Hydnocarpus wightianus

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Chaulmoogra oil
)

Chaulmoogra
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Achariaceae
Genus: Hydnocarpus
Species:
H. wightianus
Binomial name
Hydnocarpus wightianus

Hydnocarpus wightianus or chaulmoogra is a tree in the

Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of leprosy. It entered early Western medicine in the nineteenth century before the era of sulfonamides and other antibiotics for the treatment of several skin diseases and leprosy.[2] The oil was prescribed for leprosy as a mixture suspended in gum or as an emulsion.[3][4]

Common names

Common name: Jangli almond

  • Hindi: कालमोगरा Calmogara, Chalmogra, Chaulmoogra,[5] Jangli badam
  • Kannada: Chalmogra yenne mara, Mirolhakai, Surti, Suranti, Toratti, Garudaphala
  • Malayalam: Kodi, Maravatty, Marotti, Nirvatta, Nirvetti
  • Marathi: Kadu Kawath
  • Sanskrit: Tuvaraka, Turveraka, Tuvrak, कुष्टवैरी Kushtavairi
  • Tamil: Maravetti, Maravattai, Marotti
  • Telugu: Niradi-vittulu

Habitat

In India: It grows in

tropical forests along western Ghats, along the coast from Maharashtra to Kerala, Assam, Tripura
, often planted on road sides in hilly areas.

Other countries: The tree is found in South East Asia, chiefly in the Indo-Malayan region, and cultivated in Sri Lanka, Nigeria and Uganda.[6]

Morphology

This is a

axils. The flowering takes place from to January to April. Its berries are woody, round, tomentose, about 6–10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) in diameter, and start off black when young but become brown when they mature. They have numerous seeds.[5][6]

Trees of the species that yield Chaulmoogra oil grow to a height of 12–15 m (39–49 ft) and in India trees bear

fruits
in August and September. The fruits are ovoid some 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter with a thick woody rind. Internally they contain 10–16 black seeds embedded in the fruit pulp. The seeds account for some 20% of the fruit weight. A typical tree produces 20 kg (44 lb) of seed/annum. The kernels make up 60–70% of the seed weight and contain 63% of pale yellow oil (mukherjee).

Chaulmoogra oil

tree
flower
Fruit
Dr Isabel Kerr administering Chaulmoogra

The oil from the seeds of Hydnocarpus wightianus (Chaulmoogra) has been widely used in various forms of traditional Indian medicine and in

Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of leprosy. The oil was introduced into England by Frederic J. Mouat
and it was used in its raw form both as topical and internal medicine.

The chemical constituents of the oil were analyzed for their potential pharmacological activity by Frederick Belding Power, working for Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories, in 1904.[7] Power and colleagues isolated hydnocarpic acid, which had the formula , from seeds of both the Hydnocarpus Wightiana and Hydnocarpus anthelmintica trees.

antibiotics become more dominant in the treatment of several skin diseases and leprosy.[9][8]

Physical characteristics and composition

The oil is semi-solid at room temperature with no odor.

amphipathic weak acid, and isohydnocarpin.[12]

The crude oil has a pale greenish-brown color, and can be easily purified into a white, watery oil containing three cyclopentene

fatty acids
.

Table: fatty acid composition of oil[13]

Acid H. kurzil H. wightiana H. odorata
Hydnocarpic acid 23.0 22.9 ..
Chaulmoogric acid 19.6 35.0 ..
Gloric acid 25.1 12.8 ..
Lower cyclic homologs 0.3 4.6 ..
Myristic acid (C14:0) 0.6 0.8 0.4
Palmitic acid (C16:0) 8.4 5.6 11.8
Stearic acid (C18:0) 1.6 4.7 ..
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1) 6.0 0.5
Oleic acid (C18:1) 5.4 3.6 21.8
Linoleic acid (C18:2) 1.6 1.8 29.3
Linolenic acid (C18:3) .. .. 31.2

Table of physical properties of oil[14]

Property Range
Refractive index, at 400C 1.472-1.476
Iodine value 98–103
Saponification value 198–204
Acid value Max. 25.0%
Melting point 20–25 °C
Specific gravity
(at 25 °C)		 0.950-.960

Extraction

Seeds are ovoid, irregular and angular, 1 to 1 1/4 inches long, 1 inch wide, skin smooth, grey, brittle; kernel oily and dark brown. A fatty oil is obtained by expression, known officially as gynocardia oil in Britain, as oleum chaulmoograe in the United States.[15]

Fruits are plucked by climbing the tree or using long sticks with a sickle tied to it. The fruits are peeled by knife and the seeds are washed in water and then dried in sun. Seeds are decorticated (dehusked) by mallet, hand hammer, or decorticator. They may also be crushed in an expeller and rotary. The kernels yield 43% oil. The extracted oil is stored in zinc barrels until exported.[6]

Leprosy

The Molokai island in Hawaii once the "Land of the Living Death," where lepers were treated with remarkable success by the then new chaulmoogra oil. Photo from 1922.

Chaulmoogra oil was commonly used in the early 20th century for the treatment of

antagonist of biotin.[18] American researcher Victor Heiser worked on developing a method of using the oil against leprosy by intravenous or intramuscular injection.[8][19]

An ethyl ester of the oil (the "Ball method") was developed by Alice Ball in 1916,[20][21] who died suddenly before publishing the technique. Her work was stolen by Arthur L. Dean who began producing large quantities of the treatment and named it after himself.[22]

It was then produced and marketed by

Burroughs Wellcome (modern GlaxoSmithKline) in the early 1920s. The oil preparations were used intravenously for lepers. The oil was often obtained directly from trees in India, Sri Lanka or Africa. Doctors would locally prepare ethyl esters for treatments. In June 1927, Burroughs Wellcome released the commercial preparation – sodium hydnocarpate marketed as Alepol – which produced few unpleasant side effects. In May 1928, doctors reported cure of leprosy in some people treated with Alepol.[23] In the 1940s, chaulmoogra oil was replaced by the more effective sulfones.[20]

See also

References

  1. ^ Rumphia 4: 22. 1849. See IPNI [late Oct 1849]
  2. PMID 8089304
    .
  3. PMID 20749243
    .
  4. PMID 12894769
    .
  5. ^ a b "Hydnocarpus pentandrus – Jangli Almond". Flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  6. ^ a b c SEA HandBook, 2009 by the Solvent Extractors' Association Of India
  7. ISSN 0368-1645
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 12894769
    .
  9. PMID 8089304
    .
  10. PMID 4737104
    .
  11. ^ "Minor oil crops – Individual monographs (Allanblackia-Almond-Chaulmoogra-Cuphea spp.-Jatropa curgas)". Fao.org. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  12. ^ Ranganathan, KR; Seshadri TR (1974). "Constitution of isohydnocarpin isolated from the seed hulls of Hydnocarpus wightiana". Indian Journal of Chemistry. 12: 993.
  13. PMID 4737104
    .
  14. ISBN 9788176252423
    . Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  15. ^ "A Modern Herbal | Chaulmoogra". Botanical.com. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  16. JSTOR 10.1163/j.ctv2gjwxnc.9. Retrieved 1 August 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
    )
  17. S2CID 81487422
    .
  18. PMID 4799554
    .
  19. ^ MacPherson, Hamish (10 January 2021). "Back in the Day: The Scots doctor who pioneered treatment for leprosy in India". The National. p. 11. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  20. ^ a b Mendheim, Beverly (September 2007). "Lost and Found: Alice Augusta Ball, an Extraordinary Woman of Hawai'i Nei". Northwest Hawaii Times. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
  21. ^ Organization, World Health (2020). "Elimination of leprosy as a public health problem". Report of an Informal Consultation Mexico City, Mexico, 10–12 February 2020. World Health Organization: 8–15 – via JSTOR.
  22. ^ Wermager, Paul; Carl Heltzel (February 2007). "Alice A. Augusta Ball" (PDF). ChemMatters. 25 (1): 16–19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  23. ^ Simpkin, Alice (December 1928). "The Treatment of Leprosy". British Journal of Nursing: 313–4. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2011.

External links

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