of Ireland where, as an unyielding landlord, his reputation suffered in the Great Famine. It was a reputation he matched as a coal operator on his wife's land in County Durham. In opposition to the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842, he insisted on his right to use child labour.
Birth and origins
Charles was born on 18 May 1778 in Dublin[1] as the second son of Robert Stewart and the first son by his second wife Frances Pratt. His father's family was Ulster-Scots and Presbyterian. His father was then a wealthy member of the Irish landed gentry but would later be created a Marquess.
Charles's mother was English, a daughter of Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, a leading English jurist. His parents had married on 7 June 1775.[2] Charles was brought up as an Anglican, a member of the Church of Ireland.[3]
Charles had a half-brother from his father's first marriage who played an important role in his life:
- Robert (1769–1822), known as "Lord Castlereagh", who achieved prominence as Foreign Secretary
In addition Charles had 11 full siblings, who are listed in his father's article.
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Early life and parliamentary career
In 1789, when he was 11, his father, Robert Stewart, was created Baron Londonderry.[6]
On 3 April 1791, at the age of 12, Charles Stewart entered the British Army as an ensign in the 108th Regiment. He was commissioned a lieutenant on 8 January 1793 in this same unit.[7] He saw service in 1794 in the Flanders Campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, and on the Rhine and Danube in 1795.[8]
He was lieutenant-colonel of the
In 1795 his father was created Viscount Castlereagh
In 1800, Charles Stewart was elected in the Tory interest to the Irish House of Commons as member of parliament for
First marriage and son
On 8 August 1804 at the church of St George's, Hanover Square, London, Charles Stewart married Lady Catherine Bligh.[16][17] She was the 4th and youngest daughter of the 3rd Earl of Darnley. She was three years older than he. On 7 July 1805 the couple had a son, named Frederick, who was to become the 4th Marquess of Londonderry.[18] She died during the night of 10–11 February 1812, of fever following a minor operation, while her husband was on his way home from Spain.[19]
Son by Catherine Bligh:
Peninsular War
The remainder of his military career developed during the Napoleonic Wars, more exactly in the Peninsular War.
Corunna
The war started with the
Wellesley's Spanish campaign
When British troops returned to the Iberian Peninsula after the Corunna Campaign, they were commanded by
He resigned his position as Adjutant General in February 1812. Some say due to bad health,[28][29] but others say that Wellington fired him. Wellington apparently appreciated him as a soldier but judged him a "sad brouillon and mischief-maker" among his staff.[30]
On 30 January 1813 he became a
Diplomatic career
His half-brother Robert had made a brilliant diplomatic and political career. Charles and his half-brother remained lifelong friends and wrote each other many letters. Robert helped Charles to start a diplomatic career.
Berlin
From May 1813 until the end of the war, Sir Charles was Envoy Extraordinary and
Vienna
In 1814 he was also appointed Ambassador to Austria, a post he held for nine years (1814–1823). On 18 June 1814, to make him more acceptable in Vienna, Stewart was ennobled as Baron Stewart, of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn in
Lord Stewart, as he now was, attended the Congress of Vienna with his half-brother Lord Castlereagh as one of the British plenipotentiaries. He was not well regarded as he made a spectacle of himself with his loutish behaviour, was apparently rather often inebriated, and frequented prostitutes quite openly.[34] He earned himself the sobriquet of Lord Pumpernickel after a loutish character in a play in fashion.[35]
In the following years he also served as British observer at the congresses of Troppau, Laibach and Verona. As the great powers were taking an increasingly reactionary approach, the British government sent Lord Stewart to observe, but not participate in the decisions.
Second marriage and children
![Oil portrait of a lady](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Frances_Vane%2C_Marchioness_of_Londonderry.png/180px-Frances_Vane%2C_Marchioness_of_Londonderry.png)
Before the end of his diplomatic career Lord Stewart had, on 3 April 1819, married his second wife,
Children by Frances Anne Emily Vane-Tempest:[citation needed]
- George Henry Robert Charles William Vane-Tempest, 5th Marquess of Londonderry (1821–1884)
- Lady Frances Anne Emily Vane (1822–1899); married John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough.
- Lady Alexandrina Octavia Maria Vane (1823–1874), godchild of Alexander I of Russia; married Henry Dawson-Damer, 3rd Earl of Portarlington.
- Lord Adolphus Frederick Charles William Vane-Tempest (1825–1864), politician; became insane, and had to be medically restrained.
- Lady Adelaide Emelina Caroline Vane (c. 1830–1882); disgraced the family by eloping with her brother's tutor, Rev. Frederick Henry Law.
- Lord Ernest McDonnell Vane-Tempest (1836–1885), fell in with a press-gang and had to be bought a commission in the army, from which he was subsequently cashiered.
Through his daughter Lady Frances, Lord Londonderry is the maternal grandfather of Lord Randolph Churchill, and consequently a great-grandfather of Winston Churchill.[citation needed]
Castlereagh's suicide
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg/220px-Lord_Castlereagh_Marquess_of_Londonderry.jpg)
On 12 August 1822, his half-brother committed suicide.[38] He succeeded his half-brother as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry in 1822. The following year Lord Londonderry was also created Earl Vane and Viscount Seaham, of Seaham in the County Palatine of Durham, with remainder to the heirs male of the body of his second wife.[39]
His half-brother's death also meant the end of his diplomatic career. He quit the diplomatic service in 1823. Queen Victoria had a low esteem of Londonderry's abilities as a civil servant. She said that he should, in her opinion, not be given any post of importance.[40]
Residences
![picture of the Wynyard Park Manor House](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Wynyard_Morris.jpg/180px-Wynyard_Morris.jpg)
Lord Londonderry used his new bride's immense wealth to acquire the
The family also used their newfound wealth to redecorate their country seat in Ireland,
Declines Orange invitation
In 1836 the
Hume laid evidence before the House of Commons that the plotters had approached Londonderry. In July 1832, the Marquess had received a letter from Lieutenant-Colonel W. B. Fairman, the Deputy Grand Secretary of the Orange Institution of Great Britain, advising him that following "a death of importance" (the passing of the King) the Orangemen would abandon their policy of "non-resistance" to the present "Popish Cabinet, and democratical Ministry" (the parliamentary reform ministry of Earl Grey) and that "it might be political" for the Marquess to join them. Noting that there were already Orange lodges in Newcastle, South Shields, and Darlington, Fairman also suggested to Londonderry that to assume the role in Durham of County Grand Master might be advantageous to him "in a personal sense": his "pitmen" (the miners employed in his collieries) might be induced to organise lodges among themselves which would "prove a partial check against their entering into cabals [i.e. trade unions] hereafter".[43]
While he conceded that he wished the government should do more to check "the baneful influence of the Liberal and Radical associations", including trade unions, Londonderry went to some length in the House of Lords to deny any possible connection between himself and "the alleged project for altering the succession to the throne".[44] To Fairman he had replied: "the present state of liberal Whig feeling in this very Whig county, and the very refractory and insubordinate state of the pitmen, entirely preclude the possibility of successful efforts at this juncture". He had also spoken with Lord Kenyon (his then house guest, who had led opposition to Catholic Emancipation)[45] and had "no doubt" he would "convince his Royal Highness" (the Duke of Cumberland), as well as Fairman, "that the present moment is not the time when the object can be forwarded."[43]
Industrialist and landlord
Mines and Collieries Act
Londonderry led the opposition to the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 in the House of Lords. He is reported to have raged furiously against any attempt to deny the collieries the use of child labour.[46][47] Speaking on behalf of the Yorkshire Coal-Owners Association, Londonderry said "With respect to the age at which males should be admitted into mines, the members of this association have unanimously agreed to fix it at eight years... In the thin coal mines it is more especially requisite that boys, varying in age from eight to fourteen, should be employed; as the underground roads could not be made of sufficient height for taller persons without incurring an outlay so great as to render the working of such mines unprofitable".[48]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Frances_Anne_%281800%E2%80%931865%29%2C_Marchioness_of_Londonderry%2C_and_Her_Son%2C_George_1828_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg/220px-Frances_Anne_%281800%E2%80%931865%29%2C_Marchioness_of_Londonderry%2C_and_Her_Son%2C_George_1828_Thomas_Lawrence.jpg)
Irish famine
By the time of the outbreak of the Great Irish Famine in 1845, Londonderry was one of the ten richest men in the United Kingdom. While many landlords made efforts to mitigate the worst effects of the famine on their tenants, Londonderry was criticised for meanness: he and his wife gave only £30 to the local relief committee but spent £15,000 renovating Mount Stewart, their Irish home,[49] and on grounds of "personal inconvenience" rejected rent reductions[50] (for which he was excoriated by James MacKnight in the Presbyterian weekly, the Banner of Ulster).[51]
During the tenant right campaign of the early 1850s, Londonderry insisted on his full rights and this alienated many of his tenants.[52] He was in disagreement over this question with his eldest son and heir Frederick, who was more liberally inclined.
Napoleon and Abd-el-Kader
Back in England, Londonderry befriended Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III) while the latter was exiled in London between 1836 and 1840. After Bonaparte had been elected president of France in 1851, Londonderry asked him to free Abd-el-Kader.[53]
Late honours
Death, memorials, and succession
![Detail of the equestrian statue](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/CWVStewart.jpg/180px-CWVStewart.jpg)
He died on 6 March 1854 at Londonderry House and was buried in Longnewton, County Durham.[56] His widow honoured him by the Londonderry Equestrian Statue in Durham.[57]
Frederick built Scrabo Tower near Newtownards as a monument to the memory of his father. Of the 730 subscribers to the cost, just 450 were connected to the Stewart estate on which there were 1,200 tenants farmers and many associated employees (in 1850, organised in the all-Ireland Tenant Right League, 700 of these tenants had signed an address demanding tenant right and lower rents).[58] Two-thirds of the cost of the tower was met by 98 subscribers (in a list headed by Emperor Napoleon III) most of whom were fellow gentry.*[59]
He was succeeded as Marquess of Londonderry by his eldest son, Frederick Stewart, the only child from his first marriage, and as Earl Vane by George Vane, the eldest son from his second marriage. At Charles's death Frederick, therefore, became the 4th Marquess of Londonderry, whereas George became the 2nd Earl Vane. George was later to become the 5th Marquess after his half-brother had died childless.[citation needed]
Timeline | ||
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Age | Date | Event |
0 | 1778, 18 May | Born in Dublin[1] |
11 | 1789, 9 Sep | Father created Baron Londonderry[60] |
12 | 1791, 3 Apr | Joined the army[7] |
17 | 1795, 10 Oct | Father created Viscount Castlereagh[9] |
18 | 1796, 10 Aug | Father created Marquess Londonderry[10] |
26 | 1804, 8 Aug | Married Catherine Bligh.[16] |
30 | 1808, 29 Dec | Excelled at the cavalry engagement of Benavente during the Corunna Campaign[21] |
32–33 | 1811, May | Excelled at Fuentes de Oñoro[27] |
33 | 1812, Feb | Resigned from the army[28] |
35–36 | 1814 | Created Baron Stewart[33] |
40 | 1819, 3 Apr | Married Frances Ann Vane-Tempest[36] |
41 | 1820, 29 Jan | Accession of King George IV, succeeding King George III[61] |
42 | 1821, 6 Apr | Father died at Mount Stewart.[62] |
44 | 1822, 12 Aug | Succeeded Castlereagh as the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry[38] |
54 | 1833, 18 Jan | Mother died.[2] |
59 | 1837, 20 Jun | Accession of Queen Victoria, succeeding King George IV[63] |
64 | 1842, Jun–Aug | Opposed the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 at its readings in the House of Lords[47] |
75 | 1853, 19 Jun | Made a Knight of the Garter[55]
|
75 | 1854, 6 Mar | Died in London[56] |
Styles
Charles was styled:
- The Honourable Charles Stewart from 1789 until 1813 (because his father was created Baron Londonderry in 1789),
- The Honourable Sir Charles Stewart from 1813 to 1814 (because he was made a Knight of the Bath),
- The Right Honourable The Lord Stewart from 1814 to 1822 (because he was made a baron in his own right)
- The Most Honourable The Marquess of Londonderry.
Works
The 3rd Marquess was a prolific writer and editor. He wrote books about his own military and diplomatic career and published many of his half-brother's papers.
War memoirs
The following two books describe the Napoleonic War as he saw them happen. The first describes his experience of the Peninsular War. The second the War of the Sixth Coalition, which forced Napoleon to abdicate:
- Narrative of the Peninsular War (London: Henry Colburn, 1828) online at Internet Archive
- Narrative of the War in Germany and France: In 1813 and 1814 (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830) online at Internet Archive
Castlereagh papers
The 3rd Marquess also compiled, edited, and published many of the papers left by his half-brother and published them in the following twelve volumes, divided in three series.
The first series, consisting of four volumes, numbered 1 – 4, appeared in 1848 and 1849 under the title Memoirs and Correspondence. The volumes are not marked "first series on the title pages. They are:
- Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 1 (London: Henry Colburn, 1848) online at Internet Archive - The Irish Rebellion
- Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 2 (London: Henry Colburn, 1848) online at Internet Archive - Arrangements for a Union
- Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 3 (London: Henry Colburn, 1849) online at Internet Archive - Completion of the Legislative Union
- Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 4 (London, Henry Colburn, 1849) online at Internet Archive - Concessions to Catholics and Dissenters: Emmett's Insurrection
The second series, consisting of four volumes, appeared in 1851 under the title Correspondence, Despatches and Other Papers. The volume numbers continue, despite being marked "2nd series" and are therefore 4 to 8. They are:
- Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 2, Volume 5 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) online at Internet Archive - Military and Miscellaneous
- Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 2, Volume 6 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) online at Internet Archive - Military and Miscellaneous
- Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 2, Volume 7 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) online at Internet Archive - Military and Miscellaneous
- Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 2, Volume 8 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) online at Internet Archive - Military and Miscellaneous
The third series appeared in 1853. The four volumes have the same title as the second series. The volume numbering is irregular. They are:
- Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 9 (London: John Murray, 1853) online at Internet Archive - Military and Diplomatic
- Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 11 (London: John Murray, 1853) online at Hathi Trust
- Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 3, Volume 3 (London: John Murray, 1853) online at Internet Archive - Military and Diplomatic
- Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 12 (London: John Murray, 1853) online at Internet Archive
See also
- Marquess of Londonderry – for his title
- Earl Camden – for his maternal grandfather's title
- Vane-Tempest baronets – for the title of his father-in-law Sir Henry Vane-Tempest
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
- ^ a b Cokayne 1893, p. 132, line 10. "He (the Hon. Charles Stewart) was b. [born] 18 May 1778 in Mary street, Dublin;"
- ^ a b Debrett 1838, p. 518, right column, line 8. "The marquess m. [married] 2ndly, 7 June 1775, Frances, eldest da. of Charles Pratt, 1st earl Camden, and sister to the present marquess Camden, and by her (who d. 18 Jan. 1833, æt. 82) had issue ..."
- ^ Lloyd & Heesom 2004, p. 95, line 13. "Charles was raised as an Anglican, in contrast to the family's Presbyterian tradition."
- ^ Burke & Burke 1909, p. 1148–1150. "Genealogy of the marquesses of Londonderry"
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 131–134. "Genealogy of the marquesses of Londonderry"
- ^ "No. 13131". The London Gazette. 9 September 1789. p. 597.
His Majesty's Royal Letters have been received granting the dignity of a Baron of this Kingdom to the following gentlemen ... The Right Honourable Robert Stewart, Baron Londonderry ...
- ^ a b Alison 1861a, p. 4. "... he entered the army on 3d April 1791 as an ensign in the 108th Regiment. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the same regiment on the 8th January 1793, and received a company in it on 7 August 1794."
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 968–969.
- ^ a b "No. 13821". The London Gazette. 10 October 1795. p. 1052.
To Robert Lord Londonderry, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, the Dignity of Viscount Castlereagh, of Castlereagh in the County Down
- ^ a b "No. 13922". The London Gazette. 10 August 1796. p. 781.
To Robert Lord Viscount Castlereagh, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, by the Name Stile and Title of Earl of Londonderry, of the County of Londonderry
- ^ House of Commons 1878, p. 688 above. "Hon. Charles William Stewart, in place of Mr. Dunbar, Gentleman at Large to the Lord-Lieutenant / Thomastown Borough"
- ^ House of Commons 1878, p. 689. "Hon. Charles William Stewart, in place of Mr. Conolly, who accepted office of Escheator of Munster / County Londonderry."
- ^ House of Commons 1878, p. 688 below. "Major General John Francis Cradock, in place of Mr. Stewart who accepted office of Escheator of Ulster / Thomastown Borough"
- ^ House of Commons 1878, p. 228. "Charles Stewart, esq. / 21 July 1802 / County Londonderry."
- ^ House of Commons 1878, p. 214 228, 240, 256, 271. "Charles William Stewart esq. of Kilrea in the said city and county / 20 May 1807 / County Londonderry."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1893, p. 132, line 38b. "He m. [married] firstly, 8 Aug. 1804 at St. Geo Han sq., Catherine 4th da. [daughter] of John (Bligh) 3rd Earl of Darnley [I.] ...
- ^ "Lady Catherine Bligh, Lady Charles Stewart". National Trust. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
- ^ Cokayne 1893, p. 133, line 8. "Frederick William Robert (Stewart), Marquess of Londonderry &c. [I. [Ireland] ] also Baron Stewart of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn, s. [son] and h. [heir], being only s. by first wife; b. [born] 7 July 1805, in South street, Grosvenor sq.;"
- ^ Lloyd 1898, p. 280, left column, top. "She died on 8 Feb. 1812, while he was on his way back from Spain ..."
- ^ Burke 1949, p. 1248, line 9. "Frederick William Robert, 4th Marquess of Londonderry, K.P., P.C., Lord-Lieut. co. Down ..."
- ^ a b Vane 1828, p. 207. "... Lord Paget and the writer of these pages arrived: when the former made haste to bring up the 10th hussars, whilst the latter put himself at the head of the detachments already in the field. ... leaving in our hands the General Le Fevre their Colonel ..."
- ^ Hugo 1838, p. 109, left column. "... le général Lefebvre-Desnouettes passa à gué cette rivière avec trois escadrons de chasseurs de la garde, et se trouva bientôt en face de toute la cavalerie Anglaise commandée par les généraux Stewart et Paget. Les Français malgré leurs courageux efforts, ne purent pas lutter contre de forces si supérieures, et repassèrent l'Esla, abandonnant aux Anglais une soixantaine d'hommes blessés ou démontés, parmi lesquels se trouvait le général Lefebvre-Desnouettes."
- ^ Macdonald, Janet. Sir John Moore: The Making of a Controversial Hero. Pen and Sword, 2016. p.234
- ^ MacDonald p.237
- ^ Oman 1913, p. 157. "He [Wellesley] did not wish to have a Gneisenau or a Moltke at his side: he only wanted zealous and competent chief clerks."
- ^ "Thanks of the house to General Stewart". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 5 February 1810. Archived from the original on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2018.
- ^ a b Alison 1861a, p. 423. "Sir Charles Stewart, who made Colonel La Motte, of the 18th Chasseurs, prisoner in single combat"
- ^ a b Lloyd 1898, p. 278, right column, bottom. "... a return of intermittent fever obliged him to go home in February, and he saw no further service in the Peninsula."
- ^ Alison 1861a, p. 480. "... and he became so seriously ill that Lord Wellington, much against both their wishes, insisted on his return. He embarked for Britain, accordingly, in the beginning of February 1812."
- ^ Jennings 1885, p. 346. "Charles Stewart (third Marquis of Londonderry) was a sad brouillon and mischief-maker. I was obliged to get rid of him."
- ^ "No. 16699". The London Gazette. 30 January 1813. pp. 227–228.
Knights Companions of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath
- ^ "No. 16729". The London Gazette. 17 May 1813. p. 944.
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of His Majesty the King of Prussia
- ^ a b "No. 16909". The London Gazette. 18 June 1814. p. 1255.
to grant the dignity of a baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland onto the Honourable Sir Charles William Stewart
- ^ Zamoyski 2007, p. 345. "The image of the British delegation was not improved by the behaviour of the ambassador. Lord Stewart, who drank and whored quite openly, touch up young women in public ..."
- ^ Zamoyski 2007, p. 400. "Lord Pumpernickel, as he had been dubbed after the character of a cretinous lout in a popular play running at the time ..."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1893, p. 132, line 40. "He m. [married] secondly, 3 April 1819 on which occasion he took by Royal lic. 5 May 1829, the name of Vane in lieu of that of Stewart, Frances Anne Emily, da of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2d Bart. of Long Newton, co. Durham ...K.G. 19 June 1852."
- ^ "No. 17480". The London Gazette. 25 May 1819. p. 906.
... may, in compliance with the provisions of the last will and testament of the said Sir Henry Vane, Bart. from henceforth continue to respectively use the surname of Vane only ...
- ^ a b Burke 1869, p. 704, left column, line 82. "The [2nd] marquess d. at his seat at North Cray, 12 Aug. 1822 ..."
- ^ "No. 17909". The London Gazette. 29 March 1823. p. 498.
- ^ Urquhart 2007, p. 68. "Queen Victoria's mandate 'that Lord Londonderry should not be employed in any post of importance, as this would, in her opinion, be detrimental to the interests of the country'"
- ^ "The Cumberland Plot" New Zealand Tablet, Volume XXIX, Issue 5, 31 January 1901, Page 3
- ^ Murphy, James H. Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria The Catholic University of America Press (2001) p18
- ^ a b "ORANGE LODGES. (Hansard, 23 February 1836, pp 801-803)". api.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- ^ "ORANGE LODGES. (Hansard, 7 March 1836) pp. 1270-1271". api.parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
- S2CID 159628121.
- ^ Kornitzer 1952, p. 5.
- ^ a b Cobden 1853, p. 102, line 10. "Lord Londonderry and some others spoke of them as 'bitten with a humanity mania.'"
- ^ Simkin, John (1997). "Child Labour in the Collieries (Primary Sources)". Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
- ^ Kinealy 2013, p. 53. "Lord Londonderry and his wife made contributions of £20 and £10 to their local relief committees at the beginning of 1847. The following year the Londonderrys expended £15,000 renovating their home in Mount Stewart"
- ^ "Irish Famine: How Ulster was devastated by its impact". BBC News. 26 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
- ISBN 0-86281-100-7, Belfast, p. 117
- ^ "Scrabo Tower - Historic Buildings Details". Department for Communities. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018.
In fact, rather than the object of the tenant affection, the 3rd Marquis, had alienated many of his tenantry through his unbending attitude during the Tenant Right campaign of the early 1850s.
- ^ "Miscellaneous". The Spectator. 12 April 1851. p. 8. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
Pardon me, my Prince, if I take the liberty to write to you ...
- ^ Alison 1861b, p. 289. "The Garter of Wellington having become vacant by his death, it was conferred, on the very day on which the intelligence was received [17 September 1852] on the Marquess of Londonderry."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1893, p. 132, line 38a. "K.G. 19 June 1852."
- ^ a b Cokayne 1893, p. 133, line 3. "he d. of influenza, 6 March 1854, aged 75, at Holdernesse House, Park lane, and was bur. at Long Newton."
- ^ Equestrian statue, monument to the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry. "Durham, DUDU04, Statue, Monument to Third Marquis of Londonderry". Archived from the original on 18 June 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
- ^ Nelson, Julie Louise (2005). 'Violently Democratic and Anti-Conservative'? An Analysis of Presbyterian 'Radicalism' in Ulster, c 1800-1852 (PDF). Department of History, Durham University (doctoral dissertation). pp. 174–175.
- ISBN 978-1-870132-70-1.
- ^ "No. 13131". The London Gazette. 9 September 1789. p. 597.
The Right Honourable Robert Stewart, Baron Londonderry
- ^ Fryde et al. 1986, p. 47, line 12. "George IV ... acc. 29 Jan. 1820;"
- ^ Burke 1869, p. 704, left column, line 71. "The [1st] marquess d. 8 Apr. 1821, and was s. by the son of his first marriage."
- ^ Fryde et al. 1986, p. 47, line 29. "Victoria ... acc. 29 Jan. 1820;"
Sources
- OCLC 456774545.
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- Burke, Bernard (1949). A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire (99th ed.). London: Burke's Peerage Ltd.
- Cobden, John C. (1853). The White Slaves of England. Auburn [N.Y.] and Buffalo: Miller, Orton and Maulligan. OCLC 697840371.
- OCLC 1180836840. – L to M
- OCLC 315551200. – (later events)
- ISBN 0-86193-106-8. – (for timeline)
- House of Commons (1878). Return. Members of Parliament – Part II. Parliaments of Great Britain, 1705–1796. Parliaments of the United Kingdom, 1801–1874. Parliaments and Conventions of the Estates of Scotland, 1357–1707. Parliaments of Ireland, 1599–1800. London: OCLC 13112546.
- Hugo, Abel (1838). France militaire: histoire des armées françaises de terre et de mer de 1792 à 1837 (in French). Vol. 4. Paris: Delloye. OCLC 23429738.
- Jennings, Louis J. (1885). The Croker Papers. The correspondence and Diary of the Late Right Honourable John Wilson Croker LL.D., FRS, Secretary to the Admiralty from 1809 to 1830. London: John Murray. OCLC 1042993826.
- ISBN 978-1-4411-1758-8.
- Kornitzer, Margaret (1952). Child Adoption in the Modern World. New York: Putnam. ISBN 978-0-8022-0885-9.
- Lloyd, Ernest Marsh (1898). "Stewart, Charles William third Marquis of Londonderry". In OCLC 8544105.
- Lloyd, Ernest Marsh; Heesom, A. J. (2004). "Vane, Charles William, third marquess of Londonderry (1778–1854)". In ISBN 0-19-861406-3.
- Oman, Charles (1913). Wellington's Army, 1809-1814. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. OCLC 1158335402.
- Urquhart, Diane (2007). The Ladies of Londonderry: Women and Political Patronage. London: I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-410-7.
- Vane, Charles William (1828). Narrative of the Peninsular War from 1808 to 1813. London: Henry Colburn. OCLC 755719969.
- ISBN 978-0-06-077518-6.
External links
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