Culture of Melbourne

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An art tram passing by Flinders Street station

The culture of

Victoria, encompasses the city's artistic, culinary, literary, musical, political and social elements. Since its founding as a British settlement in 1835, Melbourne has been culturally influenced by European culture, particularly that of the British Isles. During the 1850s Victorian gold rush
and in the decades that immediately followed, immigrants from many other parts of the world, notably China and the Americas, helped shape Melbourne's culture. Over time, Melbourne has become the birthplace of a number of unique cultural traits and institutions, and today it is one of the world's most multicultural cities.

Traditionally acclaimed as Australia's "cultural capital", Melbourne topped the

most liveable cities throughout much of the 2010s, based in part on its cultural attributes.[1]

Overview

Melbourne hosts and supports many cultural institutions, such as museums, galleries, events, festivals, public/

Victorian Arts Precinct, with its distinctive spire, and Federation Square, one of the city's main cultural hubs and tourist centres that celebrated its ten-year anniversary in 2012. Federation Square's distinctive architecture, large digital screen and public space attracts congregations, rallies and public audiences for sporting events.[2]

Arts

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Melbourne
The Royal Exhibition Building from the main avenue of the Carlton Gardens
Victorian architecture dwarfed by the Rialto Towers

Melbourne's buildings and structures feature a wide variety of architectural designs, and the city is home to the Royal Exhibition Building, the first Australian building to be listed on the World Heritage Register.[3]

Australia's second oldest architectural firm, and one of the world's oldest, Bates Smart, is based in Melbourne.[4]

Some of Australia's most prolific architects have originated from Melbourne, including

Ashton Raggatt McDougall and Wood Marsh.[5]

Literature

State Library of Victoria

Melbourne's literary history is rich and diverse. The

State Library of Victoria was the first major cultural institution to be established in Melbourne since its founding in 1854, and is one of Australia's oldest cultural institutions. The library holds more than two million books and 16,000 serials, and is a part of an extensive network of public and university libraries across the city. A wide range of independent bookstores also exist in the city, as well as a variety of larger bookstore chains, and in 1960, the first children's bookstore in Australia, The Little Bookroom, was opened.[6] The Foreign Language Bookshop is the oldest and largest language bookshop in Australasia, established in 1938 in Bourke Street as a free lending library.[7]
The primary aim of the business was to reduce migrant isolation, particularly for European migrants disembarking from ships into Australia.

Statue of Adam Lindsay Gordon in Gordon Reserve

In the decades following the gold rush, Melbourne was Australia's undisputed literary capital, famously referred to by

Rolf Boldrewood
produced classic visions of colonial life and created a nascent national literature.

Melbourne's literary publishing sector is the largest in Australia, including the largest number of independent publishers, and presents two of Australia's most significant literary awards: the Victorian Premier's Literary Awards and the Melbourne Prize for Literature. Melbourne is the setting of many significant novels including

counter-culture and Bohemia scene, as well as the lives of communal single-mothers, junkies and artists living in sharehouses in the inner city neighbourhoods of Fitzroy and Carlton. It is now considered one of Australia's earliest and most important contemporary novels, with the BBC selecting it as one of "100 stories that shaped the world" – the only Australian novel on the list.[10][11][12] Other contemporary writers from Melbourne include Kerry Greenwood, Germaine Greer, Stephanie Alexander, Tony Birch and Barry Dickins
.

The Melbourne Writers Festival was founded in 1986 and is an annual, two-week literary festival that hosts keynotes, panels and workshops by a wide range of local and international guests. Since beginning as a one-day zine fair in 2004, the Emerging Writers' Festival has expanded to ten days of events, workshops, and panel discussions that are focused on the development of writers. Annually across Melbourne there are many local writers’ festivals including the Bayside Literary Festival, Williamstown Literary Festival and Glen Eira Storytelling Festival. In addition to book readings by local authors, many of these events provide opportunities for local writers to develop their skills via workshops and short-story competitions.

In August 2008, Melbourne was the second city in the world to be recognised as a City of Literature by UNESCO—the Wheeler Centre for Books, Writing and Ideas is a literary and publishing centre founded as part of Melbourne's successful bid. As well as programming literary events, debates and awards, the Wheeler Centre hosts literary organisations such as the Melbourne Writers’ Festival, Emerging Writers’ Festival, SPUNC, Australian Poetry, Express Media, Writers Victoria and the Melbourne City of Literature Office.

Opera and theatre

Palais Theatre in St Kilda.

The

Victorian Arts Centre and National Theatre venues. Melbourne is the second home of Opera Australia after it merged with Victoria State Opera in 1996. The Victorian Opera held its inaugural season in 2006 and operates in various Melbourne venues.[13]

The Royal Melbourne Philharmonic was formed in 1853, making it Australia's oldest musical organisation and the only orchestra in Australia to be bestowed "royal" status. The Victoria Orchestra, based in Melbourne, was Australia's first professional orchestra and performed during the period from 1888 to 1891. The Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, first assembled in 1906, is now the city's premier orchestra and tours internationally.

There are more theatres and performance venues in Melbourne than any other city in Australia.[

Athenaeum, and Her Majesty's Theatre. The Palais Theatre
is a significant music venue in nearby St Kilda.

Several professional theatre companies operate in Melbourne, of which the Melbourne Theatre Company, the oldest professional theatre company in Australia, has the most institutional support of any in Australia. There is also a range of smaller professional theatre companies in Melbourne, including the Malthouse, La Mama in Carlton, Cariad Productions, the Red Stitch Actors Theatre, Theatreworks in StKilda and PONYCAM. An array of amateur companies also exist, such as OXAGEN Productions, the Malvern Theatre Company, CLOC, Catchment Players of Darebin, MLOC Productions, Theatrical Incorporated, Altona City Theatre, Windmill Theatre Company and Dandenong Theatre Company.

Comedy

Melbourne Town Hall, one of the Melbourne International Comedy Festival's main venues

Melbourne is known throughout both Australia and the world as a centre of comedy, with the Melbourne International Comedy Festival listed as one of the three largest stand-up comedy festivals in the world.[14] The city has also produced many of Australia's top-rating comedy television and radio shows,[15] and many of the country's leading comedians either come from the city or have relocated to Melbourne.[16][17][18]

Melbourne Comedy Theatre

Melbourne-born satirist

Moonee Ponds and Highett, among others. The character was retired in mid-2012 during the Eat Pray Laugh farewell tour.[19]

Dance events

Melbourne also hosted the 2008 World Latin American Dance Championships.[20] The competition was held in the Vodafone Arena and immediately following the Australian Dancesport Championships. The Australian Dancesport championships will commence on 10 December 2008 and the World Latin Championships will be held on 14 December 2008.

Visual arts

See also:
Street Art in Melbourne
Golden Summer, Eaglemont (1889), painted by Heidelberg School artist Arthur Streeton in the then-rural Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg

The Melbourne arts scene is vibrant and the city hosts the annual Melbourne International Arts Festival as a celebration of its artistic tradition.

In the 1880s, a group of Melbourne artists formed the first distinctive Australian school of painting.

Port Phillip Bay at Mentone, Sandringham and Beaumaris), and did portraits of wealthy Melburnians from their inner-city studios. In 1889 they staged the 9 by 5 Impression Exhibition opposite the Melbourne Town Hall. It is regarded as a landmark event in Australian art history.[22]

Modernist

Collins Street., 5 pm (1955), shows grim-faced pedestrians moving in unison down Collins Street. It was voted by patrons in 2011 as the National Gallery of Victoria's most popular work.[23]

Leonard French's stained glass ceiling in the Great Hall of the National Gallery of Victoria

There are more than 100 galleries in Melbourne.

Australian Centre for the Moving Image — an organisation dedicated to the moving image in all its forms, from film and animation, to video games and television — have been established.[25] The Gertrude Contemporary Art Spaces and the Centre for Contemporary Photography, both based in Fitzroy, are examples of galleries in the inner-city. Suburban venues also exist, such as Heidelberg's Heide Museum of Modern Art, located in the north-eastern region of the city. The Art Almanac website, promoting itself as "Australia's Monthly Briefing on Art", publishes a monthly list of activities for Melbourne's galleries and art services, in addition to the other Australian states, covering more than 550 art galleries throughout the entire nation; the organisation also publishes a hard copy almanac each month.[26][27]

Street art in Hosier Lane

Melbourne is home to a large array of public artworks, statues and sculptures.

Sculptors such as Deborah Halpern have played a large part in enhancing many of the city's public spaces with their iconic and larger-than-life works. In more modern times, the city has become well known for stencil graffiti,[28] public art that appears in the city's numerous laneways.[29]

The city has major film festivals including the Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne Queer Film Festival, Melbourne Underground Film Festival and Melbourne International Animation Festival, featuring several of the city's major cinemas. The Central City Studios in Melbourne Docklands, constructed in 2005, has seen the production of several big budget films.[citation needed]

Melbourne is also known for

Logies and the Brownlow Medal dinner are three of the biggest annual red carpet events in the country.[citation needed
]

Street Art in Melbourne is internationally recognised.[31] International artists, such as Banksy, have painted work in Melbourne.[32]

Music

Main article: Music of Melbourne
See also: List of songs about Melbourne and List of music venues in Melbourne
Nellie Melba, one of the Victorian era's most famous opera singers, took her stage name from her native Melbourne. (Portrait by Melbourne artist Rupert Bunny, held at the National Gallery of Victoria).

Melbourne has one of the most highly regarded live music scenes in the world. In terms of the quality and number of venues, arguably, it is comparable with cities such as Austin. Hundreds of venues throughout Melbourne host live music, some of which host live music every night of the week.

Operatic soprano

Victorian Era's most famous singers, took her stage name from her native Melbourne, her stage name also being the source of the term ‘melba toast
’.

In 1934 Clement Williams recorded Let’s Take a Trip to Melbourne, written by Jack O'Hagan.

From St Kilda to King's Cross", while Skyhooks also wrote some more tongue-in-cheek songs about Melbourne. "Balwyn Calling", "Carlton (Lygon Street Limbo)" and "Toorak Cowboy" are examples. Melbourne-originated indie-rock band The Living End
wrote the song "West End Riot" about differences between eastern and western suburbs in Melbourne's inner city.

St Kilda's Crystal Ballroom, a famed venue for Melbourne punk and post-punk bands in the 1970s and 1980s

Melbourne's

Crime and the City Solution, and Nick Cave's The Birthday Party.[35] Cave and Birthday Party bandmate Mick Harvey went on to form one of Australia's most acclaimed rock bands, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, whose evolving multinational lineup has included Melbourne musicians JG Thirlwell (known for his project Foetus), Hugo Race, and Dirty Three violinist Warren Ellis
.

Many independent artists from Melbourne have become internationally notable and regularly tour abroad, including:

Architecture in Helsinki, The Drones, Grinderman, Augie March, New Buffalo, The Cat Empire, Dirty Three, Muscles, The Lucksmiths, Ned Collette, The Crayon Fields, Love of Diagrams, Midnight Juggernauts, Gotye, Courtney Barnett, Alex Lahey, G Flip and The Avalanches
amongst others.

Melbourne's lively rock and pop music scene has fostered many internationally renowned artists and musicians. The 1960s gave rise to many performers including

Ian "Molly" Meldrum
.

More recent notable Melbourne acts include Rogue Traders, Taxiride, Missy Higgins, Madison Avenue, Anthony Callea and The Living End. Melbourne-based television shows Young Talent Time and Neighbours gave many singers a launching pad to international success. Local talents to come from these shows include Kylie Minogue, Dannii Minogue, Tina Arena, Jamie Redfern and Jason Donovan. Another Music TV show that began in Melbourne was Turn It Up! It was first shown on Melbourne's Channel 31 and then relayed via satellite and rebroadcast terrestrially to major TV networks in over 22 countries. The show had the second largest viewing audience around the world, beaten only by the audience of American Bandstand. In one episode, the show presented Melbournes annual festival Moomba to a world audience.

Media

Main article: Media in Melbourne
Melbourne Federation Square SBS building, the multi-culture television and radio networks

Melbourne has two major daily newspapers, News Corp Australia's Herald Sun and the Nine Entertainment owned The Age. A national Australian newspaper has a Victorian issue and is also published by News Corp. Several weekly magazines are published by News Corp. There are three commercial television networks: Seven, Nine and Ten; and three public: the ABC, SBS and a community television channel, C31. Leader Newspapers is Australia's largest publisher of community newspapers, distributing 33 local papers across Melbourne suburbs.[citation needed] More community newspapers are published by Fairfax Community Newspapers, and the Star News Group.

Melbourne's commercial

JOY, the first Australian full-time gay and lesbian radio station. Public broadcasters include the multilingual SBS, and the ABC's Radio National, NewsRadio, and ABC Radio Melbourne
.

Film and drama

See also:
List of movies filmed in Melbourne
Actor playing Ned Kelly in the 1906 Melbourne production The Story of the Kelly Gang, the world's first dramatic feature-length film

Melbourne has been the setting for many

television movie
remake was produced.

The world's first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, was filmed in Melbourne in 1906.[36] Some of the more famous Australian films include Mad Max and The Castle. Melbourne has also produced many talented film and television actors including Cate Blanchett, Guy Pearce, Eric Bana and is home to Geoffrey Rush.

Australian audiences saw Melbourne portrayed in the 1960s–70s

MDA. Melbourne was also used to represent and double as New England and Boston in the 2009 film Knowing, an American production shot in Australia. The 2014 film Predestination was shot in Melbourne, though the story takes place in New York City.[37] In 2022, the documentary The Lost City of Melbourne screened at the Melbourne International Film Festival. The documentary details Melbourne's rich architectural history, particularly during its Marvellous Melbourne era when it was said to be the wealthiest city in the British Empire. In an article about the documentary for The New York Times
, Natasha Frost commented:

"Melbourne has little such on-screen cachet. Its skyline barely sticks in the memory. Instead, those architectural aspects that linger are on a far smaller scale: the lacy ironwork that fringes cottages and terrace houses; the unusually broad streets of the central city; the independent cinemas spread across town–the Astor, the Palace, the Sun Theatre–with their gran facades and gently creaking seats."
– Natasha Frost, The New York Times[38]

Sport

See also: Sport in Victoria
The Melbourne Cricket Ground during the 2010 AFL Grand Final.
Australian rules football, Melbourne's most popular homegrown sport, at Docklands Stadium

In a country that is often labelled 'sports mad', Melbourne has a reputation among Australians for being the national sporting capital.

SportAccord and SportBusiness.[40] Criteria for the award include "the number of annual sports events held, major events held or hosting rights secured between 2006 and 2014, numbers of federations hosted, facilities/venues, transport, accommodation, government support, security, legacy, public sports interest and quality of life."[41] A similar study conducted in 2006 by the London-based research and consulting firm ArkSports found Melbourne to be the world's top city for sports events.[42]

The city hosts many major sporting events including the

Boxing Day Test Match. In 1956, Melbourne became the first city in the Southern Hemisphere to host the Olympic Games, and played host to the 2006 Commonwealth Games
.

Melbourne is where

Irish national team. The Australian Football International Cup
is staged every three years in Melbourne.

During the summer months cricket takes preference amongst Melburnians. In 1877, the world's first

One-Day Cup. The Melbourne Stars and Melbourne Renegades compete in the Twenty20 Big Bash League
.

Melbourne has three

Collingwood Magpies Netball
.

Rugby League State of Origin (most recently in 2012), and a 2006 Tri-Nations
Test.

Melbourne is home to 29 stadiums with a capacity of over 10,000 people. Some venues, such as the Albert Park Circuit and Calder Park Raceway, have large capacities but only temporary structures, while there are numerous suburban horse racing tracks and Australian rules football playing fields. In 2000 construction was completed on the Docklands Stadium, capable of seating up to 56,000 people. The stadium was the first in the world to host cricket and Australian football matches under a roof.

The city also has large State Cycling, Hockey, Baseball/Softball and Netball centres, and an Ice centre (National Ice Sports Centre, hosting the Australian Olympic Winter Institute) is being constructed in Docklands.[48]

Melbourne hosted the 2002 World Masters Games; broke new ground as the first city outside the United States to host the World Police and Fire Games in 1995, and the Presidents Cup golf tournament in 1999; and was the first city in the Southern Hemisphere to host the World Polo Championship in 2001. The city has hosted FIFA World Cup qualifiers in both 1997 and 2001.

The Rod Laver Arena was converted into a pool for the 2007 World Aquatics Championships.

Melbourne's skateboarding culture has a lengthy history, with brands such as Globe originating in the city. In 1988, the Australian 60 Minutes program produced a segment that focused solely on Victorian skateboarding. The segment featured Melbourne skateboarding and conducted interviews with notable figures such as the Hill brothers (Stephen, Matt and Mike) and Borgy.[49] X-E-N is a Melbourne skateboard company that was established in 1999 and was co-founded by Andrew and Anthony Mapstone—two figures who, as of August 2012, remain influential in Australian skateboarding.

Recreation and leisure

Around the Bay in a Day cycling event.
Yarra River walk paths

Melburnians participate in a wide range of recreational and leisure activities.

Australian rules football, Association Football, cricket and netball are popular participation team sports in Melbourne.

Ride to Work Day, attract tens of thousands of Melburnians. Other events such as the Herald Sun Tour
begin and end in the Melbourne area and there are many local cycling events of varying grades all year round.

Triathlon dominates the Beach Road area during summer, when hundreds of amateurs and professionals dive into Port Phillip Bay on Sundays.

kitesurfing and windsurfing on St Kilda Beach
.

bathing boxes
, kitesurfers and the city skyline).

Parks and gardens

Skyscrapers of the city centre loom over Carlton Gardens
Main article: Parks and gardens of Melbourne

Melbourne is noted for its

Residential gardening is a popular pastime in Melbourne, and Australia's Open Garden Scheme
started in the city.

Entertainment

In Melbourne there are approximately 5000 cafes and restaurants - per capita Melbourne has the most cafes/restaurants in the world.[50] Restaurants are numerous and present a diverse range of cuisines. The city has a reputation as a culinary capital,[51] celebrated by the annual Melbourne Food and Wine Festival. As well as the famous Little Italy of Lygon Street in Carlton, other favourite inner city dining locations for Melburnians include Fitzroy Street St Kilda, Brunswick Street Fitzroy, Victoria Street Collingwood, the CBD, and the Docklands and Southbank precincts. In 2006, Jamie Oliver selected Melbourne as the location for "Fifteen Melbourne", the Australian restaurant for his reality television show Jamie's Kitchen Australia.

Dance music is a thriving part of the Melbourne nightclub and festival scene. National dance music festivals Stereosonic and Future Music both originated in Melbourne. Melbourne is the birthplace of the

South East Asia
and continues to evolve to date.

Shopping

Block Arcade
Chapel Street

Shopping or "

Block and the Royal Arcade
and the CBD's myriad lanes.

Westfield Airport West, Westfield Southland, Westfield Doncaster and Westfield Knox
.

Melbourne is home to a number of prominent permanent food and craft markets, the largest and most prominent of which is the Victorian-era

South Melbourne Market and Prahran Market. There are a number of other permanent and weekly markets held across the suburbs, including the boutique craft Rose Street Market and vintage clothing markets in Fitzroy, local food markets like Preston Market in Melbourne's north and Dandenong Market in the outer east, and weekly food and fashion markets.[52]

Festivals and events

Melbourne is home to a range of international festivals, most notably the

Melbourne International Air Show and the Melbourne International Animation Festival
(MIAF).

AFL Grand Final
Myer Christmas Parade

Several national traditions originated in Melbourne: The Melbourne Cup has been a Melbourne tradition since 1861 and then became a national tradition, subsequently referred to as "the race that stops the nation"; Carols by Candlelight, first held in 1938, is a Christmas Eve tradition; the Myer Christmas windows are a very popular annual attraction; and the AFL Grand Final attracts hundreds of thousands of spectators, both live and via broadcast media, every year.

There are a number of cultural festivals that celebrate foreign cultures from within the context of the city's culture. Major festivals for Melbourne's large ethnic communities include:

Parades and protests

The city's wide thoroughfares have become the conduit for the city's parades, marches and rallies. The Victorian State Library lawns are often a staging and starting point for protests and mass gatherings. The steps of the Parliament of Victoria, the Flinders Street Station intersection, Treasury Gardens, Flagstaff Gardens and Federation Square are other such locations for mass gatherings and rallies. Swanston Street and Bourke Street are widely regarded as the civic spines of the city.

Some of the largest demonstrations in the southern hemisphere have taken place in Melbourne:

  • Industrial relations demonstration (2005) - more than 100,000 attendees[53]
  • Anti-Iraq War demonstration (2003) - more than 100,000 attendees[54]
  • Melbourne Vietnam Moratorium (1970) - approximately 100,000 attendees[55]
  • Save Live Australian Music (SLAM) rally (2010) - approximately 20,000 attendees[56]
  • Melbourne Locked Out 2am Lockout protest (2008) - approximately 10,000 attendees
  • Three ‘Change The Rules’ rallies, organised by the trade union movement, leading up to the 2019 Australian Federal Election reportedly attracted 100,000-150,000 attendees on each occasion.[57][58][59]
  • School Strike 4 Climate on September 20 2019 reportedly attracted more than 100,000 attendees in Melbourne.[60]
  • Invasion Day rallies, which take place annually on January 26 in protest against Australia Day and to highlight Indigenous injustice attract tens of thousands of attendees.
  • Black Lives Matter protests on 6 June 2020 also attracted tens of thousands of people despite restrictions put in place because of the COVID-19 pandemic.


Trade unionism

Melbourne is regarded as the home of the trade union movement in Australia,[citation needed] with the headquarters of the Australian Council of Trade Unions located in the city;[61] Melbourne is also the birthplace of the Australian "eight-hour day", when the change was introduced into the building industry.[62] Melbourne also has a particularly significant history of strike action.[citation needed]

The

Eureka flag, from the Eureka Rebellion, is a Victorian emblem that is often used by protest groups.[63]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Nina Bertok (October 2012). "FEDERATION SQUARE CELEBRATES A DECADE". The Melbourne Review. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  3. ^ "Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens". UNESCO. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1992–2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  4. Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media
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  33. ^ National Film and Sound Archive: Does your town have its own song?
  34. ^ Do That Dance! Australian Post Punk 1977-1983, abc.net.au. Retrieved 30 October 2010.
  35. ISBN 0-7119-5601-4
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  51. ^ Europe on a plate Article from the Adelaide Advertiser
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  55. ^ "THOUSANDS IN MORATORIUM CAMPAIGN TO OPPOSE THE VIETNAM WAR". 80 Days That Changed Our Lives. ABC. 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  56. ^ "Home". National SLAM Day. SLAM. 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
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  59. TheGuardian.com
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  60. TheGuardian.com
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  63. ^ "1854 The Eureka Flag". The Migration Heritage Centre. NSW Migration Heritage Centre. Retrieved 7 June 2019.

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