Cinema of Australia
Cinema of Australia | |
---|---|
No. of screens | 2,210 (2017)[1] |
• Per capita | 10.1 per 100,000 (2017)[1] |
Main distributors | Village Roadshow/Warner Bros. (26.0%) Paramount (19.0%) 20th Century Studios (Disney) (12.0%)[2] |
Produced feature films (2017)[1] | |
Total | 55 |
Fictional | 35 (63.6%) |
Animated | 0 (0%) |
Documentary | 20 (32.7%) |
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The cinema of Australia began with the 1906 production of The Story of the Kelly Gang, arguably the world's first feature film. Since then, Australian crews have produced many films, a number of which have received international recognition. Many actors and filmmakers with international reputations started their careers in Australian films, and many of these have established lucrative careers in larger film-producing centres such as the United States.
Commercially successful Australian films include: Crocodile Dundee, the George Miller's Mad Max trilogy, Baz Luhrmann's Moulin Rouge!, and Chris Noonan's Babe. Award-winning productions include Picnic at Hanging Rock, Gallipoli, The Tracker, Shine and Ten Canoes.
Cinema in Australia is subject to censorship, called classification. Films may be refused classification, which means they are effectively banned.
History
The Australian film critic David Stratton characterized the history of the country's film as one of "boom and bust": there have been deep troughs, during which few films were made for decades, and high peaks, during which a glut of films reached the market.[3][need quotation to verify]
Pioneer days – 1890s to 1910
The first public screenings of films in Australia took place in October 1896, within a year of the world's first screening in Paris by Lumière brothers. On 22 August 1896, the first films projected to a paying audience in Australia were at Harry Rickards' Melbourne Opera House (later known as the Tivoli Theatre). The film by magician Carl Hertz was screened as part of a variety show act. Australian tours with similar projection machines followed.[4] Australia's first cinema, the Salon Lumière at 237 Pitt Street, Sydney, was operating in October 1896, and showed the first Australian-produced short film on 27 October 1896.[5]
The
A landmark of newsreel photography was in 1897, when films of both the
Some of the earliest movie film shot in Australia consisted of films of
The earliest
Melbourne also hosted one of the world's first film studios, the Limelight Department, operated by the Salvation Army in Australia between 1897 and 1910.[15] The Limelight Department produced evangelical material for use by the Salvation Army, as well as carrying out private and government contracts. In its 19 years of operation the Limelight Department produced about 300 films of various lengths, making it the largest film-producer of its time. The major innovation of the Limelight Department came in 1899 when Herbert Booth and Joseph Perry began work on Soldiers of the Cross, described by some as the first feature-length film ever produced. Soldiers of the Cross fortified the Limelight Department as a major player in the early film-industry. The Limelight Department also produced a film recording of the Federation of Australia.[16]
Boom and bust – 1910s to 1920s
The 1910s were a "boom" period in Australian cinema. Activity had begun slowly in the 1900s, and 1910 saw four narrative films released, then 51 in 1911, 30 in 1912, and 17 in 1913, and back to four in 1914, when the beginning of World War I brought a temporary pause in film-making.[17] While these numbers may seem small in the 21st century, Australia was one of the most prolific film-producing countries at the time. In all, between 1906 and 1928 Australia made 150 narrative feature films, almost 90 of them between 1910 and 1912.[18]
A general consolidation took place in the early 1910s in the production, distribution and exhibition of films in Australia. By 1912 numerous independent producers had merged into
Various other explanations attempt to account for the decline of the industry in the 1920s. Some historians point to falling audience numbers, a lack of interest in Australian product and narratives, and Australia's participation in the war. Also, an
Whatever the explanation, by 1923 American films dominated the Australian market, with 94% of all exhibited films coming from the United States.[23]
1930s–1960s
In 1930,
In 1933,
In Britain, the Cinematograph Films Act 1927 established a quota of films that had to be shown in British cinemas. One could shoot compliant films in the British Empire as well as in Great Britain; this stimulated Australian film-production. However the Cinematograph Films Act 1938 mollified the British film industry by including only films made by and shot in Great Britain in the quota - this removed Australian films from the film quota in the UK, and saw the loss of a guaranteed market for Australian films.[29]
Both
In the 1950s British and American production-companies made several notable films in Australia based on stories from
In 1958,
After filming
Overseas cinema continued to attract Australian actors as "action-men" with the casting of Australian George Lazenby to replace Sean Connery in portraying the superspy James Bond in the 1969 U.K. film On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
Renaissance – 1970s and 1980s
Also notable during this era was the effect of the growing feminist movement. The role of women's films was discussed at the Women's Liberation Conference in Melbourne in 1970,[33] and groups such as the Feminist Film Workers collective (1970s and 1980s), Sydney Women"s Film Group (SWFG, 1972–), Melbourne Women's Film Group (1973–), Reel Women (1979 to 1983 in Melbourne), and Women's Film Unit (Sydney and Melbourne, 1984/5) were established.[34] A number of filmmakers, including Jeni Thornley, Sarah Gibson, Susan Lambert, Martha Ansara, Margot Nash and Megan McMurchy, were involved in these groups.[33] The 1975 International Women's Film Festival, the first of its kind,[33] was initiated by the SWFG,[35] but groups around the country organised screening events in other state capitals. In Melbourne and Sydney the festivals ran for nine days (with an audience of around 56,000), and in the other states they spanned two to three days.[36]
Films such as Picnic at Hanging Rock (directed by Peter Weir, 1975) and Sunday Too Far Away (Ken Hannam, 1975) made an impact on the international scene. The 1970s and 1980s are regarded by many[who?][quantify] as a "golden age" of Australian cinema, with many successful films, from the dark dystopian fiction of Mad Max (George Miller, 1979) to the romantic comedy of Crocodile Dundee (Peter Faiman, 1986) and the emergence of such film-directing auteurs as Gillian Armstrong, Phillip Noyce and Bruce Beresford.
A major theme of Australian cinema which matured in the 1970s was one of survival in the harsh Australian landscape. A number of thrillers and horror-films - dubbed "
Classic stories from
1980's
Actor/comedian
Nicole Kidman began appearing in Australian children's TV and film in the early 1980s – including starring roles in BMX Bandits and Bush Christmas. During the 1980s she appeared in several Australian productions, including Emerald City (1988), and Bangkok Hilton (1989). In 1989 Kidman starred in Dead Calm alongside Sam Neill and Billy Zane. The thriller garnered strong reviews, and Hollywood roles followed.[40]
1990–2000
"Is everyone in Australia a few degrees off from true north? You can search in vain through the national cinema for characters who are ordinary or even boring; everyone is more colorful than life. If England is a nation of eccentrics, Australia leaves it at the starting line."
Roger Ebert describing the eccentric national character in his review for the film Chopper (2000).[41]
The 1990s proved a successful decade for Australian film and introduced several new stars to a global audience. Low budget films such as the comedy/drama Muriel's Wedding, starring Toni Collette,[42] the gently satirical suburban comedy The Castle directed by Rob Sitch (which cast Eric Bana in his first prominent film role), and Baz Luhrmann's flamboyant Strictly Ballroom[43] each attained commercial and critical success, and explored quirky characters inhabiting contemporary Australian suburbia – marking something of a departure from the Outback and historical sagas which obtained success in the 1970s and 1980s. Stephan Elliott's 1994 film The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert mixed traditional outback cinematography and landscape with contemporary urban sub-culture: following three drag queens on a road trip to Central Australia.
While a number of major international stars gained early prominence in Australia over the period, an important stable of established and emerging local stars with prodigious film credits remained prominent, including screen veterans
.The World War II drama Blood Oath (1990) debuted both Russell Crowe and Jason Donovan, in minor cinematic roles. Crowe demonstrated his versatility as an actor in this early period of his career by starring soon after as a street gang Melbourne skinhead in 1992's Romper Stomper and then as an inner-Sydney working-class gay man in 1994's The Sum of Us before transferring to the US to commence his Hollywood career.
George Miller's Babe (1995) employed new digital effects to make a barnyard come alive and went on to become one of Australia's highest-grossing films. The 1996 drama Shine achieved an Academy Award for Best Actor award for Geoffrey Rush and Gregor Jordan's 1999 film Two Hands gave Heath Ledger his first leading role.
2001–2019
After Ledger's successful transition to Hollywood, Jordan and Ledger collaborated again in 2003, with Ledger playing the iconic bushranger title role in the film Ned Kelly, co-starring Australian actress Naomi Watts.
The canon of films related to
The shifting demographics of Australia following post-war multicultural immigration was reflected in Australian cinema through the period and in successful films like 1993's
Rob Sitch and Working Dog Productions followed the success of The Castle with period comedy The Dish, which was the highest grossing Australian film of the Year 2000 and entered the top ten list of highest grossing Australian films. Big budget Australian-international co-productions Moulin Rouge! (Baz Luhrmann, 2001) and Happy Feet (which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for filmmaker George Miller in 2006) also entered the top ten list during the first decade of the new century. Baz Luhrmann directed a series of international hits and returned to Australia for the production of 2008's Australia, which showcased a host of Australian stars including Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman and David Wenham and went on to become the second highest-grossing film in Australian cinematic history.
Emerging star Sam Worthington had early lead roles in the 2002 mobster black comedy Dirty Deeds and 2003's crime caper Gettin' Square. Gettin Square also featured rising star David Wenham who demonstrated versatility with a string of critically acclaimed roles including the title role in Paul Cox's 1999 biopic Molokai: The Story of Father Damien and the 2001 thriller The Bank, directed by the politically conscious film director Robert Connolly.
In 2005,
In 2008 following Ledger's death, the documentary film celebrating the romps of the Australian New Wave of 1970s and 1980s low-budget cinema: Not Quite Hollywood: The Wild, Untold Story of Ozploitation! The film was directed by Mark Hartley and interviews filmmakers including Quentin Tarantino, Dennis Hopper, George Miller and Barry Humphries.
The early 2000s were generally not successful years for Australian cinema, with several confronting dramas proving unpopular at the box office. In 2008, no Australian movies made $3 million at the box office, but a conscious decision by filmmakers to broaden the types of films being made as well as the range of budgets produced a series of box-office hits at the close of the decade. Strong box office performances were recorded in 2009–10 by
Other award-winning films of the period included Balibo (2009) starring Anthony LaPaglia; Middle Eastern crime flick Cedar Boys (2009) directed by Serhat Caradee; and animated comedy drama Mary and Max.
World War I drama Beneath Hill 60 (2010), directed by Jeremy Sims and starring Brendan Cowell, was nominated for numerous awards and won three.
Sally Riley, as inaugural head of the Indigenous department at ABC Television, after her previous role at the Australian Film Commission (later Screen Australia), has done much to develop Indigenous talent in the film and television industry.[51][52] Contemporary Indigenous film-makers include Warwick Thornton, Wayne Blair, Trisha Morton-Thomas and Rachel Perkins.
The Australian film industry continues to produce a reasonable number of films each year, but in common with other English-speaking countries, Australia has often found it difficult to compete with the
2020–present
An Australian film and TV industry was afflicted by
Sometimes after reopening movies and TV industries, two other several films including Escape from Pretoria (2020) and James Wan's reboot of video game franchise Mortal Kombat (2021), a feature film production in the state's history, who were delaying the films during the pandemic.[57][58][59]
Genres
Australian Gothic films
Gothic films incorporate Gothic elements and can be infused within different genres such as horror, romance, science fiction, and comedy. Australian Gothic films have been an accordant genera ever since the 1970s. Gothic Australian films means to make films that are diverse and use camera techniques in different ways to question what the audience may perceive. One of the Australian Gothic films created by female filmmakers Suzan Dermody and Elizabeth Jacka called The Screening of Australia (1987), shows different stylistic thematic terms and was the most successful at showing what is called the ocker, a term to describe a (white) Australian savage man. Other than this, there is a strong relationship between Australian Gothic films and Gothic literature. The characters and the actions that happen in a Gothic novel is created into a Gothic film. Most Gothic novels during the 1970s referred to female characters and their Australian cultural values.[60]
Although the film Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) was directed by a male filmmaker, it was written by female storyteller Joan Lindsay. Lindsay decided to make this film culturally related to Australian societal issues of day-to-day lives.[60] Her film included Gothic materials and gave a twist of horror that later the director will showcase through the mise-en-scene and cinematography. The use of Gothic materials were offered by the filmmakers Dermody and Jacka to other Australian Gothic films that have opened up to a more thematic analysis. Other Gothic films were made to broaden Australian characteristics and features. Smoke Em If You Got ‘Em (1988), produced by Jennifer Hooks, showcased the protagonist in a supernatural horrific way, but also added a comedic twist to not lose its characterization of film style.[60]
Government support
The federal Australian government had supported the Australian film industry through the funding and development agencies of Film Finance Corporation Australia, the Australian Film Commission and Film Australia. In 2008 the three agencies were consolidated into Screen Australia.
Government funding bodies
- Screen Australia, successor to
- Queensland Film Corporation (defunct)
- Screen NSW
- Screenwest
- South Australian Film Corporation
- Tasmanian Film Corporation (defunct)
- VicScreen
Highest-grossing Australian films
Rank | Title | Year of release |
Budget (A$) |
Australian gross (A$) |
Worldwide gross (US$) |
Co-producing countries |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Crocodile Dundee | 1986 | $11,500,000 | $47,707,045 | $328,203,506[63] | United States |
2 | Australia | 2008 | $200,000,000 (US$130,000,000, US$78,000,000 after tax incentives)[64] |
$37,555,757 | $211,342,221[65] | United States, United Kingdom |
3 | Babe | 1995 | $30,000,000 | $36,791,812 | $254,134,910[66] | United States |
4 | Happy Feet | 2006 | $132,740,000 | $31,786,164 | $384,335,608[67] | United States |
5 | Lion | 2016 | $15,000,000 | $29,545,626 | $140,312,928[68] | United States, United Kingdom |
6 | Moulin Rouge! | 2001 | $52,000,000 | $27,734,406 | $179,213,434[69] | United States |
7 | The Great Gatsby | 2013 | $105,000,000 | $27,385,692 | $353,641,895[70] | United States |
8 | Peter Rabbit | 2018 | $50,000,000 | $26,750,712 | $351,266,433[71] | United States |
9 | Elvis | 2022 | $120,000,000 | $25,460,000[72] | $193,701,000[73] | United States |
10 | Crocodile Dundee II | 1988 | $15,800,000 | $24,916,805 | $239,606,210[74] | United States |
Other financial hits
High-grossing Australian films from earlier decades include:
- 1900s – The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906) (gross £20,000)[75]
- 1910s – The Fatal Wedding (1911) (£18,000),[76] The Life Story of John Lee, or The Man They Could Not Hang (1912) (£20,000),[75] The Martyrdom of Nurse Cavell (1915) (£25,000)[75]
- 1920s – For the Term of His Natural Life (1927) (over £40,000)[77]
- 1930s – On Our Selection (1932) (£60,000),[78] The Silence of Dean Maitland (1934) (£50,000)[78]
- 1940s – Forty Thousand Horsemen (1940) (£130,000),[79] Smithy (1946) (over £50,000),[78] The Overlanders (1946) (£250,000),[78] Sons of Matthew (1949)
- 1950s – Walk Into Paradise (1956)
- 1960s – They're a Weird Mob (1966) (over $2 million)[80]
- 1970s – Alvin Purple (1973) ($4.72 million), Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) (over $5 million), Mad Max (1979) ($100 million)[80]
Directors
- Gillian Armstrong
- Tony Ayres
- Stuart Beattie
- Bruce Beresford
- Charles Chauvel
- Paul Cox
- Kieran Darcy-Smith
- Andrew Dominik
- Kevin James Dobson
- Matt Drummond
- Peter Duncan
- Adam Elliot
- Stephan Elliott
- Richard Franklin (director)
- Rolf de Heer
- Scott Hicks
- John Hillcoat
- P. J. Hogan
- Gregor Jordan
- Ray Lawrence
- Raymond Longford
- Baz Luhrmann
- James McTeigue
- George Miller
- George T. Miller
- Russell Mulcahy
- Chris Noonan
- Phillip Noyce
- Matthew Victor Pastor
- Alex Proyas
- Sally Riley
- Fred Schepisi
- Anupam Sharma
- Rob Sitch
- Kriv Stenders
- Warwick Thornton
- Brian Trenchard-Smith
- James Wan
- Rachel Ward
- Peter Weir
- Simon Wincer
- Leigh Whannell
Actors
-
Cate Blanchett, the first Australian to win two Academy Awards and the most nominated Australian in the acting categories overall with 7 nominations.
-
Hollywood's highest paid performers.
-
Barbie.
-
Golden Globe Award
-
Rebel Wilson, star of Pitch Perfect
The Australian film industry has produced a number of successful actors, actresses, writers, directors and filmmakers many of whom have been known internationally.
Actors
- David Argue
- Simon Baker
- Eric Bana
- Steve Bisley
- Graeme Blundell
- Grant Bowler
- Luke Bracey
- Bryan Brown
- Dieter Brummer
- Tom Burlinson
- Michael Caton
- Jason Clarke
- Robert Coleby
- Vince Colosimo
- Jai Courtney
- Brendan Cowell
- Russell Crowe
- Max Cullen
- Stephen Curry
- Bernard Curry
- Cameron Daddo
- Alan Dale
- Matt Day
- Ed Devereaux
- Alex Dimitriades
- Ernie Dingo
- Firass Dirani
- Michael Dorman
- Joel Edgerton
- Jacob Elordi
- Dan Ewing
- Eamon Farren
- Maurie Fields
- Travis Fimmel
- Peter Finch
- Errol Flynn
- David Franklin
- Colin Friels
- Dean Geyer
- Mel Gibson
- Max Gillies
- Marcus Graham
- David Gulpilil
- Anthony Hayes
- Mark Hembrow
- Chris Hemsworth
- Liam Hemsworth
- Luke Hemsworth
- Damon Herriman
- Paul Hogan
- Barry Humphries
- Bill Hunter
- Hugh Jackman
- Shane Jacobson
- John Jarratt
- Hugh Keays-Byrne
- Sean Keenan
- Graham Kennedy
- Ryan Kwanten
- Anthony LaPaglia
- Jonathan LaPaglia
- Daniel Lapaine
- Josh Lawson
- George Lazenby
- Heath Ledger
- Ewen Leslie
- Mark Little
- Keiynan Lonsdale
- Costas Mandylor
- Callan McAuliffe
- Leo McKern
- Julian McMahon
- Ray Meagher
- John Meillon
- Ben Mendelsohn
- Levi Miller
- Tim Minchin
- Dacre Montgomery
- Callan Mulvey
- Matt Nable
- John Noble
- Alex O'Loughlin
- Barry Otto
- Steve Peacocke
- Guy Pearce
- Thaao Penghlis
- Peter Phelps
- Dominic Purcell
- Wayne Pygram
- Ingo Rademacher
- Chips Rafferty
- Richard Roxburgh
- Jay Ryan
- Geoffrey Rush
- Angus Sampson
- Benedict Samuel
- Xavier Samuel
- Yahoo Serious
- Anthony Simcoe
- Jaason Simmons
- Jeremy Sims
- Troye Sivan
- Kodi Smit-McPhee
- Jesse Spencer
- Sullivan Stapleton
- Gary Sweet
- Nick Tate
- Noah Taylor
- Rod Taylor
- Jack Thompson
- Brenton Thwaites
- Charles Tingwell
- Lani Tupu
- Rhys Wakefield
- John Waters
- Hugo Weaving
- David Wenham
- Leigh Whannell
- Sam Worthington
- Dan Wyllie
- Lincoln Younes
- Aden Young
Actresses
- Judith Anderson
- Jacinda Barrett
- Lorraine Bayly
- Claudia Black
- Cate Blanchett
- Rebecca Breeds
- Emily Browning
- Rose Byrne
- Bianca Chiminello
- Diane Cilento
- Justine Clarke
- Adelaide Clemens
- Toni Collette
- Alyssa-Jane Cook
- Abbie Cornish
- Ruth Cracknell
- Linda Cropper
- Kimberley Davies
- Essie Davis
- Judy Davis
- Jessica De Gouw
- Elizabeth Debicki
- Jeanie Drynan
- Courtney Eaton
- Gigi Edgley
- Belinda Emmett
- Alice Englert
- Indiana Evans
- Isla Fisher
- Lucy Fry
- Megan Gale
- Melissa George
- Rachel Griffiths
- Noni Hazlehurst
- Bella Heathcote
- Cariba Heine
- Virginia Hey
- Raelee Hill
- Claire Holt
- Wendy Hughes
- Natalie Imbruglia
- Stephanie Jacobsen
- Melissa Jaffer
- Adelaide Kane
- Claudia Karvan
- Nicole Kidman
- Asher Keddie
- Shiori Kutsuna
- Katherine Langford
- Isabel Lucas
- Lottie Lyell
- Danielle Macdonald
- Tammy MacIntosh
- Elle Macpherson
- Deborah Mailman
- Jessica Marais
- Miriam Margolyes
- Jacqueline McKenzie
- Robin McLeavy
- Dannii Minogue
- Kylie Minogue
- Sophie Monk
- Poppy Montgomery
- Jessica Napier
- Robyn Nevin
- Olivia Newton-John
- Miranda Otto
- Teresa Palmer
- Susie Porter
- Emilie de Ravin
- Angourie Rice
- Rebecca Riggs
- Margot Robbie
- Ruby Rose
- Portia de Rossi
- Greta Scacchi
- Eliza Scanlen
- Pallavi Sharda
- Sia
- Sarah Snook
- Yael Stone
- Yvonne Strahovski
- Tammin Sursok
- Alyssa Sutherland
- Magda Szubanski
- Rachael Taylor
- Sigrid Thornton
- Sonia Todd
- Phoebe Tonkin
- Anna Torv
- Holly Valance
- Sharni Vinson
- Leeanna Walsman
- Gemma Ward
- Mia Wasikowska
- Naomi Watts
- Jacki Weaver
- Samara Weaving
- Peta Wilson
- Rebel Wilson
- Sarah Wynter
- Odessa Young
See also
- Antipodean Film Festival
- Australian Directors' Guild
- Australian Writers' Guild
- Event Hospitality and Entertainment
- List of Australian films
- List of films set in Australia
- List of films shot in Adelaide
- List of films shot in Darwin
- List of films shot in Melbourne
- List of films shot in Queensland
- List of films shot in Sydney
- List of films shot in Tasmania
- List of films shot in Western Australia
- List of cinema of the world
- Television in Australia
- World cinema
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Literature
Encyclopedia and reference
- Goldsmith, Ben, Ryan, Mark David, and Lealand, Geoff Eds. "Directory of World Cinema : Australia and New Zealand 2". Bristol: Intellect, 2014. ISBN 9781841506340
- Murray, Scott, ed. Australian Film: 1978–1994. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-19-553777-2
- Pike, Andrew and Ross Cooper. Australian Film: 1900–1977. revised ed. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-550784-3
- McFarland, Brian, Geoff Mayer and Ina Bertrand, eds. The Oxford Companion to Australian Film. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-19-553797-0
- Moran, Albert and Errol Vieth. Historical Dictionary of Australian and New Zealand Cinema. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8108-5459-8
- Reade, Eric. Australian Silent Films: A Pictorial History of Silent Films from 1896 to 1926. Melbourne: Lansdowne Press, 1970.
- ISBN 978-1-876310-00-4
Critique and commentary
- Ryan, Mark David and Goldsmith, Ben, Australian Screen in the 2000s. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-3-319-48299-6
- Collins, Felicity, and Theresa Davis. Australian Cinema After Mabo. Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
- Dawson, Jonathan, and Bruce Molloy, eds. Queensland Images in Film and Television. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, 1990.
- Dermody, Susan and Elizabeth Jacka, eds. The Screening of Australia, Volume 1: Anatomy of a Film Industry. Sydney: Currency Press, 1987.
- ——— . The Screening of Australia, Volume 2: Anatomy of a National Cinema. Sydney: Currency Press, 1988.
- Moran, Albert and Tom O'Regan, eds. An Australian Film Reader (Australian Screen Series). Sydney: Currency Press, 1985.
- Moran, Albert and Errol Vieth. Film in Australia: An Introduction Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
- O'Regan, Tom. Australian National Cinema. London: Routledge, 1996.
- Ryan, Mark, David (2009),'Whither Culture? Australian Horror Films and the Limitations of Cultural Policy', Media International Australia: Incorporating Culture and Policy, no. 133, pp. 43–55.
- Stratton, David. The Avocado Plantation: Boom and Bust in the Australian Film Industry. Sydney : Pan Macmillan, 1990. 465p. ISBN 978-0-7329-0250-6
- Verhoeven, Deb. Sheep and the Australian Cinema. Melbourne : MUP, 2006. ISBN 978-0-522-85239-4
External links
Commonwealth and State Government Sites
- australianscreen – Australia's audiovisual heritage online
- Screen Australia
- National Film and Sound Archive of Australia
- Australian Government site on Film in Australia
- Pacific Film and Television Corporation (Queensland)
- New South Wales Film and Television Office
- Australian Centre for the Moving Image (Victoria)
- South Australia Film Corporation
- Filmwest (Western Australia)
- Australian Film, Television and Radio School
- Film Making studies in Australia