Maharashtra

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Coordinates: 18°58′N 72°49′E / 18.97°N 72.82°E / 18.97; 72.82
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Maharashtra
State
State of Maharashtra
Ajanta Caves
Ellora Caves
Pratapgad fort walls snaking along the edge of the hill
This statue of Chatrapati is just outside the main entrance of Raigad fort
Shaniwar wada
Hazur Sahib, Nanded
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj terminus, Mumbai
The Gateway of India, Mumbai
From top, left to right:
The Gateway of India
by bifurcation
)
1 May 1960
Bicameral
Maharashtra Legislature
 • CouncilMaharashtra Legislative Council (78 seats)
 • AssemblyMaharashtra Legislative Assembly (288 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha19 seats
 • Lok Sabha48 seats
High CourtBombay High Court
Area
 • Total307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi)
 • Rank
Silver Pomfret
FlowerJarul[12][14]
MammalIndian giant squirrel[12]
TreeMango tree[12][15]
State highway mark
State highway of Maharashtra
MH SH1-MH SH368
List of Indian state symbols
^The State of Bombay was split into two States i.e. Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960[16]
†† Common high court

Maharashtra (Marathi:

union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu to the northwest.[17] Maharashtra is the second-most populous state
in India.

The state is divided into 6

The Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai and The Western Ghats, a heritage site made up of 39 individual properties of which 4 are in Maharashtra.[19][20] The State is the single largest contributor to India's economy with a share of 14 per cent in all-India nominal GDP.[21][22][23] The economy of Maharashtra is the largest in India, with a gross state domestic product (GSDP) of ₹35.27 trillion (US$440 billion) and GSDP per capita of ₹242,247 (US$3,000).[8]
The service sector dominates the state's economy, accounting for 69.3 per cent of the value of the output of the country. Although agriculture accounts for 12 per cent of the state GDP, it employs nearly half the population of the state.

Maharashtra is one of the most industrialised states in India. The state's capital, Mumbai, is India's

human development index.[26]

The region that encompasses the state has a history going back many millennia. Notable dynasties that ruled the region include the

Samyukta Maharashtra Movement
(transl. United Maharashtra movement).

Etymology

The modern

Jain Maharashtrian literature. The term Maharashtra (Marathi: महाराष्ट्र) along with Maharashtrian, Marathi, and Maratha may have derived from the same root. However, their exact etymology is uncertain.[28]

The most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Mahā (Marathi: महा) and Rāshtrikā (Marathi: राष्ट्रिका),[28][29] the name of a tribe or dynasty of chiefs ruling in the Deccan region.[30] An alternate theory states that the term is derived from mahā ("great") and ratha/rathi ("chariot"/"charioteer"), which refers to a skilful northern fighting force that migrated southward into the area.[30][29]

In the Harivamsa, the Yadava kingdom called Anaratta is described as mostly inhabited by the Abhiras (Abhira-praya-manusyam). The Anartta country and its inhabitants were called Surastra and the Saurastras, probably after the Rattas (Rastras) akin to the Rastrikas of Asoka's rock Edicts, now known as Maharastra and the Marattas.[31]

An alternative theory states that the term derives from the word mahā ("great") and rāshtra ("nation/dominion").[32] However, this theory is somewhat controversial among modern scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers.[28]

History

Main articles:
Samyukta Maharashtra Movement
See also: Chronology of statehood of Maharashtra
Indus Valley civilisation
2nd century BCE Karla Caves are a group of Buddhist caves near Lonavala.

Numerous

Late Harappan period there was a large migration of people from Gujarat to northern Maharashtra.[37]

Maharashtra was ruled by

Buddhist Ajanta Caves in present-day Aurangabad display influences from the Satavahana and Vakataka styles. The caves were possibly excavated during this period.[39]

The Chalukya dynasty ruled the region from the sixth to the eighth centuries CE, and the two prominent rulers were

Rajendra Chola I, Jayasimha II, Someshvara I, and Vikramaditya VI.[43]

In the early 14th century, the

Faruqi dynasty ruled the Khandesh region between 1382 and 1601 before finally getting annexed in the Mughal Empire. Malik Ambar, the regent of the Nizamshahi dynasty of Ahmednagar from 1607 to 1626,[46] increased the strength and power of Murtaza Nizam Shah II and raised a large army.Ambar is said to have introduced the concept of guerrilla warfare in the Deccan region.[47] Malik Ambar assisted Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in Delhi against his stepmother, Nur Jahan, who wanted to enthrone her son-in-law.[48][49] Both Shivaji's grandfather, Maloji and father Shahaji served under Ambar.[50]

Bibi Ka Maqbara, a replica of the Taj Mahal, was built during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb
Statue of Shivaji opposite Gateway of India in South Mumbai

In the early 17th century,

Malharrao Holkar started conquering Mughal Territories in the north and western India, and by 1750s they or their successors had confined the Mughals to city of Delhi.[55] In the east the Bhonsale family of Nagpur expanded Maratha control all the way to Bengal.[56][57][58][59] [a]At its peak, the Maratha empire covered much of the subcontinent, encompassing a territory of over 2.8 million km2. The Marathas are credited to a large extent for ending the Mughal rule in India.[53][61][62]
[63]

After their defeat at the hand of

British, Portuguese, Dutch, and Siddi naval ships and kept a check on their naval ambitions. Charles Metcalfe, British Civil servant and later Acting Governor-General, said in 1806 [65]

India contains no more than two great powers, British and Maratha, and every other state acknowledges the influence of one or the other. Every inch that we recede will be occupied by them.

The British East India Company slowly expanded areas under its rule during the 18th century. The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) led to the end of the Maratha Empire and the East India Company took over the empire.[66][67] The Maratha Navy dominated till around the 1730s, was in a state of decline by the 1770s and ceased to exist by 1818.[68]

GIPR
company in 1907

The

Nizam of Hyderabad's kingdom, was occupied by the British in 1853 and annexed to the Central Provinces in 1903.[69] However, a large region called Marathwada remained part of the Nizam's Hyderabad State throughout the British period. The British ruled Maharashtra region from 1818 to 1947 and influenced every aspect of life for the people of the region. They brought several changes to the legal system,[70][71][72] built modern means of transport including roads[73] and Railways,[74][75] took various steps to provide mass education, including that for previously marginalised classes and women,[76] established universities based on western system and imparting education in science, technology,[77] and western medicine,[78][79][80] standardised the Marathi language,[81][82][83][84] and introduced mass media by utilising modern printing technologies.[85] The 1857 war of independence had many Marathi leaders, though the battles mainly took place in northern India. The modern struggle for independence started taking shape in the late 1800s with leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji evaluating the company rule and its consequences. Jyotirao Phule was the pioneer of social reform in the Maharashtra region in the second half of the 19th century. His social work was continued by Shahu, Raja of Kolhapur and later by B. R. Ambedkar. After the partial autonomy given to the states by the Government of India Act 1935, B. G. Kher became the first Chief Minister of the Congress party-led Government of tri-lingual Bombay Presidency.[86] The ultimatum to the British during the Quit India Movement
was given in Mumbai and culminated in the transfer of power and independence in 1947.

After Indian independence, princely states and Jagirs of the

Nehru split Bombay State into two new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat on 1 May 1960.[91]

The state continues to have a dispute with Karnataka regarding the region of Belgaum and Karwar.[92][93] The Government of Maharashtra was unhappy with the border demarcation of 1957 and filed a petition to the Ministry of Home affairs of India.[94] Maharashtra claimed 814 villages, and 3 urban settlements of Belagon, Karwar and Nippani, all part of then Bombay Presidency before freedom of the country.[95] A petition by Maharashtra in the Supreme Court of India, staking a claim over Belagon, is currently pending.[96]

Further information: Belagavi border dispute

Geography

Main article: Geography of Maharashtra
Bramhagiri hills in Sahyadri mountain range (
Wainganga
River near Bhandara district

Maharashtra with a total area of 307,713 km2 (118,809 sq mi), is the

state of Hyderabad until 1956, is located in the southeastern part of the state.[98][105] Aurangabad and Nanded are the main cities of the region.[106] Vidarbha is the easternmost region of the state, formerly part of the Central Provinces and Berar.[107]

The state has limited area under irrigation, low natural fertility of soils, and large areas prone to recurrent drought. Due to this the agricultural productivity of Maharashtra is generally low as compared to the national averages of various crops. Maharashtra has been divided in to nine agro-climatic zones on the basis of annual rainfall soil types, vegetation and cropping pattern.[108]

Further information: Manas Rural Development Institute

Climate

Dried up Godavari River at Puntamba, Ahmadnagar district, after a poor monsoon season

Maharashtra experiences a

semi arid climate, due to a rain shadow effect caused by the Western Ghats. [109] The month of March marks the beginning of the summer and the temperature rises steadily until June. In the central plains, summer temperatures rise to between 40 °C or 104.0 °F and 45 °C or 113.0 °F. May is usually the warmest and January the coldest month of the year. The winter season lasts until February with lower temperatures occurring in December and January. On the Deccan plateau that lies on eastern side of the Sahyadri mountains, the climate is drier, however, dew and hail often occur, depending on seasonal weather.[110]

The rainfall patterns in the state vary by the topography of different regions. The state can be divided into four meteorological regions, namely coastal Konkan, Western Maharashtra, Marathwada, and Vidarbha.

southwest monsoon usually arrives in the last week of June and lasts till mid-September. Pre-monsoon showers begin towards the middle of June and post-monsoon rains occasionally occur in October. The highest average monthly rainfall is during July and August. In the winter season, there may be a little rainfall associated with western winds over the region. The Konkan coastal area, west of the Sahyadri Mountains receives very heavy monsoon rains with an annual average of more than 3,000 mm. However, just 150 km to the east, in the rain shadow of the mountain range, only 500–700 mm/year will fall, and long dry spells leading to drought are a common occurrence. Maharashtra has many of the 99 Indian districts identified by the Indian Central water commission as prone to drought.[112] The average annual rainfall in the state is 1,181 mm and 75 per cent of it is received during the southwest monsoon from June–to September. However, under the influence of the Bay of Bengal, eastern Vidarbha receives good rainfall in July, August, and September.[113] Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg districts receive heavy rains of an average of 2,000 to 2,500 mm or 80 to 100 in and the hill stations of Matheran and Mahabaleshwar over 5,000 mm or 200 in. Contrariwise, the rain shadow districts of Nashik, Pune, Ahmednagar, Dhule, Jalgaon, Satara, Sangli, Solapur, and parts of Kolhapur receive less than 1,000 mm or 40 in annually. In winter, a cool dry spell occurs, with clear skies, gentle air breeze, and pleasant weather that prevails from October to February, although the eastern Vidarbha region receives rainfall from the north-east monsoon.[114]

Flora and fauna

A Bengal tiger in Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

The state has three crucial biogeographic zones, namely Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and the West coast. The Ghats nurture endemic species, Deccan Plateau provides for vast mountain ranges and grasslands while the coast is home to littoral and swamp forests. Flora of Maharashtra is heterogeneous in composition. In 2012 the recorded thick forest area in the state was 61,939 km2 (23,915 sq mi) which was about 20.13 per cent of the state's geographical area.[115] There are three main Public Forestry Institutions (PFIs) in the Maharashtra state: the Maharashtra Forest Department (MFD), the Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra (FDCM) and the Directorate of Social Forestry (SFD).[116] The Maharashtra State Biodiversity Board, constituted by the Government of Maharashtra in January 2012 under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, is the nodal body for the conservation of biodiversity within and outside forest areas in the State.[117][118]

Maharashtra is ranked second among the Indian states in terms of the recorded forest area. Recorded Forest Area (RFA) in the state is 61,579 sq mi (159,489 km2) of which 49,546 sq mi (128,324 km2) is reserved forests, 6,733 sq mi (17,438 km2) is protected forest and 5,300 sq mi (13,727 km2) is unclassed forests. Based on the interpretation of IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS III satellite data of the period Oct 2017 to Jan 2018, the State has 8,720.53 sq mi (22,586 km2) under Very Dense Forest(VDF), 20,572.35 sq mi (53,282 km2) under Moderately Dense Forest (MDF) and 21,484.68 sq mi (55,645 km2) under Open Forest (OF). According to the Champion and Seth classification, Maharashtra has five types of forests:[119]

The most common animal species present in the state are monkeys, wild pigs,

mouse deer, small Indian civet, golden jackal, jungle cat, and hare.[121] Other animals found in this state include reptiles such as lizards, scorpions and snake species such as cobras and kraits.[122] The state provides legal protection to its tiger population through six dedicated tiger reserves under the precincts of the National Tiger Conservation Authority
.

The state's 720 kilometres of sea coastline of the

Arabian sea marks the presence of various types of fish and marine animals. The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) found 1527 marine animal species, including molluscs with 581 species, many crustacean species including crabs, shrimps, and lobsters, 289 fish species, and 141 species types of annelids (sea worms).[123]

Regions, divisions and districts

Main article:
Talukas of Maharashtra and List of cities in Maharashtra by population
refer caption
Divisions of Maharashtra, along with their respective districts (with Palghar district formed in 2014 from the northern part of Thane district)

Maharashtra has following geographical regions:

  1. North Maharashtra
  2. Konkan
  3. Marathwada
  4. Vidarbha
  6. Desh
    or Western Maharashtra

It consists of six administrative divisions:[124]

  1. Amravati
  2. Aurangabad
  3. Konkan
  4. Nagpur
  5. Nashik
  6. Pune

The state's six divisions are further divided into 36

talukas.[125]
Maharashtra's top five districts by population, as ranked by the 2011 Census, are listed in the following table.

Each district is governed by a

Zilla Parishad (district councils) at the district level and gram panchayat (village councils) at the lower level.[127][130]

Out of the total population of Maharashtra, 45.22 per cent of people live in urban regions. The total figure of the population living in urban areas is 50.8 million. There are 27

Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra.[131]

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Maharashtra
As of the
2011 Census
Rank
Name
 District
Pop.
Rank
Name
 District
Pop.
Mumbai
Mumbai
Pune
Pune 		1 Mumbai Mumbai City district 18,414,288 11 Kolhapur Kolhapur 660,861 Nagpur
Nagpur
Nashik
Nashik
2 Pune Pune 5,049,968 12 Sangli Sangli 650,000
3 Nagpur Nagpur 2,497,777
4 Nashik Nashik 2,362,769
5 Thane Thane 1,886,941
6 Aurangabad Aurangabad 1,189,376
7 Solapur Solapur 951,118
8 Amravati Amravati 846,801
9 Jalgaon Jalgaon 737,411
10 Nanded Nanded 550,564

Demographics

According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Maharashtra was at that time the richest state in India and the

scheduled tribes to account for 11.8 per cent and 8.9 per cent of the population, respectively.[139] The state also includes a substantial number of migrants from other states of India.[140] Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, and Karnataka account for the largest percentage of migrants to the Mumbai metropolitan area.[141]

The 2011 census reported the human sex ratio is 929 females per 1000 males, which were below the national average of 943. The density of Maharashtra was 365 inhabitants per km2 which was lower than the national average of 382 per km2. Since 1921, the populations of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg shrank by −4.96 per cent and −2.30 per cent, respectively, while the population of Thane grew by 35.9 per cent, followed by Pune at 30.3 per cent. The literacy rate is 83.2 per cent, higher than the national rate at 74.04 per cent.[142] Of this, male literacy stood at 89.82 per cent and female literacy 75.48 per cent.[143]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Maharashtra
Varkari saint Dnyaneshwar's palkhi (palanquin), Celebrating Dhammachakra Pravartan Din in Aurangabad, Sai baba of Shirdi
,BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir temple in Pune. Khandoba temple of Jejuri, Pune, Jama Masjid Nagpur

Religion in Maharashtra (2011)[144]

  Hinduism (79.83%)
  Islam (11.54%)
  Buddhism (5.81%)
  Jainism (1.25%)
  Christianity (0.96%)
  Sikhism (0.20%)
  Other (0.16%)
  Not stated (0.25%)

According to the 2011 census, Hinduism was the principal religion in the state at 79.8 per cent of the total population. Muslims constituted 11.5 per cent of the total population. Maharashtra has the highest number of followers of Buddhism in India, accounting for 5.8 per cent of Maharashtra's total population with 6,531,200 followers. Marathi Buddhists account for 77.36 per cent of all Buddhists in India.[145] Sikhs, Christians, and Jains constituted 0.2 per cent, 1.0 per cent, and 1.2 per cent of the Maharashtra population respectively.[144]

Maharashtra, and particularly the city of Mumbai, is home to two tiny religious communities. This includes 5000

Parsi is the other community who follow Zoroastrianism. The 2011 census recorded around 44,000 parsis in Maharashtra.[147]

Language

Further information: Languages of India and Marathi people

Languages of Maharashtra (2011)[148]

  Marathi (68.93%)
  Hindi (12.89%)
  Urdu (6.71%)
  Gujarati (2.06%)
  Khandeshi (1.44%)
  Lambadi (1.40%)
  Bhili (1.08%)
  Telugu (1.00%)
  Kannada (0.89%)
  Others (4.38%)

Marathi is the official language although different regions have their own dialects.[5][149][150] Most people speak regional languages classified as dialects of Marathi in the census. Powari, Lodhi, and Varhadi are spoken in the Vidarbha region, Dangi is spoken near the Maharashtra-Gujarat border, Bhil languages are spoken throughout the northwest part of the state, Khandeshi (locally known as Ahirani) is spoken in Khandesh region. In the Desh and Marathwada regions, Dakhini Urdu is widely spoken, although Dakhini speakers are usually bilingual in Marathi.[151]

Konkani, and its dialect Malvani, is spoken along the southern Konkan coast. Telugu and Kannada are spoken along the border areas of Telangana and Karnataka, respectively. At the junction of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh a variety of Hindi dialects are spoken such as Lodhi and Powari. Lambadi is spoken through a wide area of eastern Marathwada and western Vidarbha. Gondi is spoken by diminishing minorities throughout Vidarbha but is most concentrated in the forests of Gadchiroli and the Telangana border.

Marathi is the first language of a majority or plurality of the people in all districts of Maharashtra except Nandurbar, where Bhili is spoken by 45% of its population. The highest percentage of Khandeshi speakers are Dhule district (29%) and the highest percentage of Gondi speakers are in Gadchiroli district (24%).[148]

The highest percentages of mother-tongue Hindi speakers are in urban areas, especially Mumbai and its suburbs, where it is mother tongue to over a quarter of the population. Pune and Nagpur are also spots for Hindi-speakers. Gujarati and Urdu are also major languages in Mumbai, both are spoken by around 10% of the population.[148] Urdu and its dialect, the Dakhni are spoken by the Muslim population of the state.[152]

The Mumbai metropolitan area is home to migrants from all over India. Many other languages are spoken in Mumbai including Telugu, Tamil, Konkani, Kannada, Sindhi, Punjabi, Bengali, Tulu to name a few.[148]

Governance and administration

Main article: Government of Maharashtra
See also:
List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra
Mantralaya or administrative headquarters of Maharashtra state government in South Mumbai

The state is governed through a

Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council).[153] The legislature, the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who are elected by the members. The Legislative Assembly consists of 288 members who are elected for five-year terms unless the Assembly is dissolved before to the completion of the term. The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 78 members with one-third (33 members) retiring every two years. The state has 48 seats in the Lok Sabha, or the lower chamber of the Indian Parliament, and 19 seats in the Rajya Sabha, or the upper chamber of the Indian Parliament.[154][155]

The

Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister.[157] The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while the Chief Minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The council of ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). The Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council of ministers. The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government. Each government department is headed by a Minister, who is assisted by an Additional Chief Secretary or a Principal Secretary, who is usually an officer of the Indian Administrative Service
, the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serves as the administrative head of the department they are assigned to. Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Secretary, Joint Secretary, etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary.

For purpose of administration, the state is divided into 6 divisions and 36

Cantonment Boards.[134][158] The Maharashtra Police is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of Director general of police. A Superintendent of Police, an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Maharashtra Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of Maharashtra Forest Service and Maharashtra Forest Subordinate Service.[159]

Maharashtra High Court
The Bombay High Court, one of the oldest high courts in India

The judiciary in the state consists of the Maharashtra High Court (

Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji which is the capital of Goa.[161] The state cabinet on 13 May 2015 passed a resolution favouring the setting up of one more bench of the Bombay high court in Kolhapur, covering the region.[162]
The President of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Maharashtra judiciary on the advice of the chief justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Maharashtra.[163] Other judges are appointed by the chief justice of the high court of the judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice.[164] Subordinate Judicial Service is another vital part of the judiciary of Maharashtra.[165] The subordinate judiciary or the district courts are categorised into two divisions: the Maharashtra civil judicial services and higher judicial service.[166] While the Maharashtra civil judicial services comprises the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.[167] The Subordinate judicial service of the judiciary is controlled by the District Judge.[164][168]

Politics

See also:
List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra

The politics of the state in the first decades after its formation in 1960 was dominated by the

Shivsena
.The politics of the state in the last five years has seen long term alliances breaking up like that of undivided Shivsena and BJP, new ones being formed between Congress, NCP, and the Shivsena, regional parties like the Shivsena and NCP splitting up, and majority of their legislators joining a new alliance government with the BJP.

Just like in other states in India, dynastic politics is fairly common also among political parties in Maharashtra.[169] The dynastic phenomenon is seen from the national level down to the district level and even village level. The three-tier structure of Panchayati Raj created in the state in the 1960s also helped to create and consolidate this phenomenon in rural areas. Apart from controlling the government, political families also control cooperative institutions, mainly cooperative sugar factories and district cooperative banks in the state.[170] The Bharatiya Janata Party also features several senior leaders who are dynasts.[171][172] In Maharashtra, the NCP has a particularly high level of dynasticism.[172]

In the early years, the politics of Maharashtra was dominated by Congress party figures such as

Chief minister of Maharashtra of the Maha Vikas Aghadi coalition until June 2022.[183][184][185]

In late June 2022,

Deputy Chief Minister in the new government.[192] Uddhav Thackeray filed a lawsuit in Supreme Court of India claiming that Eknath Shinde and his group's actions meant that they were disqualified under Anti-defection law, with Eknath Shinde claiming that he has not defected, but rather represents the true Shiv Sena party.[193][194] The Supreme court delivered its verdict in May 2023. In its verdict the five-judge constitution bench of the Supreme court ruled that the Maharashtra governor and assembly speaker did not act as per the law.[195] However, the court said that it cannot order the restoration of the Uddhav Thackeray government as Thackeray resigned without facing a floor test.[196][193][194] Supreme Court also asked the Assembly Speaker to decide on the matter of disqualification of 16 MLAs including Chief Minister Eknath Shinde.[197][198] The case for decision on which faction has rights to use Shiv Sena Name and Symbol is currently being heard by Supreme Court.[199][200]

In July 2023, NCP leader Ajit Pawar, and a number of NCP state assembly members joined the Shivsena- BJP government led by Eknath Shinde.[201] Sharad Pawar, the founder of NCP, has condemned the move and expelled the rebels. Ajit Pawar has claimed support from majority of party legislators and office holders of the party, and has claimed the right to the NCP election symbol with the Election Commission of India.[202]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Maharashtra
Net state domestic product at factor cost at current prices (2004–05 base)[203]

Figures in crores of Indian rupees

Year Net state domestic product
2004–2005 ₹3.683 trillion (US$46 billion)
2005–2006 ₹4.335 trillion (US$54 billion)
2006–2007 ₹5.241 trillion (US$66 billion)
2007–2008 ₹6.140 trillion (US$77 billion)
2008–2009 ₹6.996 trillion (US$88 billion)
2009–2010 ₹8.178 trillion (US$100 billion)
2013–2014 ₹15.101 trillion (US$190 billion)
2014–2015 ₹16.866 trillion (US$210 billion)

The economy of Maharashtra is driven by manufacturing, international trade,

taxpayers in India and its share markets transact almost 70 per cent of the country's stocks.[207]

The

Service sector dominates the economy of Maharashtra, accounting for 61.4 per cent of the value addition and 69.3 per cent of the value of output in the state.[208] The state's per-capita income in 2014 was 40 per cent higher than the all-India average in the same year.[209] The gross state domestic product (GSDP) at current prices for 2021-22 is estimated at $420 billion and contributes about 14.2 per cent of the GDP. The agriculture and allied activities sector contributes 13.2 per cent to the state's income. In 2012, Maharashtra reported a revenue surplus of ₹1524.9 million (US$24 million), with total revenue of ₹1,367,117 million (US$22 billion) and spending of ₹1,365,592.1 million (US$22 billion).[208]
 Maharashtra is the largest FDI destination of India. The FDI inflows in the State since April 2000 to September 2021 was ₹9,59,746 crore, which was 28.2 per cent of total FDI inflows at All-India level. With a total of 11,308 startups, Maharashtra has the highest number of recognised startups.

Mumbai is a major contributor to the economy of Maharashtra.

Maharashtra contributes 25 per cent of the country's industrial output

Oil India Ltd.[215]

Maharashtra is the leading Indian state for many

crafts, design, fashion, film, music, performing arts, publishing, R&D, software, toys and games, TV and radio, and video games
.

Maharashtra has an above-average

knowledge industry in India, with Pune Metropolitan Region being the leading IT hub in the state. Approximately 25 per cent of the top 500 companies in the IT sector are based in Maharashtra.[216] The state accounts for 28 per cent of the software exports of India.[216]

Maharashtra and particularly Mumbai is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with many films, television series, books, and other media being set there.

Marathi films used to be previously made primarily in Kolhapur, but now are produced in Mumbai.[219]

The state houses important financial institutions such as the

Department of Atomic Energy.[213]

refer caption
Freshly grown sugarcane. Agriculture is the second leading occupation in Maharashtra.

With more than half the population being rural, agriculture and allied industries play an important role in the states's economy and source of income for the rural population.

Agricultural Cooperative Societies after independence. It was an integral part of the then Governing Congress party's vision of 'rural development with local initiative'. A 'special' status was accorded to the sugar cooperatives and the government assumed the role of a mentor by acting as a stakeholder, guarantor, and regulator,[221][222][223] Apart from sugar, cooperatives play a crucial role in dairy,[224]
cotton, and fertiliser industries.

The banking sector comprises

Regional Rural Banks, and others (foreign banks). In 2012, there were 9,053 banking offices in the state, of which about 26 per cent were in rural and 54 per cent were in urban areas. Maharashtra has a microfinance system, which refers to small-scale financial services extended to the poor in both rural and urban areas. It covers a variety of financial instruments, such as lending, savings, life insurance, and crop insurance.[225] The three largest urban cooperative banks in India are all based in Maharashtra.[226]

Transport

Main article: Transport in Maharashtra
See also: List of airports in Maharashtra
Landscaped four-lane road over rolling terrain
Mumbai–Nashik Expressway
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust

The state has a large, multi-modal transportation system with the largest road network in India.

auto-rickshaws, which often ply specific routes in cities. Other district roads and village roads provide villages, accessibility to meet their social needs as well as the means to transport agricultural produce from villages to nearby markets. Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads and rural roads. Approximately 98 per cent of villages are connected either via the highways or modern roads in Maharashtra. Average speed on state highways varies between 50 and 60 km/h (31–37 mi/h) due to the heavy presence of vehicles; in villages and towns, speeds are as low as 25–30 km/h (15–18 mi/h).[231]

The first passenger train in India ran from Mumbai to Thane on 16 April 1853.[232] Rail transportation is run by the

Mumbai Rajdhani Express, the fastest Rajdhani train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to Mumbai.[235] Thane and CSMT are the busiest railway stations in India,[236]
the latter serving as a terminal for both long-distance trains and commuter trains of the Mumbai Suburban Railway.

The two principal seaports, Mumbai Port and Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which is also in the Mumbai region, are under the control and supervision of the government of India.[237] There are around 48 minor ports in Maharashtra.[238] Most of these handle passenger traffic and have a limited capacity. None of the major rivers in Maharashtra are navigable and so river transport does not exist in the state.

Joint Venture establishment of Government of India & Government of Maharashtra headquartered in Nagpur, India. Maha Metro is responsible for the implementation of all Maharashtra state metro projects, except the Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Mumbai Metro
is operational since 8 June 2014.

Education

See also: Education in Maharashtra and List of higher education institutions in Maharashtra
Students at a state-run primary school in Raigad district

Census of 2011 showed literacy rates in the state for males and females were around 88.38% and 75.87% respectively.[242]

Regions that comprise the present day state of Maharashtra have been known for their pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. Scottish missionary

Government Polytechnic Nagpur, established in 1914, is one of the oldest polytechnics in India.[248] Most of the private colleges including religious and special-purpose institutions were set up in the last thirty years after the State Government of Vasantdada Patil liberalised the Education Sector in 1982.[249]

Primary and secondary level education

Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts, including religious institutions.The medium of instruction in most of the schools is mainly Marathi, English, or Hindi, though

liberal arts
, commerce, or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enrol in general or professional degree programs.

Tertiary education

Founded in 1887, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI) is one of the oldest engineering colleges in Asia.
Armed Forces Medical College, Pune
was established in 1948 after the Indian independence.

Maharashtra has 24 universities with a turnout of 160,000 Graduates every year.

AIIMS. Other notable institutes in the state are: Maharashtra National Law University, Nagpur (MNLUN), Maharashtra National Law University, Mumbai (MNLUM), Maharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad (MNLUA), Government Law College, Mumbai (GLC), ILS Law College, and Symbiosis Law School
(SLS)

Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth (Agricultural University) at Akola

Agricultural universities include

Solapur University, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, and Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University are established to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state. deemed universities are established in Maharashtra, including Symbiosis International University, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, and Tilak Maharashtra University.[259]

Vocational training in different trades such as construction, plumbing, welding, automobile mechanics is offered by post-secondary school

community colleges also exist with generally more open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[261]

Infrastructure

Healthcare

A Primary Healthcare centre in the village of Amboli in Pune district

Health indicators of Maharashtra show that they have attained relatively high growth against a background of high per capita income (PCI).[262] In 2011, the health care system in Maharashtra consisted of 363 rural government hospitals,[263] 23 district hospitals (with 7,561 beds), 4 general hospitals (with 714 beds) mostly under the Maharashtra Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, and 380 private medical establishments; these establishments provide the state with more than 30,000 hospital beds.[264] It is the first state in India to have nine women's hospitals serving 1,365 beds.[264] The state also has a significant number of medical practitioners who hold the Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery qualifications. These practitioners primarily use the traditional Indian therapy of Ayurveda, nevertheless, modern western medicine is used as well.[265]

In Maharashtra as well as in the rest of India, Primary Health Centre (PHC) is part of the government-funded public health system and is the most basic unit of the healthcare system. They are essentially single-physician clinics usually with facilities for minor surgeries, too.

Indian states.[267] The total fertility rate of the state is 1.9.[268] The Infant mortality rate is 28 and the maternal mortality ratio is 104 (2012–2013), which are lower than the national averages.[269][270] Public health services are governed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), through various departments. The Ministry is divided into two departments: the Public Health Department, which includes family welfare and medical relief, and the Department of Medical Education and Drugs.[271][272]

Health insurance includes any program that helps pay for medical expenses, through privately purchased insurance,

National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the Health Insurance Program, which assist people who cannot afford health coverage.[273][274][275]

Energy

Current functioning units of Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station
Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station, the state's power production source

Although its population makes Maharashtra one of the country's largest energy users,

Mahavitaran is responsible for the distribution of electricity throughout the state by buying power from Mahanirmiti, captive power plants, other state electricity boards, and private sector power generation companies.[278]

As of 2012, Maharashtra was the largest power generating state in India, with an installed electricity generation capacity of 26,838 MW.[277] The state forms a major constituent of the western grid of India, which now comes under the North, East, West and North Eastern (NEWNE) grids of India.[276] Maharashtra Power Generation Company (MAHAGENCO) operates thermal power plants.[280] In addition to the state government-owned power generation plants, there are privately owned power generation plants that transmit power through the Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission Company, which is responsible for the transmission of electricity in the state.[281]

Environmental protection and sustainability

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB) is established and responsible for implementing various environmental legislations in the state principally including the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Water (Cess) Act, 1977 and some of the provisions under Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and the rules framed there under it including, Biomedical Waste (M&H) Rules, 1998, Hazardous Waste (M&H) Rules, 2000, and Municipal Solid Waste Rules, 2000. MPCB is functioning under the administrative control of the Environment Department of the Government of Maharashtra.[282] The Maharashtra Plastic and Thermocol Products ban became effective as law on 23 June 2018, subjecting plastic users to fines and potential imprisonment for repeat offenders.[283][284]

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Maharashtra and List of State Protected Monuments in Maharashtra
Further information:
Cultural activities of Maharashtra
Maharashtrian vegetarian Thali
Misal Paav, a popular dish from Maharashtra

Cuisine

Main article: Maharashtrian cuisine

Maharashtrian cuisine includes a variety of dishes ranging from mild to very spicy ones. Wheat, rice,

Pav Bhaji and Vada pav are very popular among the locals and are usually sold on stalls and in small hotels.[286] Meals (mainly lunch and dinner) are served on a plate called thali. Each food item served on the thali is arranged in a specific way. All non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes are eaten with boiled rice, chapatis or with bhakris, made of jowar, bajra or rice flours. A typical vegetarian thali is made of chapati or bhakri (Indian flat bread), dal, rice (varan bhaat), amti, bhaji or usal, chutney, koshimbir (salad) and buttermilk or Sol kadhi. A bhaji is a vegetable dish made of a particular vegetable or combination of vegetables. Aamti is variant of the curry, typically consisting of a lentil (tur) stock, flavoured with goda masala and sometimes with tamarind or amshul, and jaggery (gul).[286][287] Varan is nothing but plain dal, a common Indian lentil stew. More or less, most of the dishes use coconut, onion, garlic, ginger, red chili powder, green chilies, and mustard though some section of the population traditionally avoid onion and garlics.[288][286]

Maharashtrian cuisine varies with the regions.

Malvani (Konkani), Kolhapuri, and Varhadhi cuisins are examples of well known regional cuisines.[288] Kolhapur is famous for Tambda Pandhra rassa, a dish made of either chicken or mutton.[289] Rice and seafood are the staple foods of the coastal Konkani people. Among seafood, the most popular is a fish variety called the Bombay duck
(also known as bombil in Marathi).

Attire

A woman in Pune wearing traditional Maharashtrian Nauvari lugada (nine-yard sari)

Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the

pheta[294] on cultural occasions. The Gandhi cap is the popular headgear among older men in rural Maharashtra.[290][295][296] Women wear traditional jewellery derived from Maratha and Peshwa dynasties. Kolhapuri saaj, a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women.[290] In urban areas, western attire is dominant amongst women and men.[296]

Music

Maharashtra and Maharashtrian artists have been influential in preserving and developing Hindustani classical music for more than a century. Notable practitioners of Kirana or Gwalior style called Maharashtra their home. The Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival in Pune started by Bhimsen Joshi in the 1950s is considered the most prestigious Hindustani music festival in India, if not one of the largest.[297]

Cities like Kolhapur and Pune have been playing a major role in the preservation of music like

Natya Sangeet, which are inherited from Indian classical music. The biggest form of Indian popular music is songs from films produced in Mumbai. Film music, in 2009 made up 72 per cent of the music sales in India.[298]
Most the influential music composers and singers have called Mumbai their home.

In recent decades, the music scene in Maharashtra, and particularly in Mumbai has seen a growth of newer music forms such as rap.[299] The city also holds festivals in western music genres such as blues.[300] In 2006, the Symphony Orchestra of India was founded, housed at the NCPA in Mumbai. It is today the only professional symphony orchestra in India and presents two concert seasons per year, with world-renowned conductors and soloists.

Maharashtra has a long and rich tradition of folk music. Some of the most common forms of folk music in practice are Bhajan, Bharud, Kirtan, Gondhal,[301] and Koli Geet.[302]

Dance

Lavani performance

Marathi dance forms draw from folk traditions. Lavani is popular form of dance in the state. The Bhajan, Kirtan and Abhangas of the Warkari sect (Vaishanav Devotees) have a long history and are part of their daily rituals.[303][304] Koli dance (called 'Koligeete') is among the most popular dances of Maharashtra. As the name suggests, it is related to the fisher folk of Maharashtra, who are called Kolis. Popular for their unique identity and liveliness, their dances represent their occupation. This type of dance is represented by both men and women. While dancing, they are divided into groups of two. These fishermen display the movements of waves and casting of the nets during their koli dance performances.[305][306]

Theatre

Main article: Marathi theatre
Playwright Vijay Tendulkar

Modern Theatre in Maharashtra can trace its origins to the British colonial era in the middle of the 19th century. It is modelled mainly after the western tradition but also includes forms like Sangeet Natak (musical drama). In recent decades, Marathi Tamasha has also been incorporated in some experimental plays.[307] The repertoire of Marathi theatre ranges from humorous social plays,

P. L. Deshpande, Mahesh Elkunchwar, Ratnakar Matkari, and Satish Alekar have influenced theatre throughout India.[308] Besides Marathi theatre, Maharashtra and particularly, Mumbai, has had a long tradition of theatre in other languages such as Gujarati, Hindi, and English.[309]

The National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCP) is a multi-venue, multi-purpose cultural centre in Mumbai which hosts events in music, dance, theatre, film, literature, and photography from India as well other places. It also presents new and innovative work in the performing arts field.

Literature

Main article: Marathi literature
P L Deshpande (at centre), one of the most popular authors in Marathi language

Maharashtra's regional literature is about the lives and circumstances of

Pandurang by Bhakti saints such as Tukaram, Eknath, and Rama by Ramdas respectively.[311][312]

19th century

Vishnushastri Chiplunkar
.
Keshavsuta was a pioneer in modern Marathi poetry. The Hindutva proponent, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
was a prolific writer. His work in English and Marathi consists of many essays, two novels, poetry, and plays.

Four Marathi writers have been honoured with the Jnanpith Award, India's highest literary award. They include novelists, Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar, and Bhalchandra Nemade, Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar(Kusumagraj) and Vinda Karandikar. The last two were known for their poetry as well.[313] Other notable writers from the early and mid 20th century include playwright

Narayan Surve, Shanta Shelke, Durga Bhagwat, Suresh Bhat, and Narendra Jadhav
are some of the more recent authors

Dalit literature originally emerged in the Marathi language as a literary response to the everyday oppressions of caste in mid-twentieth-century independent India, critiquing caste practices by experimenting with various literary forms.[315] In 1958, the term "Dalit literature" was used for the first conference of Maharashtra Dalit Sahitya Sangha (Maharashtra Dalit Literature Society) in Mumbai.[316]

Maharashtra, and particularly the cities in the state such as Mumbai and Pune are diverse with different languages being spoken. Mumbai is called home by writers in English such as

Jan Nissar Akhtar, Gulzar, and Javed Akhtar
have been residents of Mumbai.

Cinema

Main articles:
Bollywood and Marathi cinema
Bollywood, called "the biggest film star in the world".[318][319][320]

The first Indian feature-length film,

Indian cinema.[323]

The

art films, the early Marathi film industry included acclaimed directors such as Dadasaheb Phalke, V. Shantaram, Raja Thakur, Bhalji Pendharkar, Pralhad Keshav Atre, Baburao Painter, and Dada Kondke. Some of the directors who made acclaimed films in Marathi are Jabbar Patel, Mahesh Manjrekar, Amol Palekar, and Sanjay Surkar
.

Durga Khote was one of the first women from respectable families to enter the film industry, thus breaking a social taboo.[324] Lalita Pawar, Sulabha Deshpande, and Usha Kiran featured in Hindi and Marathi movies. In 70s and 80s, Smita Patil, Ranjana Deshmukh, Reema Lagoo featured in both art and mainstream movies in Hindi and Marathi. Rohini Hattangadi starred in a number of acclaimed movies, and is the only Indian actress to win the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance as Kasturba Gandhi in Gandhi (1982).[325] Bhanu Athaiya was the first Indian to win an Oscar in Best Costume Design category for Gandhi (1982).[326][327] In 90s and 2000s, Urmila Matondkar and Madhuri Dixit starred in critically acclaimed and high grossing films in Hindi and Marathi.

In earliest days of Marathi cinema,

Sachin Pilgaonkar, Ashok Saraf, Laxmikant Berde and Mahesh Kothare
created a "comedy film wave" in Marathi Cinema.

Maharashtra is a prominent location for the Indian entertainment industry, with enormous films, television series, books, and other media production companies being set there.

Bollywood productions, with the most expensive costing up to ₹1.5 billion (US$19 million), are filmed there.[333]

Media

Times of India building in Mumbai

The state is home to more than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines. The publishing industry employs more than 250,000 people.

Mumbai Samachar in Gujarati, and The Inquilab in Urdu have Mumbai editions.[339]

The television industry in Maharashtra has been contributing significantly in the state's economy.

Fakt Marathi
.

BSNL and by other private companies.[342]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Maharashtra
See also: Sport of cricket in Maharashtra
Children playing cricket in a farm outside the village of Chinawal in Jalgaon district

Cricket is the most popular spectator sport in Maharashtra. It is played as an exercise and recreational activity. Maharashtra is represented by three teams in Domestic Cricket namely Maharashtra, Mumbai and Vidarbha cricket team. These teams are governed by Maharashtra cricket association, Mumbai Cricket Association, and Vidarbha Cricket Association, respectively.[343][344][345] [b] Governing body of Cricket in India, BCCI, has its headquarters in Churchgate, Mumbai. The state also has Indian Premier League (IPL) franchise Mumbai Indians based in Mumbai which plays its home matches at Wankhede Stadium. Brabourne Stadium, Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai and New VCA Stadium, Nagpur are international cricket stadiums, which are the venues for international cricket.[346][347]

At 2023 National games, Maharashtra won highest number of medals among the states and was first in the total medals tally behind Services. Maharashtra won 228 total medals, of which are 80 gold medals.[348]

Kabbadi, Kho kho, Kushti, and Mallakhamba are some of the traditional games that are played in the state. Kusti and bullock cart races are popular in rural areas of South-west Maharashtra, are organised by villagers during the annual fairs.[349][350][351] Amateur wrestling tournaments Hind Kesari, Maharashtra Kesari are held annually.[352] Badminton, Volleyball, Tennis are played as a recreational activity in urban areas.[353][354] The beaches of Konkan coast, mountains of Western Ghats, and the lakes formed by numerous dams in the state facilitate adventure sports such as paragliding, rock climbing, trekking, mountaineering, water sports, and scuba diving and are popular among visitors.[355][356][357]

India's only world class Tennis championship

dubious – discuss][362] The Maharashtra football team represents the state in the Santosh Trophy
, football tournament.

Many national-level football club are based in this state, such as

Kenkre F.C., Bengal Mumbai FC, and Air India FC.[363] Two clubs from the state participate in Elite Football League of India.[364][needs update] Mumbai Gladiators and Pune Marathas are teams based in Mumbai and Pune respectively.[365][366] Puneri Paltan, U Mumba, Pro Kabbadi
, league teams are based in Pune and Mumbai respectively.

Tourism

See also: Tourism in Maharashtra

Maharashtra has a number of places that attracts national international tourists. The most popular or well known are Mumbai city,

Bollywood, shopping, and an active nightlife.[368][369] The city attracts three million foreign and forty million domestic tourists annually. The state wants to increase the numbers by allowing retailers and entertainment venues to be open 24-hours a day, seven days a week.[370]

Pune city, along with

Pratapgad.[376]

A number of temples such as

Hazur Sahib, also known as Takht Sachkhand Sri Hazur Abchalnagar Sahib, is one of the five takhts in Sikhism. The area around the city of Aurangabad has many ancient and medieval sites including the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Ajanta and Ellora caves, the Daulatabad Fort, and the Bibi Ka Maqbara.[380]

The Vidarbha region of Maharashtra has numerous nature reserve parks. These include

Tadoba-Andhari Tiger Reserve in Chandrapur district,[381] Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary in Nagpur district, the Nagzira wildlife sanctuary, and Navegaon National Park
(bird sanctuary) of Gondia District.

According to a survey by the government of Maharashtra, in 2009–10, domestic tourists accounted for 98% of the total number of visitors to Maharashtra and the remaining were foreign.[382] Visitors from the US, UK, Germany, and UAE each form a significant percentage of the foreign tourists.[382] The state government has established the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) for the systematic development and promotion of tourism in the state. MTDC owns and maintains resorts at all key tourist centres.[383]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Stewart Gordon writes on the Northward march of Marathas

    In the 1750s, the "frontier" extended north to Delhi. In this period, the Mughal government directly controlled little territory further than fifty miles from the capital. Even this was fiercely fought over. Jats and Rohillas disputed for the territory; factions fought for the throne, and the Afghan king, Ahmad Shah Abdali, periodically descended on the capital.

    ... For the Marathas, probably the two most significant events of the whole chaotic period in Delhi were a treaty in 1752, which made them protector of the Mughal throne (and gave them the right to collect chauth in the Punjab), and the civil war of 1753, by which the Maratha nominee ended up on the Mughal throne.- [60]

  2. ^ Mumbai Cricket Association control governs cricket in Mumbai district, Palghar district and Thane districts and select players for their Mumbai cricket team from these areas only.
  3. ^ Maharashtra Open is the only ATP championship in South Asia.

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External links

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General information
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