Cyclone Kamisy
Meteorological history | |
---|---|
Formed | 3 April 1984 |
Dissipated | 17 April 1984 |
Intense tropical cyclone | |
10-minute sustained (MFR) | |
Highest winds | 170 km/h (105 mph) |
Lowest pressure | 927 hPa (mbar); 27.37 inHg |
Category 3-equivalent tropical cyclone | |
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
Highest winds | 185 km/h (115 mph) |
Overall effects | |
Fatalities | 69 total |
Damage | $250 million (1984 USD) |
Areas affected | Madagascar, Comoros, Mayotte, Seychelles |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the 1983–84 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season |
Intense Tropical Cyclone Kamisy was considered the worst
In northern Madagascar, Kamisy produced wind gusts of 250 km/h (155 mph), which destroyed 80% of the city of Diego Suarez. About 39,000 people were left homeless in the area, and there were five deaths. In western Madagascar, the cyclone dropped 232.2 mm (9.14 in) of rainfall in 24 hours in Majunga, which damaged rice fields in the region after causing widespread river flooding. Additionally, the storm destroyed about 80% of Majunga. Throughout the country, Kamisy caused $250 million in damage and 68 deaths, with 215 people injured and 100,000 left homeless. Fifteen people were killed and 30 others were injured in
Meteorological history
Cyclone Kamisy originated from an area of convection that formed in early April. On 3 April, the system was assigned a Dvorak rating of T2.0[1] and was respectively upgraded into a moderate tropical storm by the Météo-France office on Reunion (MFR). However, the storm was not classified by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) until that evening.[nb 1] The storm initially tracked west-southwest, but after briefly weakening into a tropical depression, Kamisy began to turn west. On 5 April, the storm was upgraded into a moderate tropical storm for the second time; the JTWC followed suit and upgraded Kamisy into a tropical storm several hours later while located about 1,000 km (620 mi) west of Diego Garcia.[3]
Kamisy steadily intensified and on 6 April, the JTWC reported that it attained hurricane-force winds despite MFR estimating winds of 80 km/h (50 mph). Early on 7 April, however, Kamisy was upgraded into a severe tropical storm
After maintaining peak intensity for less than a day, it weakened slightly. On 9 April, the storm brushed the northern Madagascar coast as a severe tropical storm, though the JTWC suggested that Kamsiy was considerably stronger. However, the afternoon to storm emerged into the extreme northern Mozambique Channel, where it passed near Mayotte, with little change in strength. After sharply turning south-southwest, Kamisy briefly regained tropical cyclone intensity, but resumed weakening as it approached the coast. While still a moderate tropical storm, it made landfall along the north-central part of the nation on 12 April,[3] near Tamative.[1] At the time of landfall, the JTWC noted that Kamisy was a minimal hurricane. The storm quickly weakened overland and was a tropical depression by the time it had emerged into the Indian Ocean. Shortly thereafter, the storm restrengthened into a moderate tropical storm, but this trend was short-lived. The JTWC downgraded Kamisy into a tropical depression at 06:00 UTC on 14 April. The agency issued the last warning on the system the following day, even though MFR kept tracking the system until the morning hours of 16 April. At this time, Kamisy was located about 500 mi (805 km) southwest of the southern tip of Madagascar.[3]
Impact
Madagascar
Throughout Madagascar, a total of 68 casualties were reported
In Diego Suarez, the storm caused significant damage, especially in residential areas. Warehouses, schools, and other public buildings suffered extensive damage.[11] Throughout the city, 80% of the buildings were damaged[6] and the town was 85% destroyed.[12] Electrical and water supplies were cut in Diego Suarez.[7] Nearby, in Befaria, a leprosarium, which housed 200 patients and their families, was damaged. The small village of Mangaoka was forced to move inland 100 m (330 ft).[13] In Tamatave, a daily peak rainfall total of 294 mm (11.6 in) was measured, and 711 mm (28.0 in) fell in a six-day period.[14] Due to the rainfall, 70% of the town's population moved to high ground.[15] In Antsiranana, 30,000 of the 40,000 inhabitants were left homeless and were left with little food or water.[16] Throughout northern Madagascar, about 39,000 people were left homeless in the area; there were five deaths.[1]
After making its second landfall, 80% of the port of Mahajanga was destroyed,[16] where 42,120 people were reportedly homeless.[15] Many neighborhoods of the town, whose population was 45,000, were completed washed away.[16] Many rice fields in the region were destroyed due to widespread river flooding.[1][4] In Mahajanga alone, 15 people were killed while 30 others were majorly hurt.[16] Several schools throughout the city were destroyed.[17] Winds greater than 112 mph (180 km/h) were reported in Mahanjanga as well.[18] Elsewhere, the town of Movoya was also mostly destroyed.[15]
Elsewhere
After making its first landfall, the storm struck Mayotte, in the Comoros island group, where severe damage was recorded. One death was also reported.[12] Dozens of others were severely hurt.[19] Around 25,000 people were displaced.[4][20] All of the banana and rice crop were destroyed by the storm in both Comoros and Seychelles.[21]
Aftermath
Following the storm, emergency food and medical supplies were rushed into the nation.[22][23] Due to Madagascar's small budget, it did not have the resources to repair all the damage alone.[24] Two French rescue mission, including one from Reunion, provided victims with food and medical assistance to Madagascar and Mayotte.[12][25] Furthermore, the Malagasy Red Cross launched an appeal for blankets, clothes, tents, and medicine. The United States provided $25,000 in cash and $15,000 worth of other items. Moreover, Italy donated $41,500 to Madagascar. Netherlands provided $65,000 worth of supplies[7] while the nations' the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies decided to send a disaster team to the devastated area.[26] The United Kingdom provided $74,000 is cash; France provided 2.2 short tons (2.0 t) of medicine, 500 short tons (450 t), and 4 tents.[7] The government asked for 60,000 short tons (54,000 t) of rice, 5,000 short tons (4,500 t) of flour, 200 short tons (180 t) of edible oil, and 20 short tons (18 t) of milk and canned food. Aside from food items, they also asked for 20,000 short tons (18,000 t) of cement and 50,000 packages of iron sheets.[7] Additionally, the head of Minister of State, Foreign and Commonwealth Office intended to focus on the reconstruction of bridges and roads.[27] A private consulting company was later hired to conduct a post-storm assessment; a training program was subsequently launched, which had a budget of $3.5 million. The training program lasted until the 1985–86 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season, when Cyclone Honorinina devastated the nation.[11]
Sailors from the US Navy's warship
See also
Notes
- sustained over 10 minutes, while estimates from the United States-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center are sustained over 1 minute. 10 minute winds are about 1.14 times the amount of 1 minute winds.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e f La Météorlogie, Service de la Réunion (September 1984). "La Saison Cyclonique 1983-1984 A Madagascar" (PDF). Madagascar: Revue de Géographie (in French). 43 (Juil-Déc 1983): 146. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ Christopher W Landsea; Hurricane Research Division (26 April 2004). "Subject: D4) What does "maximum sustained wind" mean? How does it relate to gusts in tropical cyclones?". Frequently Asked Questions. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1984 KAMISY (1984094S10080). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ a b c Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance. Annual Report for FY 1984 (PDF) (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
- ^ The Weather Doctor's Diary. The Weather Doctor's Diary: April (Report). Retrieved 10 July 2013.
- ^ a b "International News". Associated Press. 12 April 1984. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d e "Madagascar Cyclone Feb 1984 UNDRO Situation Reports 1 - 9". Relief Web. UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 1984. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
- ^ "Madagascar a été touché par 4 cyclones très remarquables pendant les 30 dernières années". Afriquinfos (in French). 18 February 2012. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (August 1993). Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present (PDF) (Report). Retrieved 31 July 2013.
- ^ Christope Buffet (July 2011). "Disaster Risk Reduction in Madagascar" (PDF). DDR Madagascar. Solidarité et changement climatique. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ a b Jean W. Parker; James P. Good (July 1993). "Madagascar: Training for Safer Construction after Cyclone Kamisy" (PDF). Evaluation of Post- Disaster Housing Education as a Local Mitigation Approach. US Aid. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
- ^ a b c "Cyclone devastates Indian Ocean islands". United Press International. 13 April 1984. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ISBN 9789230011130.
- ^ WMO Bulletin. World Meteorological Organization. 1985. p. 303.
- ^ a b c "Cyclone damage in Madagascar". BBC Summary of World Broadcasts. 17 April 1983. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ^ a b c d "Cyclone batters Madagascar". The Globe and Mail. 13 April 1984. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- ISBN 9789211311365. Retrieved 20 July 2013.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ "Weather History: April 8: Record Temps, Storms, Cyclone, Snow & Wind". Examiner. 7 April 2011.
- ^ Economic, financial, and technical series (21 ed.). Africa Research Bulletin. p. 7257.
- ^ Deanna Swaney; Robert Willox (1994). Madagascar & Comoros: a travel survival kit.
- ^ Africa News. Africa News Service. 1985. p. 48.
- ^ "Cyclone Hits Madagascar". Los Angeles Times. United Press International. 14 April 1984.
- The Montreal Gazette. United Press International. 14 April 1984. p. 11. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
- ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1984. p. 17.
- ^ a b c d e "U.S. Sailors Help Repair Cyclone Damage In Madagascar". Associated Press. 3 May 1983. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
- S2CID 129429860.
- ^ HL Deb (24 May 1984). "Cyclone Kamisy". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Mil Bank System. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
- ^ a b Bob Lea (16 July 2013). "The History of the USS Hector AR-7". The USS Hector (AR-7) Association. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^ a b Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense. "Chapter 6.9 – DoD Service Medals: Humanitarian Service Medal". Manual of Military Decorations and Awards. p. 171. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.