Cricket in Australia
Cricket in Australia | |
---|---|
2015 Cricket World Cup Final between Australia and New Zealand | |
Country | Australia |
Governing body | Cricket Australia |
National team(s) | Australia |
First played | December 1803, Sydney |
Registered players | 1,558,821[1] |
National competitions | |
Club competitions | |
International competitions | |
Under-19 Cricket World Cup Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup | |
Audience records | |
Single match | Test (overall): 350,524 – Australia v England, 3rd Test 1936/37, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Test (day): 91,092 – Australia v England, Day 1 (26 December), 4th test 2013/14, Melbourne Cricket Ground ODI: 93,013 – Australia v2015 Cricket World Cup Final, Melbourne Cricket Ground |
Cricket is the most popular summer sport in Australia at international, domestic and local levels. It is regarded as the national summer sport, and widely played across the country, especially from the months of September to April. The peak administrative body for both professional and amateur cricket is Cricket Australia. The 2017–18 National Cricket Census showed 1,558,821 Australians engaged in cricket competitions or programs – an increase of 9% from the previous year. 30% of cricket's participants are now female, and 6 in every 10 new participants are female, one of the highest year-on-year participation growth figures. In terms of attendance figures, more than 2.3 million people attended the cricket during the 2017–18 summer, surpassing the record of 1.8 million set in 2016–17.[1]
Separately, official audience data shows that 93.6% of Australians watched at least some cricket on TV in 2010–11 calendar year.[2]
History
1803–1939
The first tour by an English team to Australia was in 1861–62, organised by the catering firm of Spiers and Pond as a private enterprise. A further tour followed in 1863–64, led by George Parr and was even more successful than the last.[5]
In 1868, a team consisting of
Further tours by English teams took place in 1873–74 (featuring the most notable cricketer of the age W. G. Grace) and 1876–77.[5] The 1876–77 season was notable for a match between a combined XI from New South Wales and Victoria and the touring Englishmen at the Melbourne Cricket Ground played on 15–19 March. This match, later to be recognised as the first Test match, was won by Australia by 45 runs thanks mainly to an unbeaten 165 by Charles Bannerman. The result of this match was seen by Australians and Englishmen as a reflection of the rising standard of Australian cricket.[7]
The rising standards of Australian cricket was further established during the first representative tour of England in 1878. A return visit in 1878–79 is best remembered for a
The era from the mid-1890s to World War I has been described as Australian cricket's
International cricket recommenced with a tour by a weakened England team in 1920–21. The strong Australian team, led by Armstrong and with a bowling attack spearheaded by Gregory and
The
In December 1934, the Australian women's team played the
1945–1969
Once again, war brought a stop to Shield and Test cricket as Australia mobilised for World War II. Immediately after the
By the 1958–59 series, Benaud was captain of the Australian side and managed to recover the Ashes. The 1960–61 series at home against the West Indies was widely regarded as one of the most memorable. A commitment by Benaud and his West Indian counterpart Frank Worrell to entertaining cricket revived lagging interest in the sport.[15] The gripping series, including the first tied Test, saw Australia win 2–1 and become the inaugural holders of the newly commissioned Frank Worrell Trophy. The West Indian team was held in such affection that a ticker-tape parade in their honour prior to their departure from Australia attracted a crowd of 300,000 Melburnians to wish them farewell.[16]
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, there was an ongoing controversy regarding illegal bowling actions. A number of bowlers, Australian and international were accused of throwing or "chucking" over this period including the South Australian pair of Alan Hitchcox and Peter Trethewey and New South Welshman, Gordon Rorke.[3] The controversy reached a high point when Ian Meckiff was recalled to the Australian team for the first Test of the 1963–64 series against South Africa. Called on to bowl his first over, he was no-balled 4 times by umpire Colin Egar for throwing before being removed from the attack by his skipper, Benaud. As a consequence, Meckiff retired from all levels of cricket after the match and Egar received death threats from persons aggrieved at his call.[17]
1970–present
The 1970s saw players and administrators once again come into conflict. Poor scheduling saw Australia visit South Africa immediately after a tour to India in 1969–70. This would be the last tour to South Africa prior to the application of international sporting sanctions designed to oppose the policy of
Greg Chappell, Ian's younger brother, succeeded him as captain in 1975–76 and led the Australian team in the Centenary Test in Melbourne in March 1977. A celebration of 100 years of Test cricket, Australia won the Test by 45 runs, the precise result of the corresponding game 100 years earlier.[19]
While Australian cricket celebrated, the Australian media tycoon Kerry Packer was making plans to wrest away the television rights for Australian cricket. During the 1977 Ashes tour, the cricket world became aware that Packer had signed 35 of the world's top cricketers for a series of matches, including 18 Australians, 13 of whom were part of the tour party.[20] World Series Cricket, as the breakaway group was known split Australian cricket in two for nearly three years. Former Australian captain, Bob Simpson was recalled from retirement to lead an inexperienced team in a home series against India in 1977–78, won 3–2 and then a tour to the West Indies, marred by an ugly riot.[3] For the 1978–79 Ashes series, he was replaced by the young Victorian, Graham Yallop. The subsequent thrashing, a 5–1 victory for England, and the success of World Series Cricket forced the Australian Cricket Board to concede on Packer's terms.[3]
The settlement between the ACB and WSC led to the introduction of a series of innovations including night cricket, coloured clothing and an annual limited overs tri-series called the
The long road back for Australian cricket started in India in 1986–87. Border, along with Bob Simpson in a new role as coach, set out to identify a group of players that a team could form around.[22] These players showed some of the steel necessary in the famous tied Test at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai. Returning to the subcontinent for the World Cup in 1987, Australia surprised the cricket world by defeating England at Eden Gardens in Kolkata to win the tournament with a disciplined brand of cricket.[23] By the 1989 Ashes tour, the development of players such as Steve Waugh and David Boon and the discovery of Mark Taylor and Ian Healy had reaped rewards. The 4–0 drubbing of England was the first time since 1934 that Australia had recovered the Ashes away from home and marked the resurgence of Australia as a cricketing power.[24] Australia would hold the Ashes for the next 16 years.[25]
The most successful leg-spinbowler in the history of the game, Shane Warne, made his debut in 1991–92 in the third Test against India at the Sydney Cricket Ground. He had an undistinguished Test debut, taking 1/150 off 45 overs, and recording figures of 1/228 in his first Test series. From this modest beginning, Warne dominated Australian cricket for 15 years, taking 708 wickets at an average of 25.41.[26] When the fast medium bowler, Glenn McGrath was first selected in the Australian team for the Perth test against New Zealand in 1993–94, the core of a highly successful bowling attack was formed. In 1994–95, under new captain Taylor, the Australians defeated the then dominant West Indies in the Caribbean to recover the Frank Worrell Trophy for the first time since 1978 and staked a claim to be considered the best team in the world.[27]
Following a disappointing World Cup at home in 1992, Australia then entered a run of extraordinarily successful World Cup campaigns; runners up to Sri Lanka in 1996 in the subcontinent, fighting back after early setbacks to win in England in 1999 and unbeaten on their way to another victory in South Africa.[28] The change in captain from Taylor to Steve Waugh made little difference in the success of the Australian team. Waugh made a slightly rocky start to his term as captain, drawing 2–2 with the West Indies in the Caribbean and losing to Sri Lanka 1–0 away. A victory in the Australian team's first ever Test match against Zimbabwe was the start of an unparalleled 16 Test winning streak. The streak was finally ended in 2001 in Kolkata with a remarkable victory by India after being asked to follow-on. For Waugh, India would remain unconquered territory.[29]
Australia's success was not without its detractors. Accusations of racism were made against the Australian team, one incident leading to a suspension for Darren Lehmann in 2003.[30] Contacts between Warne and batsman Mark Waugh and illegal bookmakers, at first kept under cover by the ACB, were later revealed by the Australian press, sparking accusations of hypocrisy given Australian cricket's earlier attitude toward match fixing allegations.[31] Warne would later be suspended from all forms of cricket for 12 months after testing positive to banned diuretics hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride.[31] The brand of cricket played by the Australian team was praised for its spirit and aggressiveness but critics charged that this aggressive approach led to ugly sledging incidents such as the confrontation between McGrath and West Indian batsman, Ramnaresh Sarwan at the Antigua Recreation Ground in 2003.[32] Tasmanian batsman Ricky Ponting would admit to an alcohol problem after incidents in India and in Sydney.[33]
A rehabilitated Ponting would succeed Waugh as captain in 2004. While injured for most of the 2004–05 series against India, his team under acting captain Adam Gilchrist defeated India in India, the first Australian series win in India since Bill Lawry's team in 1969–70. A 2–1 defeat in the 2005 Ashes series in England was quickly avenged at home with a 5–0 thrashing of England in 2006–07. The whitewash was the first in an Ashes series since Warwick Armstrong's team in 1920–21.[34] Following the series, the successful bowling combination of McGrath and Warne retired from Test cricket, with a record that was hard to match. Australia won the 2007 Cricket World Cup under Ricky Ponting in the Caribbean and were unbeaten through the tournament. Australian cricketer Matthew Hayden scored the most runs in the tournament. The finals happened to be Glenn McGrath's last match and he was also the highest wicket taker of the tournament and the player of the tournament.
The
Australia also hosted the
International cricket
The
Test cricket
On 15 March 1877, an Australian representative team played England in what would later be recognised as the first Test match. They are the most successful Test cricketing nation, with a higher percentage of won matches than any other nation.[38]
In Test cricket, the Australian team compete for various trophies and championships. The
The most famous among all these trophies is The Ashes, which was played for the first time in 1882 between Australia and England. Other bilateral trophies have generally been named after the great players from the two competing nations.
Name of the trophy | Opponent | First played |
---|---|---|
ICC Test Championship |
All Test teams | 2003 |
The Ashes | England | 1882 |
Border–Gavaskar Trophy[40] | India | 1996 |
Frank Worrell Trophy[41] | West Indies | 1960–61 |
Trans-Tasman Trophy[42] | New Zealand | 1985–86 |
Benaud-Qadir Trophy[43] | Pakistan | 2021–2022 |
Southern Cross Trophy[44] | Zimbabwe | 1999–2000 |
Warne–Muralidaran Trophy[45] |
Sri Lanka | 2007–08 |
Test cricket controversy
In late September 2021, Cricket Australia announced it would postpone its men's test match against Afghanistan indefinitely to prompt Afghanistan to rethink their approach to women's sports after media outlets reported that Taliban rulers would not allow women to play cricket. The match against the Afghan men's team was originally scheduled for Nov. 27 in Hobart.[46]
One Day Internationals
The Australian team took part in the first
Following the end of
Australia and New Zealand co-hosted the
The
Women's cricket
There are currently 290,566 female participants in cricket. The
Domestic cricket
On a domestic level, each of the six states has a cricket team which competes in two separate competitions over summer:
- A four-day first-class competition known as the Sheffield Shield
- A Marsh One-Day Cup
Moreover, eight city-based
Local club cricket is also popular, as well as social cricket which includes variations such as backyard and beach cricket.
First Class cricket
The Sheffield Shield is the domestic
In 1999, the Australian Cricket Board (now Cricket Australia) announced a 4-year sponsorship deal which included renaming the Sheffield Shield to the Pura Milk Cup, then to the Pura Cup the following season. As of the 2008–09 season, the title has reverted to its original name.
At the end of the 2006–07 season, all participating teams have won at least one Sheffield Shield/Pura Cup, with New South Wales the most successful state with 44 wins and Tasmania winning their first in 2006–07.
One Day cricket
The Marsh One Day Cup is the domestic List A cricket (limited overs cricket) competition in Australia. It was established in 1969–70 and featured the state teams and a team from New Zealand. Originally a knock-out tournament, the format and name has changed several times since inception depending on the naming rights sponsor.
New Zealand withdrew from the competition after the 1974–75 season. The
In 2013, the format changed and all matches were held in Sydney at various grounds. It was broadcast live on
Twenty20 cricket
The KFC Big Bash League or BBL, in short, is the Australian domestic Twenty20 cricket tournament, which was established in 2011. The Big Bash League replaced the previous competition, the KFC Twenty20 Big Bash, and features eight city-based franchises, instead of the six state-based teams which had competed before. Each state's capital city features one team, with Sydney and Melbourne featuring two.
BBL matches are played in Australia during the summer in the months of December and January. It is now placed ninth in the list of most attended sports leagues in the world with respect to average crowd per match (2015–16 season).[51][52]
Women's cricket
The founding mother of women's cricket in Australia was the young Tasmanian, Lily Poulett-Harris, who captained the Oyster Cove team in the league she created in 1894. Lily's obituary, from her death a few years later in 1897, states that her team was almost certainly the first to be formed in the colonies.[53] Following this, the Victoria Women's Cricket Association was founded in 1905 and the Australian Women's Cricket Association in 1931. The current competition is run by the Women's National Cricket League.
The first domestic women's cricket competition in Australia was the Australian Women's Cricket Championships, an annual two-week tournament established in 1930–31. The championships were replaced by the Women's National Cricket League in 1996–97. Victoria and New South Wales have been the most successful teams.
In 2007, the Australian Women's Twenty20 Cup was introduced, also featuring state representative teams. In 2015, it was replaced by the Women's Big Bash League, which features eight franchise teams.
Club Cricket
Club cricket is popular and the first step for players looking to be selected for their state and national teams. Each state association has a peak club cricket championship variously known as 'district' or 'grade' cricket:
- Victorian Premier Cricket
- Sydney Grade Cricket
- South Australian Grade Cricket League
- Queensland Premier Cricket
- Western Australian Grade Cricket
- Tasmanian Grade Cricket
International grounds
Nineteen different grounds in Australia have been used for international cricket (
Stadium name | Capacity | City | State | First used | Opponent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Melbourne Cricket Ground | 100,024 | Melbourne | Victoria |
15 March 1877 | England |
Sydney Cricket Ground | 48,000 | Sydney | New South Wales | 17 February 1882 | England |
Adelaide Oval | 53,583 | Adelaide | South Australia | 12 December 1884 | England |
The Gabba | 42,000 | Brisbane | Queensland | 27 November 1931 | South Africa |
Perth Stadium | 60,000 | Perth | Western Australia | 28 January 2018 | England |
Bellerive Oval | 19,500 | Hobart | Tasmania | 16 December 1989 | Sri Lanka |
Other grounds which have been used for Test cricket are:
Stadium name | Capacity | City | State | First used | Opponent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brisbane Exhibition Ground |
25,490 | Brisbane | Queensland | 30 November 1928 | England |
WACA Ground | 20,000 | Perth | Western Australia | 11 December 1970 | England |
Marrara Oval | 14,000 | Darwin | Northern Territory | 18 July 2003 | Bangladesh |
Cazaly's Stadium |
13,500 | Cairns | Queensland | 25 July 2003 | Bangladesh |
Grounds which have been used for
Stadium name | Capacity | City | State | First used | Team 1 | Team 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TCA Ground | 8,000 | Hobart | Tasmania | 10 January 1985 | Sri Lanka | West Indies |
NTCA Ground | 10,000 | Launceston | Tasmania | 2 February 1986 | New Zealand | India |
Devonport Oval | 14,000 | Devonport | Tasmania | 3 February 1987 | England | West Indies |
Harrup Park |
10,000 | Mackay | Queensland | 28 February 1992 | India | Sri Lanka |
Eastern Oval | NA | Ballarat | Victoria |
9 March 1992 | England | Sri Lanka |
Manuka Oval | 12,000[54] | Canberra | Australian Capital Territory | 10 March 1992 | South Africa | Zimbabwe |
Berri Oval | NA | Berri | South Australia | 13 March 1992 | Sri Lanka | West Indies |
Lavington Sports Ground | 20,000 | Albury | New South Wales | 18 March 1992 | England | Zimbabwe |
Docklands Stadium | 53,359 | Melbourne | Victoria |
16 August 2000 | Australia | South Africa |
Grounds in Australia which have been used exclusively for the Twenty20 Internationals:
Stadium name | Capacity | City | State | First used | Team 1 | Team 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stadium Australia | 82,500 | Sydney | New South Wales | 1 February 2012 | Australia | India |
Kardinia Park | 27,000 | Geelong | Victoria
|
19 February 2017 | Australia | Sri Lanka |
In Australian culture
In 2007, The Age reported that a survey by Sweeney Sports had found that 59% of the Australian public have an interest in cricket, second to none.[55] Cricket is often known as Australia's national sport due to its equal popularity in all parts of the country. Cricket is also a mass participation sport in Australia: a census conducted on behalf of Cricket Australia found that in the 2003–04 season there were 471,329 participants in Australian cricket programmes and competitions, including 47,780 female participants.[56]
In 2015–16, a record 1,300,000 Australians played formal, organised cricket during the year, an increase of nine percent over the previous year, making cricket Australia's biggest participant sport.[57]
The position of
Cricket plays an important role in Australia's national identity, in particular its relationship towards the United Kingdom. The national team has been said to represent "de facto Australian foreign policy" particularly with respect to relations with Asian subcontinent nations.[63]
Audience
Official audience data shows that 93.6% of Australians watched at least some cricket on TV in 2010–11 calendar year.[2]
Australia's victory over New Zealand in the
3.196 million viewers peaked in for the 2015 Cricket World Cup semi-final between Australia and India, which was broadcast on the Nine Network.[65]
The first ever Day/Night test match between Australia and New Zealand attracted nearly 3.1 million viewers across the country during the first two days of the match at Adelaide Oval. The third and eventually the final day of the match, attracted a peak national audience of 3.19 million.[65][66]
An audience of 2.306 million viewers watched the Australia v England Twenty20 match in 2007. It still remains the most watched Twenty20 match in Australia on TV.[64]
BBL coverage has become a regular feature of Australian summers and attracted an average audience of more than 943,000 people nationally in 2015–16 season, including a peak audience of 2.4 million viewers for the final between the Melbourne Stars and Sydney Thunder.[68]
See also
References
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Further reading
- ISBN 9781921778940.
- Hornadge, Bill. (2006) Cricket in Australia 1804–1884 Dubbo, NSW : Review Publications. ISBN 0-909895-62-7.
- Hutchinson, Garrie and John Ross (editors) (1997) 200 seasons of Australian cricket Sydney : Macmillan ISBN 0-330-36034-5.
- ISBN 0-86770-019-X.
- van Duinen, Jared (2018). The British World and an Australian National Identity: Anglo-Australian Cricket, 1860–1901. Palgrave Studies in Sport and Politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137527776.
- ISBN 0-7207-0741-2.