Clodomir Santos de Morais
Clodomir Santos de Morais | |
---|---|
Organization Workshop (OW)/Large Group Capacitation Method (LGCM) | |
Awards | Professor Doctor Honoris Causa UNIR[1] Human Rights Prize (2008 – Brazil)[2] |
Clodomir Santos de Morais (30 September 1928 – 25 March 2016) was a Brazilian
In the 1940s and 1950s de Morais worked as a
After the end of military rule de Morais returned to Brazil in 1988, answering a call from the
He recently returned to his hometown in Bahía State.
Pre-exile: Bahía, São Paulo, Pernambuco
De Morais (occasionally spelled Moraes)
In 1950, aged 22, he moved to the Bahía State capital
In 1955 de Morais was elected delegate to the Pernambuco Federal Assembly where he was instrumental in getting approval for the creation of the
1964–1988: Years of Exile and spread of the Organization Workshop
While in Chile, Clodomir specialized in
In 1969 he directed a large "Centre" OW in
After having spent some time as visiting scholar at the
When his Honduras contract came to an end in 1976, de Morais, at the invitation of the Centre for Ecology and Sustainable Development (CECODES) took charge of the FAO/UNDP-funded (Mex74/006) Integrated Rural Development Program for Humid Tropics (PRODERITH) project in
In Portugal, the
Shortly after the Portugal assignment came Clodomir's transfer to Nicaragua at the behest of the new Sandinista government, which had requested him to set up a 'SIPGER' (Job Creation System), identical to the national PROCCARA project he previously had run in Honduras, in this case on account of the Nicaraguan ILO/INRA-sponsored COPERA (Capacitation Project for the Organization of Producers and Job Creation) Program.[76][77] de Morais ran some initial pilot OWs in Nicaragua until, in December 1980, the Sandinista government caught cold feet about going national.[78]
The further spread of the OW in the 1980s was due partly to de Morais visiting other Latin American countries where he gave talks and lectures and attended seminars at a number of universities,[79][10][80][81][82] but mainly due to the fact that Honduras in general and the Honduran Guanchias center[83][84][85] in particular had become a magnet[86] for field and middle management personnel and members of the campesino membership enterprises from other Latin American countries as well as from the Caribbean. They were sponsored to participate in the Honduran workshops by the Inter American Institute for Cooperation in Agriculture (IICA) and by the Foundation for Applied Capacitation and Research in Agrarian Reform (CIARA).[87][88] Those participants "reproduced the same type of experiments in Panama, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Dominica and Belize. In several of them, the Netherlands' Hivos and the Honduran Institute for Rural Development (IDHER) played a very important role".[87][89][80][90] Thus, for example, from 1979 onwards, one hundred OWs were organized in Colombia, resulting in 400 job-generating enterprises.[91] Sobrado points out that "the example, the Honduran Oscar Leiva and the Chilean Iván Labra", together with de Morais himself,[10] pioneered the OW in Venezuela. Subsequent to the 1980 CIARA-sponsored Conference on the OW in Caracas, 96 new OW Directors organized 286 workshops in which 11,440 Venezuelans participated.[81]
In 1984 and 1985 de Morais was active in
In 1986, Ian Cherrett,[95] then Hivos representative for southern Africa, and Cephas Muropa,[96] with the support of Glen Forest Training Centre (Harare, Zim.)[97] ran the very first OW in anglophone southern Africa at the Rujeko Cooperative Makoni Makoni District (Zim.). Not without considerable difficulties, however. That was the moment when Hivos, through Cherrett, invited the Social Psychologists Isabel and Iván Labra, with long, hands-on experience of running workshops in Latin America, to come to Zimbabwe.[97][98] The magazine "Workteam"[99] spread further knowledge about the OW to a wider English-speaking public in Africa.[100] Workteam subsequently reported on workshops which took place in Botswana (with the support of CORDE), Zimbabwe, South Africa, Namibia and the Caribbean.
de Morais became visiting professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin[10] in 1986, and at the University of Rostock (GDR) where he was awarded a doctorate in Sociology in 1987.[101][102][103]
1988: Back in Brazil
Civilian rule was restored in Brazil with the coming to power of president
The Supervisory Development Authority for Amazônia (SUDAM) (1996–2002) reports that, with IATTERMUND's 'APRENDER-FAZENDO' (Learn by doing) methodology, the POLONOROESTE program in 1992–3 ran OWs in
After the Workers' Party/PT electoral victory in 2003, large regional and national-scale OW 'PRONAGER' programs such as those that took place under the previous Fernando Henrique Cardoso's Brazilian Social Democracy Party dwindled both in size and in number. From then on, OWs in Brazil continue to be run on a more local(ized) basis, such as the Rondonia OWs in 2002.[118] From September 2012 to January 2013 de Morais directed the Guajará Mirim Course OW.[119]
In the meantime region-wide OW programs and government-sponsored OW events have taken on a life on their own, especially in the last decade, in Costa Rica[120] and South Africa.[121][122][52][123]
de Morais was visiting professor at the
In 2013 he returned to his hometown in Bahía State, where he died on 25 March 2016.
See also
- Action learning
- Aleksei N. Leontiev
- Community Development
- Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (CHAT)
- Cultural-historical psychology
- Experiential learning
- FAO
- ILO
- Global South
- Large-group capacitation
- Organization Workshop
- Paulo Freire
- Peasant leagues (Brazil)
- Situated learning
- Training
- Professional Development
- UNDP
- Lev Vygotsky
- Zone of Proximal Development
Bibliography
- Andersson, Gavin (2004). Unbounded Governance: A Study of Popular Development Organization. UK: Open University.
- Andersson, Gavin (2010). KWANDA. An example of Civic Driven Change? (PDF). South Africa: Seriti Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
- Andersson, Gavin (2013a). The Activity Theory Approach (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: (pre-booklaunch) chapter from Unbounded Organization:Embracing Societal Enterprise. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- Andersson, Gavin (2013b). "Introduction to the Theory of Organisation of Clodomir Santos de Morais". Isandla Institute - excerpt from Unbounded Organization: Embracing the Societal Enterprise.
- Andersson, Gavin; Richards, Howard (2015). Unbounded Organizing in Community. World Dignity University Press. ISBN 9781937570606.
- Araújo, Sebastão Lopes (2009). A Metodologia da Capacitação Massiva como Instrumento de inclusão social: Estudo de caso – The Large Group Capacitation Methodology as an Instrument of social inclusion: a case study (PDF) (in Portuguese). Fortaleza, Ceará State, Brazil: Ceará State University, Br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- Barrantes, Victor, J. (1998). La construcción de un sueño: Coopesilencio, 25 años después – The construction of a dream: Coopesilencio 25 years on. Costa Rica: EUNA. ISBN 9789977651415.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Carmen, R; Labra, I.&I.; Davis, M. (1999). Learning from Brazil. Proceedings of the Manchester Conference of 23rd March 1998 & the Synchronous & Asynchrononous online virtual conferencing. Manchester University UK: Manchester Monographs #38. ISBN 9780902252295.
- Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2000). A Future for the Excluded. London, UK: ISBN 9781856497022.
- Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2002a). Un Futuro para los Excluidos - A Future for the Excluded (in Spanish). Heredia, Costa Rica: EUNA. ISBN 9977-65-230-9.
- Carmen, Raff; Sobrado, Miguel (2002b). Um Futuro para os Excluidos - A Future for the Excluded (in Portuguese). Porto Velho, Amazonia, Br.: IATTERMUND.
- Cavalcanti, Paulo (1980). O caso eu conto, como o caso foi – Just in case I tell the story as it really was Vol. 2. Recife, Brazil: Editora Guararapes.
- CeCAC, Centro Cultural Antonio Carlos de Carvalho (2005). A Reforma Agraria no Brasil e na America Latina –Agrarian Reform in Brazil and Latin America (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro Brazil: CeCAC. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- Cintra, Benito Eliseu Leite (1998). Paulo Freire entre o grego e o semita: educação: filosofia e comunhão – Paulo Freire between Greek and Semite: education, philosophy and communion. Porto Alegre, Br: ediPURCS. ISBN 9788574300153.
- Correia, Jainta JB (1994). Comunicação e Capacitação – Communication and Capacitation (in Portuguese). Brasilia, Br: IATTERMUND.
- Correia, Jacinta CB (2001). Comunicación y Capacitación en Empresas Autogestionarias surgidas de Laboratorios Organizacionales – Communication and Capacitation in the Selfmanaging Enterprises resulting from Organization Workshops (in Spanish). Mexico: PhD Thesis Chapingo University.
- Correia, Jacinta CB (2007). Learning with Africa: the Case of Mozambique (PDF). Goa (India): Presentation made in Jan 2006 at the 'African Diaspora in India 'TADIA' meeting. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- Correia, Jacinta C.B. (2008). Comunicación y autogestion en las cooperativas de reforma agrária ante el Comunicación y autogestion en las cooperativas de reforma agrária ante el desafio del relevo generacional – Communication and self management in the agrarian reform cooperatives faced with the challenge of the new generational take-over (PDF) (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Hond: UNAH National Autonomous University Honduras.
- Erazo, Benjamin; Fajardo, Allan (1980). El Proceso de Colectivización del Agro Hondureño – The collectivation process of Honduran agriculture (in Spanish). Mexico: Centro de Estudios Superiores Tercer Milenio – CESTEM no 1.
- Freire, Paulo; Guimarães, Sérgio (1987). Aprendendo com a própia história – Learning with one's own History (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro, Br.: Paz e Terra.
- IICA, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (1977). Seminario de Analisis y Evaluación de Laboratorios Experimentales – Experimental Workshops Analysis and Evaluation Seminar (in Spanish). San José, Costa Rica: PRACCA Training and Study Program on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development in the Central American Isthmus.
- IICA, Instituto Interamericano de Ciencias Agricolas (1979). Laboratorio Experimental de Capacitación en Organización – Experimental Workshop on Organizational Capacitation (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: SENA Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje.
- INA, Instituto Nacional Agrario-National Agrarian Institute (1974). Programa de Capacitación Campesina para la Reforma Agraria – Campesino Capacitation Program for Agrarian Reform. Tegucigalpa, Honduras: Government Printer. OCLC 24518003.
- José, Emiliano (2005). Boletim do Deputado Emiliano – Newssheet of the Deputy Emiliano (in Portuguese). Bahía, Br.: Boletim No 91 May. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- Labra, Iván (1992). Psicología Social: Responsabilidad y Necesidad – Social Psychology. Responsibility and Need (in Spanish). ISBN 9567369526.
- Labra, Isabel; Labra, Ivan (2012). The Organization Workshop Method (PDF). Seriti, S.A.: Integra Terra Network Editor. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2013.
- Labra, Iván (2014). A Critique of the Social Psychology of Small Groups & an Introduction to a Social Psychology of the Large Group (PDF). IntegraTerra – Chile: (pre-booklaunch) Chapter I. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- Morais, Clodomir (1950). O Amor e a Sociedade – Love and Society – Collection of Poems (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro, Br.: Helius – São Paulo Academy of Letters.
- Moraes, Clodomir -"Peasant Leagues in Brazil" in: Stavenhagen, Rodolfo (1970). Agrarian Problems and Peasant Movements in Latin America. New York: Anchor. ISBN 0385074999.)
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Morais, Clodomir Santos de (1974a). Cinco modelos teóricos de reforma agraria – Five theoretical agrarian reform models (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Hond.: INA (National Agrarian Institute). OCLC 656990337.
- Morais, Clodomir Santos de (1974b). Curso intensivo de capacitacion de tecnicos en desarrollo agrario. El modelo hondureno de desarrollo agrario – Intensive capacitation course for rural development technicians. The Honduran Model (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Hn.: FAO. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- Morais, Clodomir (1975). The role of the campesino sector in the Honduran agrarian reform. University of Wisconsin USA – Land Tenure: Madison.
- Morais, Clodomir; et al. (1976). El modelo hondureño de desarrollo agrario – The Honduran model of agrarian development (in Spanish). Tegucigalpa, Honduras: National Government Publication. OCLC 4324202.
- Morais, Clodomir, Santos de (1979). Apuntes de teoría de la organización – Notes on theory of Organization (in Spanish). Managua, Nicaragua: PNUD, OIT-NIC/79/010, COPERA Project.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Morais, Clodomir (1983). Diccionario de reforma agraria : Latinoamérica –Dictionary of Agrarian Reform:Latin America (in Spanish). Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, Costa Rica: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericana.
- Morais, Clodomir, Santos de (1987). Objective conditions and subjective factors. PhD Thesis (in Spanish). Rostock GDR. )
- Morais, Clodomir, Santos de (1997). História das Ligas Camponesas do Brasil – History of the Peasant Leagues in Brazil (in Portuguese). Brasila, Brazil: IATTERMUND – Instituto de Apoio Técnico aos Países de Terceiro Mundo.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Morais, Clodomir Santos de (2002a). Já estamos na Camuflada Guerra Civil do Desemprego – We are already engaged in the Hidden Civil War of Unemployment (PDF) (in Portuguese). Porto Velho, Amazonia, Brazil: PRIMEIRA VERSÃO no 67 Edufro.
- Morais, Clodomir Santos de (2002b). Mestre Ambrósio – Master Ambrosio (PDF) (in Portuguese). Porto Velho, Amazonia, Brazil: PRIMEIRA VERSÃO no 89 Edufro.
- Morais, Clodomir Santos de (2002c). Pedro Bunda – Contos Verossímeis – Pedro Bunda – Plausible Stories (PDF) (in Portuguese). Porto Velho, Amazonia, Brazil: PRIMEIRA VERSÃO no 71 Edufro.
- Morais, Clodomir Santos de (2002d). O Ladrão da calça de Casimira– The Thief of Casimira's Pants (PDF) (in Portuguese). Porto Velho, Amazonia, Brazil: PRIMEIRA VERSÃO no 87 Edufro.
- Morais, Clodomir Santos de (2003). Dicionario de reforma agraria America Latina – Dictionary of Agrarian Reform in Latin America (in Portuguese). Porto Velho, Amazonia, Brazil: Universidade Federal de Rondônia. ISBN 9788588436541.
- Morais, Clodomir Santos de (2009). Cenários da libertação: Paulo Freire na prisão, no exílio e na universidade. – Scenes of Liberation: Paulo Freire in prison, in exile and at the University (in Portuguese). Porto Velho, Amazonia: Editora da Universidade Federal de Rondônia.
- Nacif, Vera (1998). Programa Nacional de Generación de Empleo y de Renta PRONAGER – National Job and Income Generation Program PRONAGER (PDF) (in Spanish). Brasilia: Government Brazil Dpt of Culture. pp. 29–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013.
- Neto, Joaquim Lisboa (23 April 2012). CLODOMIR MORAIS: Uma Trajetória de Luta em Favor dos Excluídos – Clodomir Morais – a Path in the Struggle in Defense of the Excluded (in Portuguese). Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil: Jornal Comércio Hoje. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014.
- Salinas, M.; Oswald, U., eds. (2002). Culturas de Paz, seguridad y democracia en America Latina – Cultures of Peace, Security and Democracy in Latin America (in Spanish). Mexico D.F., Mex: CRIM-UNAM Fundación Boll. ISBN 9789703202003.
- Silveira, Caio, M.; et al. (1997). Metodologias de Capacitação – Cefe, Gespar, Capacitação Massiva – Methods of Capacitatio – Cefe, Gespar, Large Group Capacitation Method (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: FASE. Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Sobrado, Miguel; Rojas, Juan José Herrera (2006). EUNA (ed.). America Latina: crisis del Estado clientelista y la construcción de repúblicas ciudadanas – Latin America: crisis of the clientelist state and building the citizen republics (PDF) (in Spanish). Costa Rica. ISBN 9977-65-281-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013.)
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Souza, Abel Sydney de (2006). "A Metodologia da Capacitação Massiva: uma alternative á Geração de emprego e renda – Large Group Capacitation: an alternative approach to Job creation and Income Generation". Revista Espaço Acadêmico (in Portuguese). Portugal: Revista Espaço Acadêmico Nr 57 – ULHT Lusofone University of Humanities and Technology. ISSN 1519-6186. Archived from the originalon 23 October 2013.
- Thomaz, Fernanda (2009). A ORGANIZAÇÃO DO TRABALHO CAMPONÊS NA VISÃO DE CLODOMIR SANTOS DE MORAIS – The Organization of rural labor according to Clodomir Santos de Morais (PDF) (in Portuguese). São Paulo, Brazil: XIXth Meeting of the Agrarian Geography group. pp. 1–16.
- Van Dam, C. (1982). EL LABORATORIO EXPERIMENTAL DE C. SANTOS DE MORAIS – UNA PEDAGOGIA PARA LA ORGANIZACIÓN SOCIAL – The Experimental Workshop of C. Santos de Morais – a pedagogy for social organization (PDF) (in Spanish). The Hague Netherlands: CESO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2013..Van Dam was translated into Dutch in 1983 re: Het Experimenteel Laboratorium ISBN 9064432910.
Notes
- ^ UNIR, Amazonia, Brazil[1] Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Human Rights Prize
- ^ "OW Methodology". Seriti.org.za. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
- ^ There is no routine translation for or equivalent to the 'latino' term "MCM" (Método de Capacitación Masiva) as, in English, 'capacitación' is usually presented or translated as 'Training' and/or 'Professional Development' as in, for example, Large Group Professional Development or Large Group Interventions Archived 24 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Moraisean 'capacitation', on the other hand, is activity-based. See, for example: Andersson 2013a, Labra 1992.
- ^ a b de Morais in Salinas & Oswald 2002, pp. 471–480 "Cultura y Paz y la Guerra Civil Camuflada del Desempleo – Culture and Peace and the Hidden Civil War of Unemployment".
- ^ a b Morais 2002a.
- ^ Moraes 1970.
- ^ Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, Ch. 2 Clodomir Santos de Morais: the Origins of the Large Group Capacitation Method and Theory
- ^ a b Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 15
- ^ a b c d e Neto 2012.
- ^ Jornal do Comercio
- ^ CeCAC 2005.
- ^ Moraes 1970, p. 467.
- ^ When the Pernambuco Agricultural and Cattle Raising Society of Planters, SAPP, located on the Galiléia Plantation, in Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, was formed. Re: Peasant Leagues /Ligas Camponêsas Archived 3 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ligas Camponesas – Peasant Leagues" (in Portuguese). São Francisco Portal. Archived from the original on 3 September 2013.
- ^ Thomaz 2009.
- ^ Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 39 From Paulo Freire to Clodomir Santos de Morais: from Critical to Organizational Consciousness
- ^ known originally as 'Experimental Workshop on Theory of Organization' (EWTO) see: Labra & Labra 2012, p. 2 and Van Dam 1982, pp. 69–72 5.6: for the nature and reason for the artificial aspect of the 'Experimental' Workshop.
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 142 – How the OWs evolved – includes discussion of why 'Experimental' was dropped.
- ^ Andersson 2004, p. 130 – The Origins of the OW.
- Santander.
- ^ Freire & Guimarães 1987, p. 46.
- ^ Cavalcanti 1980, p. 70.
- ^ Freire & Guimarães 1987, p. 135 "Carta a Clodomir Moraes – Letter to Clodomir Moraes, "my comrade-in-arms, my friend"-Freire.
- ^ Paulo Freire and Clodomir Morais Archived 17 August 2013 at archive.today in 1997 at the University of Rondônia (Amazonia) See also Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 39 – A final moment with Paulo Freire 1997
- ^ Ato No1
- ^ To be understood in the context of President Jânio Quadros' visit, the year before, to Cuba, accompanied by two League Officers re: Moraes, 1970 p.478 and the Left’s armed struggle in Brazil
- ^ Freire & Guimarães 1987, p. 46 Clodomir é um grande contador de estórias – 'great storyteller'.
- ^ Cavalcanti 1980, p. 70 Ch VI – de Morais telling stories and playing the piano in Recife prison.
- ^ José 2005.
- ^ Morais 2002b.
- ^ Morais 2002c.
- ^ Morais 2002d.
- ^ Morais 2009.
- ^ ICIRA
- ^ INA
- ^ a b Correia 2001, pp. 145–7.
- ^ Rojas in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 79
- ^ Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 198
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 149.
- ^ Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 198
- ^ Van Dam 1982, pp. 43–4.
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 166.
- ^ see 1980's period: OW spread by former Guanchias recruits and notes 67–69 below
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 143.
- ^ Sobrado inCarmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 81
- ^ Bataán
- ^ re: Morais 1987, p. 137
- ^ Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 53
- ^ Barrantes 1998.
- Organization Workshop'Long term survival'
- ^ a b c see also 'External Links'
- ^ Morais 1975.
- ^ PROCCARA
- ^ Morais 1976.
- ^ Later on, in Brazil, known as PROGER (Employment and Income Generation Program), PRONAGER (National Program for Employment and Income Generation) and SIPGER/SIPGEI (Employment and Income Generation – Identification – System): Nacif 1998 and Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 175 Correia Ch 17 The Brazilian SIPGEI
- ^ Erazo & Fajardo 1980.
- ^ Correia 2001, pp. 147and164.
- ^ Silveira 1997.
- ^ INA 1974.
- ^ Hondupalma celebrated its 30th year Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine of operation in 2012
- ^ Palm Oil Producers in Honduras Salama p3 Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Coapalma abona L15 millones a Banadesa". La Prensa. 3 January 2013.
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 181 The PRODERITH Program in Mexico.
- ^ See Rojas in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 70, Ch 7 Correia 2001, p. 186 for a full-length description of Tampaón (San Luis Potosí) OW experience.
- ^ Rojas in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 77
- ^ "HUATUSCO – Unión Regional Pequeños Productores Café Huatusco". Fair Trade USA. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
- ^ Carmen & Sobrado 2000, pp. 78, 166 and 217
- ^ Ruiz, Victor (12 October 2008). "Inician Laboratorio Organizacional de Terrenos en la Chontalpa Norte". The Tabasco Herald.
- ^ Verónica Viloria is one of the group of OW Directors formed by de Morais personally when he was visiting professor in Chapingo in 2000-2
- ^ Balboa, Berenice (4 May 2010). "Generan cooperativas 50 mil empleos" [Cooperatives generate 50,000 jobs]. El Universal (in Spanish).
- ^ "Amplía GDF programa "Qué buena puntada"" [The Federal Government expands the Buena Puntada Program]. El Universal (in Spanish). 23 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ INSCOOP
- ^ a b Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, pp. 174–5
- ^ I.&I.Labra in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 159 Ch15 'Post Salazar Portugal'
- ^ I.&I. Labra inCarmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 156 Ch.15
- ^ Morais 1987, p. 138-9.
- Organization Workshop 'Controversy' section and Van Dam 1982, p. 56-7 "the Sandinista State felt that it had to be in complete control, including of 'Popular Participation'
- ^ In his 1987 doctoral thesis Morais 1987, p. 137 de Morais cites a number of international meetings on the OW which he either chaired or attended: the 1975 Tegucigalpa (Hond.) Seminar with delegates from 6 countries in the Central American isthmus, plus Mexico and Venezuela; the two San José (Costa Rica) Symposia of 1977 and 1981 in which most previous countries took part, 'plus delegates from Colombia, Peru, the Dominican Republic and Haiti' and the Caracas conference (Venezuela) of 1982 with participation from Central America and Venezuela.
- ^ a b IICA 1979.
- ^ a b Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 83
- ^ In later years, under the auspices of the EU ALFA Archived 10 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine network, an international conference with Clodomir as guest speaker was organized in 1998 in Manchester, UK (Carmen, Labra & Davis 1999). A number of Masters and PhD theses were written on the OW in Spanish, English, Portuguese and Italian.
- ^ Rojas in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, e.g. p.79 "30-strong Mexican delegation sent to Guanchias"
- ^ Morais 1974a.
- ^ Morais 1974b.
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 166: "the center became a kind of 'OW factory'".
- ^ a b Labra & Labra 2012, p. 3.
- ^ Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 83 and p149 (Dominican Republic)
- ^ IICA 1977.
- ^ Sobrado in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 81 Chapter 8 The OW in Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Peru
- ^ Carmen & Sobrado 2002a, p. 143.
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 150.
- ^ delegates from Africa had already attended the 5-month OW he ran in Portugal in 1979 – see 'Portugal' above.
- ^ I.&I.Labra in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 92: First wave OWs in Mozambique
- ^ Ian Cherrett
- ^ New Internationalist 1983
- ^ a b Labra & Labra in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, pp. 117–119
- ^ Andersson 2013b.
- ^ Gaborone, Botswana
- ^ Among others by means of a cartoon series on de Morais. Andersson 2004, pp. 155–160 reproduces four of those cartoons.
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 151
- ^ Morais 1987.
- ^ Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 175 Ch 7 "The UNB, IATTERMUND, Janio Quadros and the MST
- ^ a b Correia on IATTERMUND in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 175 "The UNB, IATTERMUND, Jãnio Quadros and the MST" – Ch 17
- ^ website temporarily suspended
- ^ de Morais in Carmen, Labra & Davis 1999, p. 78 "All we have to show [for the billions in rural development aid] is what we have referred to as 'the Hidden Civil war of Unemployment' and the continent turned into one big scrapyard of farm machinery."
- ^ Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 200
- ^ part of the POLOBORAESTE BRA/87/037 program, administered by the EMATER-RO 'Technical and Rural Extension Assistance Service of Rondônia' Service re: Monteiro, Silvio Tavares (1990). A Capacitação para Formação de Empresas Associativas – Capacitation for the Formation of Associative Enterprises (in Portuguese). Brasilia: IATTERMUND.
- ^ "BRA/87/037 FAO Online catalogue". Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- ^ see External Links
- ^ PRONAGER/PRODUCIR Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Results from 1996–2002.
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 193.
- ^ Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p186
- ^ Programa de Auto-Emprego – PAE (PDF) (in Portuguese). DIEESE. 2002. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013.
- ^ "PRODUZIR report" (PDF) (in Portuguese). FAO. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Correia in Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p188 (Ch.18) and p175-7
- ^ Correia 2001, p. 209.
- ^ "Rondonoticias" Archived 2 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine 21 November 2002
- ^ "Guajará Mirim". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
- ^ GERMINADORA Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine Program
- ^ Andersson 2004.
- ^ Andersson 2010.
- ^ In South Africa, the OW was applied by, among others, the Seriti Institute, Soul City Institute and government departments such as South Africa's Department of Social Development.
External links
- Germinadora Project, 2014. (Spanish) Capacitacion Masiva y Germinadora 2014 – Large Group Capacitation and the Germinadora Project 2014 – Costa Rica* Unbounded Organization (2013).
- Andersson, Gavin (2013) "Unbounded Organization" Part 1 on YouTube Part 2Gavin Andersson on Kurt Lewin and Lev Vygotsky, 30 May 2013 Andersson presents Kurt Lewin's approach as, in some respects, 'bounded', whereas Activity Theory, pioneered by Lev Vygotsky, as 'unbounded'. Part 1 & 2.
- Coopesilencio on YouTubeCosta Rica – was started by laid-off banana workers during the 1970s OW Campaign – Ch 5 in "A Future". (in Spanish)
- 'KWANDA' on YouTubeSouth Africa – OW-based Camp & SABC TV series. (English and subtitles)
- Hondupalma on YouTubePalmoil plantation & processing plant. Was started during the 1970s PROCCARA Program. (in Spanish)
- PRONAGER on YouTubeAlagoas State, Brazil. (in Portuguese)
- "A final treasured moment with Paulo Freire": 1 ½ month before he died – +2 May 1997 – Paulo Freire, the Brazilian adult educationist was awarded a Doctorate Honoris at the Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Amazonia (UNIR) where de Morais then was professor. 33 years (1964) after they shared the same prison cell in Olinda – (re: de Morais (2009) (transl) Liberation Scenes: Paulo Freire in prison, in exile and in the University --, the two lifelong friends met again. The pictures date from that occasion re: "A final treasured moment", by Correia in: Carmen & Sobrado 2000, p. 39.
- 'Marsh Farm Outreach' MFO on YouTube Marsh FarmHousing Estate Luton UK.