Architecture of Melbourne
The architecture of
In the wake of the 1850s
Melbourne's growth returned by 1900, and continued at a more modest pace in the following decades. The Federation period of 1900-1915 saw a new crop of commercial buildings the central city; concerns about the likely congestion caused by skyscraper development and the influence of the City Beautiful movement saw a 132 feet (40 metres) height limit introduced in 1916 (which still allowed for ornamental towers).[4] Suburban development of detached houses continued, in the new red brick Federation style. After the restrictions of WW1, development again resumed, with American influences now evidenct, such as Stripped Classical office buildings, and Californian Bungalow houses. After the interruption of the Great Depression, development again resumed about 1933, with central city commercial buildings now in the Art Deco style, and suburban development in a range of revivals, such as Spanish Mission or Old English. The development of low-rise flats in inner and middle suburban areas, which began just before WW1, continued in the 1920s in various revival styles, and increased markedly in the 1930s, usually in Art Deco style, a small boom which was abruptly terminated by WW2 in 1940.
The post
Since the 2000s, the central city and neighbouring
Distinctively Melbourne styles include the many
History
Melbourne is home to the oldest building in Australia,[10] Cooks' Cottage (1755), however the former home of British explorer James Cook was transplanted in 1934 from the English village of Great Ayton, North Yorkshire[11] by the Australian philanthropist Sir Russell Grimwade.[12][13]
1835–1850: Earliest buildings
The original inhabitants, the Wurundjeri were known to have created temporary structures called Mia-mia out of bark, saplings and timber and were observed by Protector of Aborigines William Thomas to be comfortably housed.[14]
Melbourne was first settled by Europeans in 1835, when rival entrepreneurs from Tasmania, John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner sent expeditions looking for sheep pasture. Batman famously stated that “This is the place for a village”, generally believed to refer to the point on the Yarra River where freshwater was found (near today's Queensbridge).[15] However Batman's Treaty was declared void by the government of the time[16] so what was later known as the Port Phillip District was established as a squatter's encampment. The land to the north of the Yarra was a gentle valley between hills to the east and west, and riding ground to the north. Nevertheless, in 1837, government surveyor Robert Hoddle laid out a grid of streets, approximately 30 metres wide (considerably wider than Sydney streets) between the two hills and aligned with the river.[17]
Early buildings were modest and typical of a frontier town, there were few landmarks of note. From early accounts and sketches there were few if any buildings taller than two storeys. Many were of timber construction and those of brick and stone. Almost all were built in the prominent colonial architectural style of the time, the
among others.The best known surviving building from this period is the St James Old Cathedral (1839-1847), which originally stood at the corner of William and Little Collins streets in what was then the centre of town but was later relocated.[19]
Another of Melbourne's oldest buildings La Trobe's Cottage (1839) was a prefabricated home constructed in England and transported to Melbourne. Like St James it has been relocated, though several times prior to its current site in Kings Domain.[20]
Other English styles, including
Early suburban architecture exhibited a variety of different styles. For example, Charterisville in
Devonshire Arms Hotel in Fitzroy (1843) a modest Georgian style building is the oldest extant hotel in the city.[35] Job Warehouse (54-62 Bourke Street) (1848-1849), a double storey building in the Georgian style is the oldest surviving row and typical of the era, though slightly modified.[36] Oddfellows Hotel (1848-1850) is another early example.[37] The John Smith Residence (1848-1852) is the oldest surviving residence built in the Hoddle grid, though the Georgian style home later had an additional storey added.[38] A two-storey colonial regency style shop on the corner of King and Latrobe Street (1850) is recognised as the oldest known building in the Hoddle grid with an unmodified original appearance.[39] The Duke of Wellington Hotel on Flinders Street (1850), another modest two-storey Georgian style building, is also believed to date to this era and is cited as the oldest public bar in the Hoddle grid.[40] Another building known as the Black Eagle Hotel was built in 1850 as two storey Georgian terraces in Little Lonsdale street may have operated as a hotel from the outset.[41] By the 1850s the city centre's early subdivisions began to fill in and consisted of fragmented rows of attached buildings, most a couple of storeys high serviced by rear laneways, a plan which helped dictate the form of many buildings in the subsequent decades.[42]
Named the capital of the new
1851-1880: Gold Rush era
Following this early settlement period, just after the
Locally quarried bluestone (basalt) was a distinctive construction material used from Melbourne's earliest days however it became increasingly popular during the gold rush for institutional buildings due to its heavy rusticated effect and its stern, foreboding appearance. As such it was used extensively in buildings for enforcement, the military and warehousing most commonly in combination with Renaissance Italianate or ecclesiastical and educational institution buildings where it was often combined with a gothic revival style. HM Prison Pentridge (1851) is particularly notable as one of the largest gold rush era bluestone buildings as well as for its distinctive castellated Tudor appearance incorporating medieval style watch towers, arrow slits and panopticons.[45] Other primarily bluestone buildings include the remaining wings of the Old Melbourne Gaol (1852-1854), Williamstown Timeball Tower (1852), Mac's Hotel (1853),[46] St Peter's Church, Eastern Hill transepts (1846-1876), Victoria Barracks (1856-1872), Melbourne Church Of England Grammar (1856),[47] St Andrew's Church, Brighton (1857),[48] Wesleyan Methodist Church St Kilda (1857-1858)[49] Wesley Church complex (1858-1859)[50] All Saints St Kilda (1858-1882),[51] St Patrick's Cathedral (1858-1939),[52] Seabrook House (1858),[53] St Mary's Church of England in North Melbourne (1858-1860),[54] St Mary's Dandenong Road (1859-1871),[55] St John's Toorak (1860-1873)[56] Goldsborough Mort & Co Ltd warehouse (1861-1862),[57] Victorian College for the Deaf (1866),[58] Victorian College for the Blind (1868),[59] St Ignatius Richmond (1867-1870),[60] Cathedral College, East Melbourne (1869-1870),[61] St Augustine's Church and School (1869-1929),[62] and Wiliamstown Primary School (1878).[63] Bluestone continued to be used in Melbourne with prominent later examples including the facade of the Carlton & United Brewery (1858-1883).[64] Residential examples while rare, are notable, particularly Bishopscourt (1852); Royal Terrace Fitzroy (1853–1858);[65] 115-117 Grey Street, East Melbourne (1854);[66] 35 Hanover Street, Fitzroy (1855);[67] Gowrie, Glenroy;[68] D'Estaville Kew (1859);[69] Joseph Reed's design of 157 Hotham Street East Melbourne (1861);[70] Crouch and Wilson's design for 12 Jolimont Terrace East Melbourne (1868);[71] G A Badger's design for 'The Opera House' at 138 Powlett Street East Melbourne;[72] and Eynesbury Homestead at Eynesbury (1872–75).[73] The material however proved difficult to shape to finer classical details so in many other city buildings it was instead used as foundation material due to its robust and porous property.[6]
Melbourne's Gothic Revival was strong, particularly in early church design, but late to gain traction for other buildings, though the seeds were sown for its extraordinary later popularity. Among the first secular buildings to incorporate the style was the Old Law School Building and Old Quadrangle at the University of Melbourne (1854-1857),[90] which set an academic theme for the entire campus that is still evident despite the later demolitions of the National Museum (1863) and Wilson Hall (1878). The Charles Webb designed Church Of England Grammar School (1856) helped establish gothic revival's popularity with the private schools and combined bluestone with impressive effect. Architects Crouch and Wilson would further promote this style in their designs for the College for the Deaf (1866) and College for the Blind (1868). Crouch and Wilson would go on to be one of the winners of a competition in 1873 for designs for primary schools (built in 1874 as Primary School No.1467 at South Yarra).[91] Architect Henry R. Bastow, head of the building department of the Department of Education used this and the other winning designs, all in Gothic Revival schools, to create a distinctive style, and in some cases simplly repeated designs. An example of Bastow's prominent early work is Primary School No.1479 in St Kilda (1874).[92] Bastow established a preference for polychrome brickwork which would contribute to its growing popularity but also designed in other materials including bluestone at Williamstown Primary School (1878). Bishop's Building (1877-1878) by Frederick Wyatt part of the first residential college at Melbourne University's, Trinity College, is another significant gothic revival design in polychrome brick.[93] Faraday Street State School Number 112 (1876-1877) is one of Reed and Barnes notable early works in education but Ormond College (1879-1881) is considered their largest and finest. Despite some pre-gold rush examples, gothic was still rare as a residential style. As the popularity of Italianate styles dominated, Tudor revival had fallen out of favour. Notable exceptions include Glenfern at St Kilda East (1857),[94] a row of houses at 39-41 Nicholson Street, Abbotsford (1858-1869)[95] and the Joseph Reed designed 157 Hotham Street East Melbourne (1861). Gothic revival purists sought a major religious landmark for the early city, however despite the numerous spires which dotted the early skyline including those of the bluestone Wesley, but with St Patrick's Cathedral remaining incomplete, would not find a true icon until the construction of the Joseph Reed designed Scots Church (1871-1874). Built upon Collins Street hill it was considered to be one of the finest church designs in Australia. Leonard Terry's landmark two storey building in Hawthorn for the ES&A Bank (1873) is an early example of gothic applied to secular buildings and also an early commercial use of Hawthorn brick[96] a mode of building which would become highly popular with architects over the subsequent decades.
Melbourne's
Joseph Reed's design for Collins Street Independent Church (1866) (now St Michael's) is notable not only as the earliest examples of elaborate polychrome brickwork in Australia (a style that became highly popular by the 1880s) but also for its unusual floorplan and tower.[115] It was one of the few major church buildings not designed in the popular gothic revival of the time, and its elevated position on the Collins Street hill made it a major landmark of the early city until the construction of nearby Scots Church (1871-1874). Described as Lombardic Romanesque in style,[115] it features a tall square bell tower marking an important street corner, and round Romanesque arches around doors and windows and the open cloisters in each side. The interior was designed in the form of a theatre auditorium, in accordance with the principles of the Congregationalist Church, as a place where all members of the congregation could both hear and see the preacher. It features a sloping floor with tiered seating, and a steep gallery behind a ring of high aches on slender cast iron columns, ensuring good sight lines.[115] The polychromatic style would influence Reed & Barnes' design for St Jude's Church, Carlton later that year but applied in the gothic style with Florentine arches.[116] Many later religious buildings across Melbourne would be influenced by these designs in the following decades.
The Royal Exhibition Building, with its UNESCO World Heritage status is Melbourne's most important building internationally. Built to host the
1880-1893: "Marvellous Melbourne" Land Boom era
The 1880s saw the price of land start to boom, and London banks were eager to extend loans to men of vision who capitalised on this by speculation, and grand, elaborate offices, hotel and department stores in the city, and endless suburban subdivisions. This was the growth that so astonished visiting journalist George Augustus Sala in 1885, that he dubbed the city "Marvellous Melbourne".[121][122][123]
Most of the city's religious buildings were erected during the gold rush era and many were already quite elaborate edifices even before the rising price of land. While many churches had progressed from classical to gothic forms, High Victorian architects now had a wider range of styles from which to draw upon. However the original St Paul's church, occupying a prominent entrance to the city at the intersection of Flinders and Swanston Streets had been planned to be replaced with a large English gothic style cathedral which would become St Paul's Anglican Cathedral (1880-1891).[124] Designed by English architect William Butterfield, it occupied a prominent site in the heart of the city on Flinders Street at the entrance of Princes Bridge making it a highly visible landmark even without its later completed spires. The interior features rich colours and strident colour contrasts, characteristic of Butterfield's work, compared to the exterior, with contrasting stripes of the very dark-coloured local bluestone. An unusual design for the period is the Sacred Heart Church (1884) in St Kilda designed by Reed, Henderson and Smart in a Baroque Italianate style.[125] The Former Church of Christ Abbotsford (1888-1889) designed by Jonathan Rankine was modelled on Temple Church in London and presents a relatively modest Renaissance Revival frontage to the street.[126] The Former Union Church Elsternwick (1888-1890) is another unusual boom style church in the Scottish Baronial style.[127] Another building from the land boom period which didn't had its spires completed St Mary Star of the Sea in West Melbourne (1891-1900).[128] The Auburn Uniting Church Complex (1890) in Hawthorn is a stunning polychromatic brick building in the Lombardic Romanesque popularised by the Uniting Church in the city.[129]
Construction of primary schools continued across the city in a wider variety of styles, designed by the Public Works Department now headed by Bastow. Some of this notable work included St Kilda Park Primary (1882),[130] North Melbourne (1882),[131] Carlton Gardens Primary School (1884),[132] Malvern Primary School (1884),[133] City Road, South Melbourne (1884-1885) ,[134] Middle Park Primary (1887),[135] Yarra Primary School in Richmond (1888),[136] and Auburn Primary School (1890).[137] Significant education buildings by other architects included the Old Pathology Building University of Melbourne (1885),[138] Francis Ormond Building (1885-1887),[139] Former Melbourne Veterinary College (1886),[140] Armadale Primary School (1886),[141] Baldwin Spencer Building Melbourne University (1888),[142] Former Melbourne Teachers College (1888),[143] the University Old Physics Conference Room and Gallery (1888-1889),[144] Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar (1890),[145] Working Men's College - RMIT Building No.4 (1890),[146] and the Genazzano FCJ College (1890-1891).[147] The Former Priory Ladies School (1890) in Alma Road St Kilda demonstrates a rare shift away from the gothic idiom to the American Romanesque, following EG Kilburn's visit to the United States.[148]
Many palatial hotels emerged during the period including a strong temperance movement and many coffee palaces constructed. These almost always featured heavy ornament and prominent towers, often in the Second Empire or Italianate styles. The largest of these, the Federal Coffee Palace, was demolished in 1973. Melbourne's other Victorian luxury hotel, The Menzies, which peaked in 1896, was also demolished in 1969. The best known survivor is the
Theatres became fashionable entertainment for the wealthy. While many of the city's earlier grand theatres are now demolished including the Royal and Bijou, some of the grandest from the boom era remain. William Pitt was a prominent theatre architect of the time. He designed one of Melbourne's best known theatre buildings, Princess Theatre (1886) in the Second Empire French style. The theatre is full of ornamental flourishes including domed mansard roof detailed cast iron work and gold plated statuary.[154] Other prominent theatres to survive include Nahum Barnet's Her Majesty's Theatre (1886) in a similar style though now missing its mansard roof.[155]
The land boom changed Melbourne's skyline, becoming an
Along with the advancements in rail, Melbourne during the land boom underwent a period of major industrialisation. Flinders Street had benefited from construction of the old docks and turning basin and Flinders Lane in particular was a growing centre for the
Melbourne's tram and railway systems boomed during the period, resulting in many significant station and terminus buildings mostly constructed in red brick of the Queen Anne style. These included the former cable tram houses in Fitzroy (1886-1887),
The retail sector was also growing exceptionally strongly and major department stores began to emerge centred along the ever expanding tramway network. Arcades and markets proliferated the city, while many have been demolished the most significant survivor is the The Block (1891-1893) with its magnificent arcade and baroque facades on Collins and Elizabeth Streets.[200] It became the most fashionable place to shop in the city. The classically Renaissance Revival inspired facade of Georges Department Store (1884) on Collins Street by John Harry Grainger is an earlier example of early department store architecture.[201] Significant commercial buildings were also being built throughout the inner suburbs including large multi-storey shop buildings in several of the major shopping strips. Numerous boom style buildings, mostly double storey sprang up in the major retail strips such as Chapel Street South Yarra, Prahran, Windsor, Brunswick Street Fitzroy, Smith Street Collingwood and Clarendon Street South Melbourne among others. George de Lacy Evans design for Lygon Buildings (1888) are notable three storey Renaissance Revival shopfronts.[202] Those designed by John Beswicke feature striking polychromatic brickwork including Beswicke Buildings in Fitzroy (1888)[203] and 132-142 and 144-148 Victoria Street Auburn (1891). 313-315 Drummond Street Carlton is a particularly striking examples including kangaroo-gryphon gargoyles and polychromatic florentine gothic arches.[204] One of the largest and most spectacular landmarks, the Melbourne Fish Market (1889) was demolished in 1959 to make way for a carpark and road flyover. Retail arcades and markets were also popular in the suburbs. One of the largest markets from the era is the former Metropolitan Meat Market in North Melbourne (1880).[205] Prahran Arcade on Chapel Street (1890) though missing its original tall mansard roof makes a striking French Second Empire statement to the street.[206] Charles D'Ebro's Prahran Market (1891) is a prominent statement of Anglo-Dutch style with its large arched entry.[207]
-
Collins Street buildings including the Rialto (1888), Winfield (1889) and Olderfleet buildings (1889)
-
Safe Deposit building (1889)
-
Lombard Building (1889)
-
Stalbridge Chambers (1890)
-
A.C. Goode House (1891)
-
Fink's building (1888), once Melbourne's tallest, demolished in 1969.
-
19th-century grand hotel the Federal Coffee Palace (1888), located on the corner of Collins and King Street, demolished in 1971.
-
The Queen Anne style APA Building (1889), one of the world's tallest buildings that year, demolished in 1981.[208]
-
Melbourne Fish Market (1889), demolished in 1959.
-
Town Hall Chambers (1890), demolished in 1968.
-
Menzies Hotel (1896), demolished in 1969. Oxford Chambers the tall building in the background was demolished in 1970.
-
Equitable Building (1896), demolished in 1959.
1900s–1918: Federation
The turn of the century in Melbourne marked the
A major landmark of this period was built when it was finally decided to replace the ad hoc collection of train sheds Flinders Street Station with a grand terminus. A competition was held in 1899, with 17 entries received.[212] The competition was essentially for the detailed design of the station building, since the location of the concourse, entrances, the track and platform layout, the type of platform roofing and even the room layout to some extent was already decided.[213] The first prize, at £500, went to railway employees James Fawcett and HPC Ashworth of Fawcett and Ashworth in 1899. Their design, titled Green Light, was of French Renaissance style and included a large dome and tall clock tower.[212] The train shed over the platforms was intended to have many arched roofs running north-south, but this was never built. Over the next few years, the design was altered with an additional floor, and work on the station building itself began in 1905. Ballarat builder Peter Rodger was awarded the £93,000 contract and the station was originally to be clad in stone, but this exceeded the allocated budget.[212] Red brick with cement render was chosen for the Edwardian style building. Work on the dome began the following year, and delayed construction saw a Royal Commission appointed in May 1910. The Way and Works Branch of the Victorian Railways took over the project, the station being essentially finished by mid-1909. The verandah along Flinders Street and the concourse roof and verandah along Swanston Street were not completed until after the official opening in 1910.[214] The building has been repainted five times in its history, and the last repaint occurred in 2017. The most recent paint job was conducted to match the original colours as closely as possible, obtained through numerous samples of chipped paint which revealed the original colours after being cut in a polyester resin tube.[215]
From 1905 there was much debate about the merit of taller buildings in the city centre, and the idea of a height limit, influenced by the City Beautiful movement, gained popularity. There was also a concern to preserve light and air at lower levels, especially in the ‘little’ streets. Eventually, as part of a suite of rules that also ensured fire proof construction, the City of Melbourne passed a byelaw mandating a 132 ft limit.[216][217] It was (and still is) popularly believed that this was as high as fire ladders could reach, but in fact the longest ladder was 87 ft, and the limit was based on proportions, being 1+ 1/3 times the 99 ft main street width.[218] This limit stayed in force until the late 1950s, ensuring an evenness to many built up streets.
Other notable Federation buildings in Melbourne include Abbotsford Convent (1900-1903), Milton House (1901), City Baths (1903-1904), Empire Building (1903), St Kilda Pavilion (1904), Paton Building (1905), 3 Treasury Place (1906-1907),[220] Dimmey's Department Store (1907-1910), Bryant and May Factory (1909), Queen Victoria Hospital (1910), Malvern tram depot (1910), Commonwealth Offices (1911–12), Luna Park (1912), Commercial Traveller's Association (1913) and Read's Stores (1914).
-
Alston's Building
-
3 Treasury Place
-
Queen Victoria Hospital Women's Building
-
Commercial Traveller's Association buildings
1918-1939: Interwar
The styles of the early 20th century included
1940-1960s: Postwar Modernist attitudes
The arrival of the 1950s saw contemporary high rise offices constructed and the
The tragedy of Melbourne’s modernity culminated in the destruction of 10 landmark buildings, whose architectural heritage rivalled many mid-town Manhattan gems.[228]
— Medium
Another venue that shaped Melbourne's early architectural form is the pub, a licensed drinking establishment traditionally built on corners within the inner-city and city centre, usually no more than two-storeys tall. In the 1920s, there were about 100 corner pubs in Melbourne but this figure diminished to 45 by the 1960s. Today there are approximately 12 operating in the CBD – including The Metropolitan, which is located on the corner of William Street, and first served beer in 1854.[229]
In 1972, as a result of sustained pressure from the National Trust, Victorian Parliament amended the Town and Country Planning Act to include the "conservation and enhancement of buildings, works, objects and sites specified as being of architectural, historical or scientific interest". The act went onto specify the prohibition of "pulling down", "removal" or "decoration or defacement" to any such building. Because only specified sites were to be protected, the local councils across Melbourne had the task of allocating buildings and places that warranted protection. The City of Melbourne council specified the entire CBD as an area of significance in 1973. However, this blanket protection measure came unstuck in 1975 when the council was threatened with compensation payments to developers if their plans were rejected on heritage grounds, and the issue of compensation was not settled until 1982. At the same time, the Historic Buildings Preservation Act was passed in 1974, protecting at first only 100 places across the state. This was soon expanded to include many of the central city’s finest buildings, though only a handful of the commercial landmarks, and listing did not necessarily ensure preservation. In this context, as well as the many places demolished in the 1960s sometimes without a plan for a replacement, "developers white elephant schemes for central Melbourne proceeded virtually unchecked throughout the 70s", resulting in widespread loss of historic buildings.[230] Heritage listing by the City of Melbourne did not properly occur until 1982, with the listing of about 300 Notable buildings, and large areas declared Heritage Precincts,[231] with the added protection of the re-imposition of the height limit in the central retail area between Russell and Elizabeth Streets, and much lower limits in places such Chinatown, Bourke Hill, and Hardware Lane, which was also pedestrianised.
Controversy arose in 2016 after the historic Corkman Irish Pub in
1960s-1980s: Skyscraper boom
Between the late 1970s and 1980s, Melbourne's skyline reached new heights with the construction of several office buildings. Whelan the Wrecker went out of business in the early 1990s and heritage laws were tightened into the mid 1990s. In 1972,
The Optus Centre, which surpassed 140 William Street's height marginally, was completed in 1975. In 1977 Nauru House claimed the feat of the tallest building in Melbourne at a height of 182 metres (7,200 inches)1978, the first of the Collins Place towers was opened, at a height of 185 metres. The design of Collins Place was based around a pair of towers at 45 degree angles to the Hoddle Grid, with the triangular spaces between forming an open plaza to the street and a shopping plaza behind the towers. All open spaces are covered by a space frame, with transparent plastic roofing. The whole complex is clad in tan-coloured precast masonry panels.
In 1986, the
Late 20th Century Postmodern movement
Melbourne's modern legacy began to give way in the 1980s with the culmination of a strong postmodern movement as many decried the continued loss of the city's cultural character and European charm.
Melbourne's strong postmodern movement goes as far back as 1960 with Roy Grounds masterplan for the Arts Centre, though his vision for Melbourne would not be fully realised until later decades. His National Gallery of Victoria (1968) was one of the first bluestone clad buildings of the late 20th Century.[240] While some earlier 1950s modern buildings featured ornament, notably Wilson Hall (1956),[241] Grounds design makes direct historical references instead of rejecting them. Reminiscent of a giant Renaissance Revival palazzo and surrounded by a moat, the minimalist facade is designed to feature its large cut stone "bricks". The entrance features a large stone arch above which is a Norma Redpath designed Victoria Coats of Arms classical metal sculpture. Among its various modern glass flourishes are a tactile water-wall and the Great Hall's giant stained glass ceiling designed by Leonard French, reputedly the largest in the world. The State Theatre (1984) features a massive open frame spire inspired by Paris's Eiffel Tower, originally designed as a solid copper cone. The interior, designed by John Truscott is decorated in rich red velvet and brass ornament.[242] The Arts Centre would set the scene for a postmodern revival in Melbourne which gained momentum in the mid 1980s.
One Collins Street (1984) on a prominent Spring Street corner is seen as a landmark for postmodern Melbourne and is one of few 1980s designs to receive the
Melbourne's obsession with postmodernism in the late 1980s would spawn many more heritage sympathetic CBD developments particularly in what had become known as the "Paris End" of Collins Street. 90 Collins Street (1987) by Peck von Hartel preserved a Victorian era professional building and mirroring it to create a symmetrical central entrance under a mock stone faced North American style stepped tower, a design model applied successfully by New York's similarly dated 712 Fifth Avenue. Peck von Hartel would follow with one of the most ambitious projects of postmodern Melbourne - 333 Collins Street (1990) - which not only preserved the old Commercial Bank of Australia Limited domed Chamber but its waterfall design clad in granite and its giant copper dome made a strong postmodern statement on the skyline. 333 Collins Street recreates the original facade of the bank which had been stripped off in the interwar period. The design's faceted concave and convex vertical facade and details show the strong influence from Richmond House in London built a few years earlier. Metier3 won praise from the RAIA for its design for the preserved T&G Building (1928-1939) extension (1990) which created a new extension punctuated by metal studs and balconies designed to blend into the Collins streetscape.[246]
By the 1990s the movement was no longer just about sympathy to Melbourne's heritage character, it was about making a bold new visual statement for the city's future. Daryl Jackson's winning but incomplete 1991 designs for the Melbourne Museum with its modern interpretation of neo-classical domed structures saw him become one of the biggest influencers in the movement. Kisho Kurokawa's Melbourne Central Shopping Centre (1991) successfully bridged modernism and postmodernism incorporating the old shot tower under a modern glass cone.
Nonda Katsalidis emerged as one of the champions of Melbourne's postmodernist movement with his work on the Argus Centre which saw the partial restoration of the old Argus building. His reputation grew with the Melbourne Terrace Apartments (1993), one of the first contemporary developments to feature classical influences.[247] The richly complex building juxtaposed elements including weathering steel and oxidizing copper details, along with muscular cut out prefabricated concrete elements evocative of brutalism. At its residential entrances were copper infused sculptures from Greek mythology.
The tall towers 101 Collins Street and nearby 120 Collins Street (1991) drew inspiration in their design from North American skyscrapers with their stepped massing culminating in prominent central towers. 101 Collins is particularly notable for the giant columns at ground level which were designed to be explicitly decorative and freestanding without bearing any load to make a bold postmodern statement, the interior also had a row of giant order columns however these were removed in later remodelling. The Langham (1991), HWT building (1991) and 530 Collins Street (1991) and Casselden Place (1992) also contributed to Melbourne's 1990s North American looking skyline vying for prominence with the modernist landmarks. Southbank Promenade designed by Denton Corker Marshall in 1990 featured smoothly cut bluestone and metal ornaments which were highly fashionable and helped revived Melbourne's southern riverfront. Southgate Shopping Centre (1992) continued the theme making extensive use of smoothly cut bluestone, with gothic and second empire references featuring a faceted facade, keystones, mansard roof, cornices, large rectangular panels of glass reminiscent of tudor casement windows, metal ornament and spiral stairs as strong historical references. These features however are set to be removed as part of an approved a $470 million Fender Katsalidis designed commercial tower redevelopment announced in 2020.[248]
Edmond and Corrigan were seen by many to embody Melbourne's new avant garde with the prominent RMIT Building 8 (1993) in the centre of the city which was the first major postmodern CBD building to receive the Victorian Architecture Medal.[249] ANZ's World Headquarters at 100 Queen Street (1993) similarly saw the restoration of a cluster of neo-gothic buildings including the Safe Deposit Building, Former Stock Exchange and Gothic bank by Lovell Chen (however the trade-off was demolition a substantially intact row of tall interwar buildings to make way for the new tower's podium).[250] Storey Hall (1884) extension (1996) by ARM Architecture extended the legacy of Building 8 with what was one of the first examples of Deconstructivism in Melbourne,[251] a style which would be later popularised by Federation Square. The result was two Victorian Architectural winning postmodern building standing virtually side-by-side along with the "The Green Brain" (2010) at Building 22 helped establish RMIT's Swanston Street frontage one of the Australia's most significant postmodern streetscapes[252] as well as one of the most significant interiors, among its many interesting features paying tribute to the notorious abstract Melbourne sculpture Vault (1978).[252]
Some of Melbourne's boldest postmodern statements are now lost, for example the podiums of the Grand Hyatt was remodelled in 2008. Kurokawa's original design for Melbourne Central including its podium featuring a geodesic dome, concave and large faceted oriel windows were lost to remodelling done by ARM in 2006.[253]
Between 1996 and 1997, a less admired Melbourne building became a target of demolition: the Gas and Fuel towers. These structures were built in the late 1960s at a time when modernisation of the city was considered favourable.[238] The two towers, designed by Perrot and Parents, were also known as the Princes Gate Towers. As public opinion swayed back towards the desirability of 19th century heritage, the modernist Gas and Fuel Towers grew to be seen as "ugly and featureless", with no connection to the heritage that surrounded. The Kennett Government's decision to demolish the modernist towers was generally met with approval, and the towers were demolished to make way for Federation Square.
1990s Modernist revival
By the turn of the 21st Century postmodernism in Melbourne fell out of favour. The 1990s saw modernists hold fast against the postmodern trend and several significant developments emerged. Planners began to repeal the rules relating to podiums and remove height restrictions, often favouring demolition and removal or as a last resort for heritage listed buildings, facadism, resulting in very few old buildings being integrated with new ones. Bourke Place (600 Bourke Street) (1991) and Perrott Lyon Mathieson's Telstra Corporate Centre (1992) were both popular among the architectural community of the time, the latter, which took out an RAIA award, almost single-handedly revived the 20th Century late modern style as so many other buildings followed suit. Several of the high profile postmodernists including Denton Corker Marshall (DCM) and Nonda Katsalidis signalled a strong shift to modernism. DCM's work on the Melbourne Convention and Exhibition Centre (1996) and Melbourne Museum (1999) further entrenched the modern. Katsalidis Ian Potter Museum of Art (1998) and Republic Tower (1999) were among the last major examples of postmodernism in the city but also represented a strong swing toward the modern.
Demolition of historic buildings continued. A prominent example was the Hotel Australia, built in a Functionalist/Moderne style in 1939 demolished in 1989.
New millennium architecture
The new millennium saw a tighter attitude towards heritage conservation and a construction boom in Melbourne. On the back of Australia's financial and mining booms between 1969 and 1970, and the establishment of the headquarters of many major companies in the city, resulted in a continual rise in large, modern office buildings being constructed outside of the historic CBD and in newer precincts like Southbank and Docklands to preserve heritage overlays within the city centre.
The 2000s saw a continuation of skyscrapers and tall buildings with the urban renewal opening of the
-
Atrium inside Federation Square
-
Garden Building,RMIT University
Monuments and structures
Melbourne's metropolitan area is dotted with structures and memorials dedicated to various different historical events of significance. Perhaps the most notable, located in
Town halls and civic centres
Each municipality in Melbourne is represented by its own
South Melbourne Town Hall, which represented the now amalgamated areas of South Melbourne, Port Melbourne and St Kilda, is one of the second oldest town hall's and civic centres built in Melbourne, completed in 1879 in an elaborate Victorian Academic Classical style with French Second Empire features, dominated by a very tall multi-stage clock tower. The building is on the Victorian Heritage Register.[262]
Arcades and laneways
The many laneways and arcades of Melbourne have become internationally famous. Not only to they boast national cultural significance in Australia, but they have come to collectively represent Melbourne. The abundance of lanes in the Melbourne city centre reflects the town planning of Melbourne–the Hoddle Grid, they originated as service laneways for horses and carts.
Since the 1990s Melbourne's lanes, particularly the pedestrianised ones, have gentrified.[264][265][266] Officialdom has recognised their heritage value, and they attract interest from Australia and around the world.[citation needed] Some of the lanes have become particularly notable for their acclaimed urban art.
Bridges
Melbourne's positioning spanning the Yarra River, and on the coast, necessitates several water crossings.
The wrought-iron arch Queens Bridge, one of the oldest remaining bridges in the city, was constructed in 1889 has five wrought iron plate girder spans, and is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.[269][270][271] The bridge was built by contractor David Munro, and replaced a timber footbridge built in 1860.[272][273] The Morell Bridge, built in 1899, is notable as the first bridge in Victoria that was built using reinforced concrete.[274][275][276][277] The bridge features elaborate decorations on the three arch spans, including prominent dragon motifs as well as ornamental Victorian lights. The gutters on the bridge are cobbled bluestone, with a single lane bitumen strip running down the middle. The Bridge is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register.[278]
Residential architecture
Like many other Australian capital cities, Melbourne's suburbs and residential architecture has been shaped by the city's extensive history–thus it is defined by a variation in style, ranging from elaborate Victorian properties to more contemporary postwar homes. To counter the trend towards low-density suburban residential growth, the government began a series of controversial public housing projects in the inner city by the Housing Commission of Victoria, which resulted in demolition of many neighbourhoods and a proliferation of high-rise towers.[279]
Suburbs in Melbourne's east like
Postwar Melbourne was characterised by a combination of suburban sprawl fueled by the Australian Dream and walk up flats that Robin Boyd described as 'The Australian Ugliness'.[281] Surveys of post-war architecture tended to agree with Boyd's theory that post war, good residential architecture was extremely rare in Melbourne. The Victorian branch of Royal Australian Institute of Architects named their residential architecture award after him. The generic nature of the city's suruburban architecture has been both celebrated in such popular culture as 1980s television's 'Neighbours'[282] but also successfully parodied, such as in the 1997 film 'The Castle'.[283] Apartment living was generally frowned upon until the 1990s whent he Kennett state government promoted the 1992 planning policies of Postcode 3000 and the 1997 Good Design Guide for Medium-Density Housing to stimulate apartment living closer to the city.[284] However the transformation continual loosening of planning controls to promote higher density has been criticised as resulting in even more bad architecture.[285]
Historically, some of Melbourne's most significant residential architects have been Joseph Reed, John A. B. Koch, Frederick Romberg, Roy Grounds, Robin Boyd[286] and Nonda Katsalidis.
-
Como House, South Yarra (1847)
-
Toorak House, Toorak (1849)
-
Eildon, St Kilda (1850-1872)
-
Bishopscourt, East Melbourne (1853)
-
Clarendon Terrace, East Melbourne (1857)
-
Glenfern, St Kilda (1857)
-
Overnewton Castle, Keilor (1857)
-
D'Estaville, Kew (1859) Knight & Kerr
-
157 Hotham Street, East Melbourne (1861) Joseph Reed
-
Labassa, North Caulfield (1862-1873)
-
Rippon Lea Estate (1868) Joseph Reed
-
Rochester Terrace, Albert Park (1869–1879)
-
Raheen, Kew (1870)
-
Rupertswood, Sunbury (1874-1876)
-
17 Casseldon Place, Little Lon district (1877)
-
Werribee Park (1874-1877)
-
Tasma Terrace, East Melbourne (1877)
-
Goodrest, South Yarra (1884)
-
Queens Bess Row, East Melbourne (1886) Tappin Gilbert and Dennehy
-
Chastleton House, Toorak (1886-1887)
-
Stonington, Malvern (1890)
-
Edzell, Toorak (1892)
-
Tilba, South Yarra (1907)
-
Belmont, Alma Road, St Kilda (1923)
-
Alcaston House, Spring Street (1929-1930)
-
Beverley Hills Apartment Block, South Yarra (1930s) Howard Ratcliff Lawson
-
Newburn Flats (1939-1941) Frederick Romberg
-
Yarrabee Flats (1940) Frederick Romberg
-
Stanhill (1947-1950) Frederick Romberg
-
Roy Grounds House, Toorak (1952) Roy Grounds
-
Walsh Street House (1958) Robin Boyd
-
Domain Park Towers (1962) Robin Boyd
-
Featherston House (1967) Robin Boyd
-
Park Towers, South Melbourne (1967-1968) Housing Commission of Victoria
-
Melbourne Terrace Apartments Franklin Street (1994) Nonda Katsilidis
-
YVE, St Kilda Road (2004-2006) Wood Marsh
-
Eureka Tower (2006) Fender Katsalidis
-
The Icon, St Kilda (2014) Jackson Clements Burrows
-
Australia 108, Southbank (2018-2020) Fender Katsalidis
See also
- Architecture of Australia
- List of heritage listed buildings in Melbourne
- List of tallest buildings in Melbourne
- Victorian architecture
References
- ISBN 9-780-52284730-7.
- ^ "Cultural Cringe and 'The Lost City of Melbourne'". The New York Times. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
- ^ "New Buildings in Melbourne: The Loftiest Structures in the City". The Argus. 14 June 1888. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
- ^ School of Historical Studies, Department of History. "Skyscrapers - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Retrieved 19 March 2024.
- ^ "100 Tallest Residential Buildings in the World". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^ a b From molten lava to cobbled laneways: how bluestone shaped Melbourne's identity from The Conversation 27 June 2019
- ^ Thematic history: A history of the City of Melbourne's urban environment ATTACHMENT 3 AGENDA ITEM 5.1 FUTURE MELBOURNE COMMITTEE 12 June 2012
- ^ Late Victorian [1875 > 1901 house styles Heritage Council of Victoria]
- ^ NATIONAL TRUST OF AUSTRALIA Heritage in Trust (ACT) November 2022 pg. 2 ISSN 2206-4958
- ^ How an English cottage became Australia's oldest building by Penny Walker for the Telegraph 10 January 2019
- ^ The Captain Cook Society: Cook's Log, page 212, volume 6, number 3 (1983).
- ^ "Cooks' Cottage". City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
- ^ "CAPTAIN COOK'S COTTAGE. :ANOTHER CENTENARY GIFT.:Mr. Russell Grimwade's Generosity". The Argus. No. 27,105. Melbourne. 1 July 1933. p. 21. Retrieved 6 September 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ FIRST PEOPLES AND THE YARRA
- Museum of Victoria. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK)". Documenting Democracy. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ^ "City of Melbourne — Roads — Introduction". City of Melbourne. Archived from the original on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2008.
- ^ A history of the City of Melbourne's urban environment from the City of Melbourne
- ^ "St James Old Cathedral, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H0011, Heritage Overlay HO478". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria.
- ^ "La Trobe Cottage Opened". The Age. 3 December 1964. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
- ^ "Early history", St Francis’ Church, Melbourne
- ^ The Hawthorns - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Peter's Eastern Hill Precinct - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Invergowrie - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Wattle House St Kilda Historical Society
- Victorian Government. 2 July 2004. Archivedfrom the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ^ St Johns Anglican Church - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ State Library of Victoria photograph of Toorak House Archived 2007-09-29 at archive.today
- ^ Whitby House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Charterisville - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Wentworth House - Victorian Heritage Register
- .
- ^ Toorak House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Manor House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Devonshire Arms Hotel - Victorian Heritage Database
- ^ Job Warehouse Victorian Heritage Council
- ^ Former Oddfellows Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former John Smith House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Melbourne’s oldest building is set to sell for the first time in more than 100 years by Tony Moclai 12 April 2021
- ^ "New life for the old Duke". 16 April 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
- ^ Black Eagle Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register
- ISBN 0-7306-3598-8.
- ^ The Golden Metropolis: Overview
- ^ a b Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 7.
- ^ Pentridge Prison - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Mac's Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Melbourne Grammar School - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Andrew's Church Brighton - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Wesleyan Methodist Church St Kilda - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Wesley Church - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ All Saints St Kilda East- Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Patrick's Cathedral - Victorian Heritage Regsiter
- ^ Seabrook Building - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Mary's Church of England - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Mary's - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St John's Toorak - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Goldsborough Mort & Co Ltd from Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Victorian College for the Deaf - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Victorian College for the Blind - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Ignatius - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Cathedral College - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Augustine's Catholic Church and former school - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Williamstown Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Carlton & United Brewery - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Royal Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ 115-117 Grey Street, East Melbourne - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ 35 Hanover Street, Fitzroy - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Gowrie - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ D'Estaville - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ 157 Hotham Street - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ 12 Jolimont Terrace East Melbourne - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ The Opera House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Eynesbury - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Royal Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Glass Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Clarendon Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Nepean Terrace - Victorian Hertiage Reigster
- ^ Cyprus Terrace - Victorian heritage Register
- ^ Cobden Terrace - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Tasma Terrace - National Trust of Victoria
- ^ State Library of Victoria - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Baptist Church - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Bank of New South Wales - National Trust of Victoria
- ^ Royal Society of Victoria - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Melbourne Town Hall - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Parliament House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Trades Hall - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Library of the Supreme Court - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ The dome that isn't there from Parliament Victoria
- ^ Old Law School Building and Old Quadrangle at the University of Melbourne - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Primary School No.1467 - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Primary School No.1479 - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Bishop's Building, Trinity College
- ^ Glenfern - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ 39-41 Nicholson Street, Abbotsford - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ ES&A Bank Hawthorn - Victorian Heritage Register,
- ^ Victorian Titles Office - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Treasury Reserve Precinct Victorian Heritage Council
- ^ "VHD". Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
- ^ Former Customs House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Campbell Residence - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ The Australian Club - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Commercial Bank of Australia - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former London and Chartered Bank - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Portland House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Bank of Australasia - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Young and Jacksons - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Eastern Hill Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Esplanade Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Where Chloe Once Hung By David Thompson for CBD News 18 May 2018
- ^ Portable Iron Houses - National Trust of Victoria
- ^ Num Pon Soon - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Chinese Mission Church - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ See Yup Society Temple - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ a b c "St Michael's Uniting Church". Heritage Council of Victoria. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ^ St Jude's Anglican Church - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ "Global status for our greatest building", 21 October 2002. URL accessed on 5 September 2006.
- ^ "Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens". United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2004. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
- ISBN 0-9577471-4-4.
- ^ "Royal Exhibition building and Carlton Gardens" (PDF). Retrieved 14 November 2018.
- ^ Davison 1978.
- Government of Victoria. 12 June 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ "Marvellous Melbourne | State Library Victoria". www.slv.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ St Paul's Cathedral - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Sacred Heart Church - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Church of Christ - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Union Church - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Mary Star of the Sea - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Auburn Uniting Church Complex - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ St Kilda Park Primary - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Melbourne College of Printing and Graphic Arts
- ^ Carlton Gardens Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Malvern Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/1036 J H Boyd Girls High School - Vcitorian Heritage Register]
- ^ Middle Park Primary - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Yarra Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Auburn Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Old Pathology Building - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Francis Ormond Building - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Melbourne Veterinary College - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Armadale Primary School - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Baldwin Spencer Building
- ^ Former Melbourne Teacher's College,
- ^ Old Physics Conference Room and Gallery - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Lowther Hall Anglican Grammar - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ RMIT Building No.4 - National Trust of Victoria
- ^ Genazzano FCJ College - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Priory Ladies School - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Windsor Hotel - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Biltmore - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Hotel Victoria - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Canterbury Mansions - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ George Hotel St Kilda - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Princess Theatre - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Her Majesty's Theatre - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ ANZ Bank - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Safe Deposit Building - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Lombard Building - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Goad 2012, pp. 543.
- ^ Melbourne City Building
- ^ Olderfleet - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ New Zealand Chambers - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Record Chambers - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ ]https://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/742 Winfield Building]
- ^ Rialto Building - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Austral Buildings - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Savage Club - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Money Order Post Office - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Sum Kum Lee - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Mercantile Bank - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ ES&A Bank - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ ANZ Bank - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Kensington Property Exchange - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Commercial Bank of Australia Banking Chamber and Entrance - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former National Mutual Life Association - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ - Cordial Factory - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Warehouses - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Robur Tea Building - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ James Bond Store - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Coop's Shot Tower - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Queen's Warehouse - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Richmond Power Station - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Cable Tram House Fitzroy
- ^ Former Tram Substation - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Cable Tram Engine House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Cable Tramway Engine House - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Northcote Cable Tramways site - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Melbourne Cable Tramway and Omnibus Company Building - Victorian Heritage register
- ^ Hawthorn Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Middle Brighton Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ South Melbourne Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Coburg Railway Line - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Windsor Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ North Melbourne Railway Complex - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Newport Railway Workshops
- ^ Former Albert Park Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Brighton Beach Railway Station - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ No.2 Goods Shed - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Victorian Railways Headquarters
- ^ Block Arcade - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Georges Store - National Trust of Victoria
- ^ Lygon Buildings - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Shops - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Shops and Residences - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Former Metropolitan Meat Market - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Prahran Arcade - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Prahran Market - National Trust
- ^ "Australian Property Investment Co. Building". National Trust Database. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Pennsylvania State University 1990, pp. 60.
- Museum of Victoria. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
- ^ Griffiths 2014, p. 77.
- ^ a b c "Flinders Street Station: History of a Melbourne icon". Herald Sun. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Davies 2008, p. 20.
- ^ Davies 2008, p. 38.
- ABC. 10 November 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ "CITY BUILDING REGULATIONS". Age. 24 February 1916. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ School of Historical Studies, Department of History. "Skyscrapers - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
- ^ "The Limited City - Building Height Regulations in The City of Melbourne, 1890-1955 by Peter Mills 1997 | PDF | Melbourne | Elevator". Scribd. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ Former Auditorium - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Treasury Reserve Precinct - Victorian Heritage Regsiter
- ^ "Manchester Unity Building". The Age. Melbourne. 1 September 1932. p. 6. Retrieved 24 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Mitchell House". Victorian Heritage Database (VHD). Retrieved 1 June 2019.
- ^ a b Australian National Heritage listing for the ICI Building
- ^ "Time Series Analysis of the Skyline and Employment Changes in the CBD of Melbourne" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ^ "Melbourne Timeline Diagram". Retrieved 6 October 2016.
- ^ Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 88.
- ^ Annear 2005, pp. 280.
- ^ "Lost Melbourne: 10 Landmark Buildings Demolished Forever". Medium. 2 March 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ^ Lucas, Clay (7 June 2018). "Planning laws see speculators target last pubs standing on CBD corners". The Age. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- ^ Annear 2005, pp. 358.
- ^ School of Historical Studies, Department of History. "Heritage Conservation - Entry - eMelbourne - The Encyclopedia of Melbourne Online". www.emelbourne.net.au. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ^ "Once a building is destroyed, can the loss of a place like the Corkman be undone?". The Conversation. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ "Corkman Pub site to become temporary park after deal struck with 'cowboy developers'". ABC. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
- ^ "Former BHP House". 3 March 2000. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ "Scraping the sky: Melbourne's tallest buildings since 1871". Herald Sun. 20 September 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ Interactive Data – The Skyscraper Center Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
- ISBN 3-930698-90-0.
- ^ a b Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 124.
- ^ a b c Putting on a New Face. By Luke Slattery for The Age. 17 June 1988 pg 11
- ^ National Gallery of Victoria - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Wilson Hall - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ Victorian Arts Centre - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ 1 Collins Street National Trust of Victoria database
- ^ Beck, Haig; Cooper, Jackie, 2000. Denton Corker Marshall Rule Playing And The Ratbag Element. Birkhäuser. pp 116.
- ^ Robert Peck One Collins Street
- ^ Bates Smart to refurbish Melbourne’s 1928 T&G building by Louisa Wright for Architecture Australia 11 August 2016
- ISBN 978-0-500-28388-2
- ^ Fender Katsalidis designs elevated parks and office tower for Melbourne’s Southbank from ArchitectureAU Editorial 2 Jun 2020
- ^ Gold Medal tribute Maggie Edmond by Philip Goad 31 Oct 2023
- ^ ANZ to sell its old Melbourne headquarters from the Australian Financial Review 16 April 2019
- ^ Dimech, Adam. "Melbourne Buildings-RMIT Storey Hall". Adam Dimech Online. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
- ^ a b RMIT Storey Hall and Green Brain
- ^ Ideas Above its Station Architecture Australia 1 Jan 2006
- ^ Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 110.
- ^ Chapman & Stillman 2014, pp. 134.
- ^ "Eureka Sky Deck". Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "Australia 108 officially becomes the tallest residential tower in Southern Hemisphere". 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
- ^ Taylor 2005, pp. 101.
- ^ Royall, Ian (11 December 2007). "Shrine of Remembrance's structure in the wars". Herald Sun. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
- ^ "ABC OPEN: Melbourne's first public square". ABC. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ "Victorian Heritage Database". Retrieved 11 April 2018.
- ^ "South Melbourne Town Hall". Victorian Heritage Database. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^
ISBN 9780730635987. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "Melbourne's Aesthetic Turn: Coffee Culture, Industrial Chic And Global-city Elites". arena.org.au. June 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ "Lessons from the laneways: a love letter to the 1990s". City of Melbourne. 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ "How Melbourne Found its Laneways". Broadsheet. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ^ a b "Denton Corker Marshall: Bolte Bridge". Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.
- ^ "Princes Bridge, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H1447, Heritage Overlay HO790". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria.
- ^ "Queens Bridge, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H1448, Heritage Overlay HO791". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
- ^ City of Melbourne. "Bridges of Melbourne: Bridge Management Plan" (PDF). www.melbourne.vic.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
- ^ "OPENING OF THE QUEENS-BRIDGE". Illustrated Australian News And Musical Times. No. 420. Victoria, Australia. 1 May 1890. p. 19 (NEW ZEALAND EDITION.). Retrieved 16 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Queens Bridge (listing VICH1448)". Australia Heritage Places Inventory. Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
- ^ "THE NEW QUEEN'S BRIDGE". The Argus. No. 13, 670. Melbourne. 17 April 1890. p. 9. Retrieved 16 August 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ City of Melbourne. "Bridges of Melbourne: Bridge Management Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.
- ^ "The Monier Bridge". The Argus. Melbourne. 21 July 1899. p. 6. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Morell Bridge at Structurae
- ISBN 978-1-921520-00-6
- ^ "Morell Bridge, Victorian Heritage Register (VHR) Number H1440, Heritage Overlay HO395". Victorian Heritage Database. Heritage Victoria.
- ISBN 0-7022-1729-8.
- ISBN 094928436X.
- ^ Boyd, Robin (1960). The Australian Ugliness. Melbourne: Penguin Books.
- ^ Heritage overlay recommended for “Ramsay Street” homes 26 September 2022
- ^ ‘It’s the vibe’: 25 years on, how The Castle became an Australian classic by Kieran Pender for The Guardian 19 March 2022
- ^ Kennett’s five wishes for Melbourne’s urban future by Linda Cheng for Architecture AU. 19 February 2016
- ^ Flawed design for a perfect city By Jason Dowling and Cameron Houston for The Age 7 June 2008
- ^ Architect Robin Boyd: The Melbourne man who has become a tourist attraction by Paul Chai for The Age 9 April 2018
- ^ "The Esplanade (formerly Belvedere)". skhs.org.au. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
- ^ Banyule Heritage Review 2012
- ^ 16 Maltravers Road, Eaglemont - Victorian Heritage Register
- ^ "About Lind house". LIND HOUSE. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
Literary references
- Annear, Robyn (2005). A City Lost & Found: Whelan the Wrecker's Melbourne. Black Inc. ISBN 978-1-45967-670-1.
- Chapman, Heather; Stillman, Judith (2014). Lost Melbourne. Pavilion. ISBN 978-1-910496-74-9.
- Davies, Jenny (2008). Beyond the Façade: Flinders Street, More than just a Railway Station. Publishing Solutions. ISBN 978-1-921488-03-0.
- Davison, Graeme (1978). The Rise and Fall of Marvellous Melbourne. ISBN 978-0-522851-23-6.
- Goad, Philip (2012). Encyclopaedia of Australian Architecture. Cambridge University Press. p. 543.
- Griffiths, Jessica (2014). Imperial Culture in Antipodean Cities, 1880-1939. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137385-73-4.
- Pennsylvania State University (1990). The history of the Liquor Trades Union in Victoria. Victorian Branch, Federated Liquor and Allied Industries Employees Union of Australia. p. 60.
- Taylor, William (2005). "Lest We Forget: the Shrine of Remembrance, its redevelopment and the heritage of dissent" (PDF). Fabrications. 15 (2): 102. S2CID 162193990. Retrieved 12 July 2008.