Transport in Melbourne
Transport in Melbourne, the state capital of
Melbourne is a busy regional transport hub for the statewide
According to the 2016 Australian census, Melbourne has the second-highest rate of public transport usage among Australian capital cities for travel to work at 19 percent, second to Sydney's 27 percent.[1] In 2017-2018, 565 million passenger trips were made on Melbourne's metropolitan public transport network.[3]
Melbourne has the most road space per capita of any Australian city, with its freeway network being comparable to Los Angeles and Atlanta in terms of its size and scale.[4] Much of Australia's automotive industry was located in Melbourne until all manufacturing ceased at the end of 2017.[5][6][7] The state government, as part of the release of the Melbourne 2030 planning strategy in 2002, set a target for modal share of cars to decrease to 80 percent by 2020. However, increases in car usage since this target was set has not shown the decline that was initially predicted.[8][9]
Timeline
- 1837: The Hoddle Grid, Melbourne's first street system, is laid out.
- 1844: Princes Bridge on St Kilda Road, a toll bridge and the first over the Yarra River, opens.
- 1849: Melbourne's main streets are paved.
- 1850: Tolls are removed from Princes Bridge.
- 1854: Port Melbourne) open.
- 1858: The Spencer Street station is built, connecting Melbourne to the rest of Victoria.
- 1885: First cable tram to Hawthorn
- 1889: First electric tram between Doncaster and Box Hill
- 1890: Doncaster railway line first proposed.
- 1891: Flinders Street Viaduct opens as a single, then double track link between Flinders Street and Spencer Street stations.
- 1910: Present Flinders Street station opens as the main suburban railway terminus.
- 1919: Electrification of the suburban rail network commences, continuing to this day
- 1920s: Flinders Street station declared the world's busiest station several times.
- 1940: The Ashworth Improvement Plan details proposed improvements to suburban rail in the inner city.
- 1966: St Kilda Junction remodelled and Queens Way underpass created for new highways at Dandenong Road and Punt Road.
- 1969: Melbourne Transportation Plan released planning numerous freeways and railways.
- 1970: The Melbourne Underground Rail Loop Authorityis established.
- 1971: The Melbourne Underground Rail Loop project begins.
- 1977: First section of Eastern Freeway opens, with land reserved for a Doncaster railway line. The $202 million toll West Gate Bridge opens. Hoddle Highwayis created from a four-lane widening of Hoddle Street and the demolition of buildings on the east side of Hoddle Street.
- 1980: The Lonie Report recommends replacing half the tram system with buses, as well as several railway lines in Melbourne and Victoria to be closed, but no tram routes were closed, and only 2 rail lines were closed to be replaced by trams.
- 1981: First stage of the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop opens.
- 1982: A Victorian Parliament.
- 1983: Transport Act 1983 receives royal assent on 23 June and becomes effective on 1 July. The act creates the Road Traffic Authority. Victorian Railways, the Melbourne & Metropolitan Tramways Board and the Country Roads Boardare abolished.
- 1985: Tolls removed from the West Gate Bridge.
- 1987: St Kilda and Port Melbourne railway lines replaced by trams.
- 1989: Construction of the $631 million Western Ring Road begins. The Public Transport Corporation and VicRoadsreplace the State Transport Authority, Metropolitan Transit Authority, Road Construction Authority and Road Traffic Authority on 1 July.
- 1992: A new government is elected in October under Premier Jeff Kennett. Alan Brown is appointed Minister for Public Transport and Bill Baxter Minister for Roads and Ports. The Ministry of Transport is replaced by the Department of Transport, and transport administration functions are transferred from the Public Transport Corporation to the secretary of the Department of Transport.
- 1994: Free City Circle Trambegins.
- 1995: The Dandenong to Cranbourne rail electrificationopens, reinstating passenger service after several years, and the Public Transport Competition Act is passed by Parliament.
- 1996: Construction of the $2 billion CityLink tollway begins, and the Rail Corporations Act is passed by Parliament.
- 1997: Design of the franchising of the public transport network begins.
- 1998: Legislation establishes the Director of Public Transport to manage public transport service and VicTrack, to own public-transport land and assets.
- 1999: The Western Ring Road and the Bolte Bridge, the second major road over the Yarra River, open. The state government commissions the Linking Victoria study.[10] The Director of Public Transport, VicTrack and the franchising of services begin.
- 2002: Transport Minister Dandenong line, the document aimed for 20% of trips in Melbourne to be made by public transport by 2020.
- 2003: The $23 million Box Hill tram-light rail extension opens.[12]
- 2004: The Linking Melbourne: Metropolitan Transport Plan summarised findings of the Inner West Integrated Transport Study, North East Integrated Transport Study, Outer Western Suburbs Transport Strategy, Whittlesea Strategic Transport Infrastructure Study and Northern Central City Corridor Strategy, recommending $1.5 billion in investment. The Southern Cross Station redevelopment (which ran late and over budget), Docklands light-rail extension and the Regional Fast Train system were planned for the Commonwealth Games. The $30.5 million Vermont South tram extension begins.[13]
- 2005: The $2.5 billion EastLink Freewayproject begins.
- 2006: The state government releases Meeting our Transport Challenges, a $10 billion plan to improve public transport and roads. It includes a "Think Tram" project to reduce tram travel times and recommendations for a (delayed) SmartBus system for the eastern suburbs. The Rail Safety Act, Victoria's first rail-safety statute, becomes effective on 1 August. New transport-ticketing regulations begin. The state's first independent rail and bus safety regulator and rail, bus and marine safety investigatorbegin on 1 August.
- 2007: Myki, a new public-transport ticketing system which was delayed and over budget, is scheduled to be introduced. The state government commissions an east-west transport plan. Public-transport ticketing zone 3 is abolished. An accreditation scheme for taxi, bus and other commercial passenger-vehicle drivers and for taxi-industry licence-holders, operators and network-service providers begins on 1 July. Australia's first "Copenhagen style" cycleways are implemented in Swanston Street, Carlton;[14] Tim Pallas rejects a Melbourne City Council plan for a Copenhagen-style cycleway on St Kilda Road.[15] The Accident Towing Services Act is passed by Parliament.
- 2008: The Australian Greens Victoria transport plan is released. Public Transport Minister Lynne Kosky postpones an airport link 20 years.[17] The Victorian Transport Plan, the state government's fourth "long-term" transport statement since 2002, is released.[18] New Melbourne Lord Mayor Robert Doyleproposes returning vehicle traffic to Swanston Street.
- 2009: The Transport Integration Act) is introduced in the Victorian Parliament on 10 December. Mykiis introduced in late December on suburban trains. The Major Transport Projects Facilitation Act 2009, speeding planning consents and delivery of rail, road and port projects, is passed by Parliament and begins on 1 September.
- 2010: A Fair Fines package begins on 1 February as part of Transport (Infringements) Regulations 2010, with infringement penalties for minors reduced by two-thirds and a graduated-penalties programme eliminated. The Bus Safety Actbegins on 31 December.
- 2011: Terry Mulder announces the government's intention in March to hold a Taxi Services Commission (which begins operations on 19 July). The Transport Legislation Amendment (Port of Hastings Development Authority) Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 16 August, creating the Port of Hastings Development Authority. The Tourist and Heritage Railways Act and the Tourist and Heritage Railways Regulations 2011 become effective on 1 October. the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011 passes the Victorian Parliament on 27 October, empowering Public Transport Victoria (which begins operations on 15 December). The Port Management Amendment (Port of Melbourne Licence Fee) Bill 2011, introduced in the Victorian Parliament in early December, proposes a $75 million annual fee to be paid by the Port of Melbourne Corporationto the Victorian government.
- 2012: The Peninsula Linkfreeway.
- 2013: The Peninsula Link freeway opens in January. A$78 million "handover area" building project begins at train stations.Taxi Services Commissionbecomes the state's taxi and hire-car regulator on 1 July, replacing the Victorian Taxi Directorate (which was abolished).
- 2015: The Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (DEDJTR) replaces the Department of Transport, Planning and Local Infrastructure as the department responsible for transport policy.
- 2015: The suburban service. Two new stations are built, at Tarneit and Wyndham Vale.
- 2016: The government began removing level crossings and running the rail under or over the roads. Along the Cranbourne-Pakenham line from Caulfield to Dandenong the rail was elevated the entire length.[21]
- 2017: Work began on Metro Tunnel which would increase the capacity on the City Loop.[22]
- 2017: Transport for Victoria is formed within DEDJTR by an amendment to the Transport Integration Act, to plan and coordinate the transport network.
- 2018: The federal and state governments announced that they would be funding a connection to the airport as part of the existing rail network.[23]
- 2018: The state government announces plans for the Suburban Rail Loop, a new heavy rail line to connect existing train corridors in non-CBD locations to facilitate cross-suburban travel.[24]
- 2019: The Department of Transportis separated from DEDJTR as the department responsible for transport policy.
Public transport | 16% |
Car | 67% |
Public transport | 56% |
Car | 32% |
Walking | 6% |
Bicycle | 4% |
Other | 2% |
Public transport
Melbourne's public transport system includes rail, tram and bus services. Its tram network is the largest in the world.[28] Almost 300 bus routes and 16 rail lines serve Greater Melbourne.
Since
Since the mid-2000s patronage has grown steadily on Melbourne's public transport system, particularly the metropolitan train and tram networks, leading to significant investment in the system and a number of major infrastructure projects.[32][33][34] According to the 2018 Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel & Activity, Melbourne's public transport accounted for 8.5% of all trips within Greater Melbourne and Geelong, with 19% of journeys to work within Melbourne occurring on public transport across the three main modes.[35]
Bus
The bus network consists of about 50 bus companies under a franchise agreement with the state Government. Approximately 300 routes are in operation, including twenty-one night bus routes that operate on Friday and Saturday nights. Bus patronage is low compared to similar cities around Australia, which some experts have attributed to the presence of the tram network servicing many trips that would normally be taken by bus.[36] Several 'SmartBus' routes were introduced in the late 2000s in an attempt to improve parts of the system with improved bus priority and frequencies and span of service hours better than most other bus routes at the time. Despite its success at significantly increasing bus patronage, the service has not been expanded and some bus lanes were removed.[37][38][39]
Although all Melbourne buses use the myki ticketing system, the SkyBus between Melbourne Airport and Southern Cross railway station is a non-myki bus service. Several local government councils also operate free community bus services in their local areas including Port Phillip,[40] Nillumbik[41] and Darebin[42]
Tram
Melbourne has the world's largest tram network, consisting of 250 kilometres (160 mi) of double track, nearly 500 trams on 24 routes, and 1,763 tram stops. It is operated by Yarra Trams. Two partial light rail routes are also part of the network. Most of the remaining track is mixed with vehicle traffic, which makes it one of the slowest tram networks in the world.[43] Trams operate mostly in the inner suburbs and generally provide for short to medium-length trips. Trams are free to ride within the central business district. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route around the CBD.[44]
Metropolitan rail
Melbourne has a 16 line urban heavy rail network operated by
Regional rail
Melbourne is the centre of a statewide railway network consisting of lines used for freight and passenger service. Intrastate passenger services are operated by the government-owned V/Line corporation, with a fleet of locomotive-hauled trains and diesel multiple units. Seven passenger railway lines connect Melbourne to towns and cities in Victoria. Portions of lines which are part of the V/Line network and cover the metropolitan area are also covered by myki tickets.
The city is also connected to
Fares
Melbourne has a fully integrated ticketing system across all modes of public transport in the metropolitan area through the
Melbourne's public-transport system is divided into two zones, in addition to the free tram zone in the central business district and some surrounding areas. Myki has two forms of tickets: myki money (in which money is loaded on a myki and the system selects the "best fare") and the myki-pass, where commuters pre-purchase tickets (or passes).
Rail freight
The Port of Melbourne is Australia's largest container and general cargo port, handling 33 percent of Australia's container trade.[48][49] Shipping lines operate to about 300 cities around the world, and 3,200 ships visit the port each year. The port is in Melbourne's inner west, near the junction of the Maribyrnong and Yarra Rivers.
Melbourne has an extensive network of railway lines and yards to serve freight traffic. The lines have two gauges – 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm)
Airports
Melbourne's second major passenger airport, Avalon Airport (Melbourne Avalon), is south-west of the city and north-east of Geelong. Avalon Airport, primarily used by Jetstar, operates flights to Brisbane, Sydney and Perth. AirAsia X began low-cost flights from Avalon to Kuala Lumpur in December 2018, giving Melbourne a second international airport (unique among Australia's capital cities).
The city's first major airport, Essendon Airport, is no longer used for scheduled international flights. Although a small number of regional airlines operate from there, it is primarily used for general aviation and is also home to Victoria's air ambulance.
Moorabbin Airport, south of Melbourne, is primarily used for recreational flying and flying lessons. It has some regional-airline service, notably to King Island, Tasmania. Moorabbin is a Class D airport, and its ICAO airport code is YMMB. RAAF Williams, Point Cook, where the Royal Australian Air Force originated, is located near Melbourne's south-western limits.
Roads
Melbourne is one of the world's most car-dependent cities, with 74 percent of all trips to and from work or education being done by car.[52] Its freeway network is the largest in Australia,[2] with an extensive grid of arterial roads dating back to Melbourne's initial surveying. The city's total road length is 21,381 km (13,286 mi).[53]
The freeway network began with the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan, which included a grid of freeways which would cover the metropolitan area. The plans were reviewed four years later and many inner-city projects were cancelled. Freeways built during the 1960s and 1970s include the South Eastern Arterial (now part of the Monash Freeway), the Tullamarine Freeway, the Lower Yarra Freeway (now the West Gate Freeway) and the Eastern Freeway.
Expansion took place over the next thirty years, with the Monash Freeway,
Despite government figures indicating slowed growth in road travel since 2006 (zero growth in 2008–09)
Bicycles
Despite having a moderate climate and relatively flat landscape, only 1.7% of trips are made by bike in Melbourne.[56] Melbourne has an extensive network of bicycle paths and bike lanes, which are used for recreation and commuting. Five of Australia's top 10 suburbs for bicycle mode share for journeys to work are located in Melbourne.[57] A series of major off-road paths shared with pedestrians caters for bike riders in the inner suburbs, but infrastructure tends to be less extensive further away into surrounding suburbs.[58] In 2020, the City of Melbourne Council sought to add 40 km of new protected cycling lanes for the inner-city as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic.[59]
Inner Melbourne currently has a dock-less e-bike and e-scooter sharing program provided by private company Lime, and an e-scooter sharing program provided by Neuron.[60][61]
Melbourne previously had a government-owned bicycle-sharing system called Melbourne Bike Share that ran from 2010 to 2019 and was ended due to low ridership.[62][63][64] Singaporean bike-sharing company oBike briefly entered the Melbourne market in mid-2017, but abandoned its program in 2018 following extensive complaints and issues with its business practices.[65][66][67][68][69]
Taxis
Taxis in Melbourne have since 1 July 2013 been regulated by the
Ferries
Public Transport Victoria oversees three ferry services in Victoria:[75] the Westgate Punt (between Spotswood and Fishermans Bend), Western Port Ferry, which operates between the Stony Point railway station, French Island and Cowes on Phillip Island and Port Phillip Ferries which operates between Docklands, Geelong and Portarlington.
|
|
|
Cruise ships and ferries (including the Spirit of Tasmania, which crosses Bass Strait to Tasmania) dock at Station Pier on Port Phillip Bay. Privately run ferries and other vessels also travel from Southbank along the Yarra River, to Williamstown, and across Port Phillip Bay.
Legislation and regulation
Transport Integration Act
The main transport statute in Victoria is the Transport Integration Act 2010, which establishes and sets the charters of the state agencies charged with providing transport and managing the state's transport system. The Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources is responsible for the integration and coordination of Victoria's transport system. However, other departments and agencies also have a coordination and implementation role in transport. Other key state agencies are:
Governing bodies
There are several agencies and organisations tasked with coordinating and delivering transport in Victoria. Many fall within the purview of Transport for Victoria, but others are run from other departments or are independent government organisations.[76]
Public Transport Victoria
In 2010, the state government resolved to create a new independent agency to coordinate and oversee all aspects of the state's public transport.[77][78] According to the government, the authority would plan, co-ordinate, manage and administer metropolitan trams and metropolitan and regional buses and trains, replacing the previous structure of multiple agencies. The authority was established in late 2011,[79] and was expected to be fully operational by mid-2012.[80] Public Transport Victoria assumed the rail, tram and bus responsibilities of the former Director of Public Transport and the activities of the Transport Ticketing Authority and MetLink, which were abolished.
Transport for Victoria
In 2016, the state government established a new coordinating agency for transport in the state. It serves as an umbrella agency, overseeing the activities of several other transport organisations and agencies across multiple modes of transport. This includes VicRoads, Public Transport Victoria and V/Line. The agency was established in 2017 and operates under the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources.[81][82]
Taxi Services Commission
The government announced a
Port of Hastings Development Authority
The government reversed the late-2010 merger of the Port of Melbourne Corporation (PMC) and the Port of Hastings Corporation by establishing the new Port of Hastings Development Authority to oversee development of a new port in Hastings.[84] The Transport Legislation Amendment (Port of Hastings Development Authority) Bill 2011 was passed by the Parliament of Victoria in late 2011, and the authority began operations on 1 January 2012.
Safety regulation and investigation
The safety of rail operations in Melbourne is regulated by the 2006
Safety regulation of the bus and marine sectors is overseen by the
Rail, bus and marine operators in Victoria can be subjected to no-fault investigations by the Chief Investigator, Transport Safety or the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). The chief investigator is charged by Part 7 of the Transport Integration Act 2010 with investigating rail, bus and marine safety matters, including incidents. The ATSB has jurisdiction over rail matters (on a designated interstate rail network), marine matters (if the ship(s) is under Australian or AMSA regulation) and bus-safety matters (by invitation of a jurisdiction).
Ticketing and conduct requirements
Ticketing requirements for rail, tram and bus service in Victoria are primarily contained in Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006[87] and the Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual.[88] Rules about safe and fair behaviour on trains and trams in Victoria are generally contained in the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983[89] and Transport (Conduct) Regulations 2005.[90] Conduct requirements for buses are set out in that act and Transport (Passenger Vehicles) Regulations 2005.
See also
- Transportation in Australia
References
- ^ a b "How far do Australians go to get to work?". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ a b "PTUA – 'The Alternative to Melbourne's Freeway Explosion'". Retrieved 26 July 2007.
- ^ "Public Transport Victoria Annual report 2017-2018" (PDF). static.ptv.vic.gov.au. November 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
- ^ [1] Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ AUSmotive.com (11 December 2013). "Holden to cease local production in 2017". AUSmotive.com. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
- ^ "Ford Australia to close Broadmeadows and Geelong plants, 1,200 jobs to go". ABC News (Australia). 23 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
- ^ Hawthorne, Mark (10 February 2014). "Toyota to exit Australia, 30,000 jobs could go". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 February 2014.
- ^ "More than two in three drive to work, Census reveals". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Melbourne traffic: Rise in car numbers keeping pace with population growth". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 February 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2008.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "World Class Airport Bus Service To Slash Travel Time" (Press release). Minister for Transport. 12 June 2002. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ "Media Release: Melbourne'S New Tramline Unveiled". Dpc.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Media Release: Vermont South Tram Extension One Step Closer". Dpc.vic.gov.au. 29 January 2004. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Inner: Swanston RMIT to Melbourne University – Bicycle Victoria". Bv.com.au. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ Lucas, Clay; Millar, Royce (3 March 2007). "Minister runs down cycle plan". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
- ^ Millar, Royce; Lucas, Clay; Rood, David; Morton, Adam (3 April 2008). "$18 billion to link east and west". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ Rail link way down the track from theage.com.au
- ^ Clay Lucas, Jason Dowling and Ben Schneiders (15 September 2008). "Strategy to ease the squeeze". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. Retrieved 15 September 2008.
- ^ "Transport (Comliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983". Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ Kate Stowell (6 June 2013). "Holding cells being built at Melbourne train stations" (Video upload). ABC. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
- ^ "Home | Level Crossing Removal Authority". levelcrossings.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ "Home". metrotunnel.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ Henriques-Gomes, Luke (22 July 2018). "Melbourne airport rail link: Daniel Andrews matches Turnbull's $5bn". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ Henriques-Gomes, Luke (28 August 2018). "Massive Melbourne suburban train loop pledged by Victorian government". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
- ^ "2016 Greater Melbourne, Census all persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
- ^ "Transport Strategy Refresh - Public Transport" (PDF). Melbourne City Council. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ^ Ipsos Public Affairs. "Journey to Work 2016" (PDF). Amazon Web Services. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
- ^ "Facts & figures". Yarra Trams. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ a b Gleeson, B., Curtis, C., & Low, N. (2003). 'Barriers to Sustainable Transport in Australia', in N. Low and B. Gleeson (eds.), Making Urban Transport Sustainable, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, pp. 201–220.
- ^ New train, tram companies open for business, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 30 November 2009.
- ^ Lucas, Clay (9 December 2015). "Billions go to train and tram operators with little improvement". The Age. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ Jacks, Timna (8 April 2018). "Melbourne's booming population takes its toll on city's trains". The Age. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ "Melbourne's public transport patronage since 1947". Daniel Bowen. 23 December 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ Jacks, Clay Lucas, Timna (10 June 2019). "Big projects, bigger bills: Massive construction boom comes at a cost". The Age. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ VISTA, Department of Transport (2018). "Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity".
- ^ "Melbourne buses: How do other cities compare?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "SmartBus branding may be scrapped in Transdev shake-up". Manningham Leader. 11 December 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Northern Roads Upgrade". Major Road Projects Authority. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Bus lane removal short-sighted". Public Transport Users Association. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Free Community Bus". Port Phillip City Council. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "Saturday Community Bus". Nillumbik City Council. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "Darebin Council Community Transport: "Door-to-Door"". Darebin City Council. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ Clure, Elias (19 May 2017). "Melbourne's trams among slowest in the world". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "City Circle Tram". Yarra Trams. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ Lucas, Clay (3 April 2010). "Melbourne trains fail world 'metro' test". The Age. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- ^ "Touching on and off - Public Transport Victoria". ptv.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013.
- ^ "Refunds and replacements". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
- ^ "DoI media release – 'GOVERNMENT OUTLINES VISION FOR PORT OF MELBOURNE FREIGHT HUB' – 14 August 2006". Archived from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
- ^ Carey, Adam (10 November 2017). "A bridge too far: warning bigger ships won't be able to reach Port of Melbourne". The Age. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ "Getting freight back on track in Victoria" (PDF). Rail Futures Institute. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ "Melbourne Airport – Statistics". Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 26 July 2007.
- ^ "More than two in three drive to work, Census reveals". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "Urban Australia: Where most of us live". Eoc.csiro.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ Lucas, Clay (17 March 2009). "Hard times just the ticket for public transport". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
- ^ Butt, Craig (24 October 2017). "Cars continue to rule Melbourne roads, census shows". The Age. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- . Retrieved 10 November 2023.
- ^ "Top 10 suburbs for bike commuters". Facebook. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ Pojani, Dorina; Butterworth, Elizabeth; Cooper, Jim; Corcoran, Jonathan; Sipe, Neil (5 February 2018). "Australian cities are far from being meccas for walking and cycling". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ "Fast-tracking 40 kilometres of new bike lanes in Melbourne - City of Melbourne". www.melbourne.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ ""Lessons have been learned": Fourth time lucky for bike share?". www.cbdnews.com.au. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ "Council powers ahead with Lime and Neuron e-scooter trial - City of Melbourne". www.melbourne.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ Clay Lucas: Share scheme out of the blocks for city cyclists in The Age 1 June 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
- ^ ABC: Melbourne bike share not a sure thing. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
- ^ Koob, Simone Fox (30 August 2019). "Goodbye blue bikes: Melbourne's bike share scheme canned". The Age. Retrieved 13 July 2022.
- ^ The Weekly Review: oBikes brings dockless bicycle sharing to Melbourne
- ^ "oBike: About". Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ The Age: When it comes to bike sharing, yellow is the new blue
- ^ ABC: oBike says bicycles found up trees and in river are 'teething issue' for sharing scheme
- ^ The Age: 'Illegally dumped rubbish': Council removes oBikes blocking Melbourne footpaths
- ^ "Taxis and hire vehicles – Structure of the taxi industry". Doi.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ^ "Melbourne's yellow taxis get a makeover to increase competition". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
- ^ "About Us". Commercial Passenger Vehicles Victoria. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
- ^ shebah.com.au
- ^ Fels, Allan (17 July 2016). "Ride-sharing needs the right set of rules to support its growth". The Age. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
- ^ "Ferries". Public Transport Victoria. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
- ^ "Governance". Transport for Victoria. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ "Date" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ Lucas, Clay (15 November 2010). "Baillieu revives airport rail link". The Age. Melbourne, Australia.
- ^ See the Transport Legislation Amendment (Public Transport Development Authority) Act 2011.
- ^ "Hoddle Street expressway plan ditched". Herald Sun. Australia: News. 21 March 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "A Simpler, More Coordinated Transport System For Victoria". Premier of Victoria. 27 June 2016. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ Carey, Adam (14 December 2016). "Like dominoes, one part of train system falls over and everything collapses". The Age. Retrieved 24 October 2018.
- ^ Premier of Victoria, media release, 28 March 2011.
- ^ Dr Denis Napthine, Minister for Ports, press release, "Big Plans for Port of Hastings", 30 March 2011.
- Rail Safety Act from the Victorian Government legislation web site – http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt3.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/6D4190C62DE6207FCA257761002C568A/$FILE/06-9a016.pdf
- ^ See Part 7 of the Act. Official copy of the Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983 from the official Victorian Government legislation site – http://www.legislation.vic.gov.au/Domino/Web_Notes/LDMS/LTObject_Store/LTObjSt5.nsf/DDE300B846EED9C7CA257616000A3571/7BB774D3E0245B77CA2577CE00030B90/$FILE/83-9921a153.pdf
- ^ "Transport (Ticketing) Regulations 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria. "Victorian Fares and Ticketing Manual – Metlink – Your guide to public transport in Melbourne and Victoria". Metlinkmelbourne.com.au. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Victorian Law Today Act". Legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- ^ "Victorian Law Today Statutory Rule". Legislation.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
Further reading
- Davison, Graeme (2004), Car Wars: How the Car Won Our Hearts and Conquered Our Cities, Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin, ISBN 9781741142075
- Dodson, Jago; Sipe, Neil (December 2005), Oil Vulnerability in the Australian City, Queensland, Australia: Urban Research Program, Griffith University, ISBN 1-920952-50-0
External links
- Victorian Department of Transport
- Transport for Melbourne - An advocacy alliance for improved public transport planning in Melbourne that publicly launched in 2016.