Mayotte
Mayotte | |
---|---|
Overseas department, region and single territorial collectivity of France and outermost region of the European Union | |
Department of Mayotte Département de Mayotte (French) | |
Coat of arms | |
Anthem: La Marseillaise ("The Marseillaise") | |
Coordinates: 12°50′35″S 45°8′18″E / 12.84306°S 45.13833°E | |
Country | France |
Prefecture | Mamoudzou |
Departments | 1 |
Government | |
• President of the Departmental Council | Ben Issa Ousseni (LR) |
Area | |
• Total | 374 km2 (144 sq mi) |
• Rank | 18th region |
Population (Jan. 2024)[1] | |
• Total | 320,901 |
• Density | 860/km2 (2,200/sq mi) |
Demonyms |
|
GDP | |
• Total | €2.932 billion |
• Per capita | €11,300 |
Time zone | UTC+03:00 (EAT) |
ISO 3166 code | |
Currency | Euro (€) (EUR) |
Website | Prefecture Departmental Council |
Mayotte (
Mayotte's land area is 374 square kilometres (144 sq mi) and, with its 320,901 people according to January 2024 official estimates,[1] is very densely populated at 858 inhabitants per km2 (2,228 per sq mi). The biggest city and prefecture is Mamoudzou on Grande-Terre. The Dzaoudzi–Pamandzi International Airport is located on the neighbouring island of Petite-Terre. The territory is also known as Maore, the native name of its main island.
Mayotte is one of the
French is the official language and is spoken as a second language by an increasing part of the population, with 63% of the population 14 years and older reporting in the 2007 census that they could speak it.[4] The native languages of Mayotte are Shimaore, which is the most spoken, and the lesser spoken Kibushi, a Malagasy language, of which there are two varieties, Kibushi sakalava, most closely related to the Sakalava dialect of Malagasy, and Kibushi antalaotsi, most closely related to the dialect spoken by the Antalaotra of Madagascar. Both have been influenced by Shimaore.
The island was populated from neighbouring East Africa with later arrival of Arabs, who brought Islam. A sultanate was established in 1500. The vast majority of the population today is Muslim. In the 19th century, Mayotte was conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of Iboina on Madagascar.
Mayotte chose to remain with France
The department faces enormous challenges. According to an
Geography
The term Mayotte (or Maore) may refer to all of the department's islands, of which the largest is known as Maore (French: Grande-Terre) and includes Maore's surrounding islands, most notably Pamanzi (French: Petite-Terre), or only to the largest island. The name is believed to come from Mawuti, contraction of the Arabic جزيرة الموت Jazīrat al-Mawt – meaning "island of death" (maybe due to the dangerous reefs circling the island) and corrupted to Mayotta in Portuguese, later turned into French. However, the local name is Mahore, and the Arabic etymology is doubtful.
The main island,
Topography
Mayotte is the oldest of the four large islands of the
This 160 km long coral reef surrounds a 1,100 km2 lagoon, one of the largest and deepest in the world.[9] Part of the barrier reef features a double barrier that is rare on the planet. It protects almost all of Mayotte from ocean currents and waves, except for a dozen passes, including one in the east called the "S-pass". The lagoon, which averages 5 to 10 km wide, is up to 100 meters deep.
It is dotted with about a hundred coral islets, such as Mtsamboro. This reef serves as a refuge for boats and oceanic fauna. The volcanic activity that created the islands makes the soil particularly fertile.
The total area of Mayotte is about 374 km2, which makes it by far the smallest French overseas department (after Martinique, which is three times larger at 1,128 km2). However, this area is difficult to assess accurately, given the number of small uninhabited islets, some of which are completely underwater at high tide, but may reveal significant areas at low tide. The main islands are
- Grande-Terre, 363 km2, is 39 km long and 22 km wide. Its highest points are: Mount Bénara or Mavingoni (660 m), Mount Choungui (594 m), Mount Mtsapéré (572 m), and Mount Combani (477 m). It is home to Mamoudzou, which is the economic capital of Mayotte and houses the departmental council and the prefecture;
- Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi Island), with Dzaoudzi (official capital of Mayotte) and Pamandzi (where the airport is located). It is 11 km2;
- Mtsamboro is the third largest island (2 km2). It is permanently inhabited, mainly by fishermen;
- Mbouzi islet (84 hectares or 0.84 km2) is classified as a nature reserve;
- Bandrélé islet is the fifth largest island;
- Sable Blanc islet is located near the Saziley Marine Park (marine protected area).
Environment
Geology
Mayotte is a primarily volcanic island rising steeply from the bed of the ocean to a height of 660 metres (2,170 ft) on Mont Bénara (OpenStreetMap gives this as 661 metres (2,169 ft)).
Two volcanic centres are reported, a southern one (Pic Chongui, 594 metres (1,949 ft)) with a breached crater to the NW, and a northern centre (Mont M'Tsapéré, 572 metres (1,877 ft)) with a breached crater to the south-east. Mont Bénara is on the curving ridge between these two peaks, approximately at the contact point of the two structures. Volcanic activity started about 7.7 million years ago in the south, ceasing about 2.7 million years ago. In the north, activity started about 4.7 million years ago and lasted until about 1.4 million years ago. Both centres had several phases of activity.[10] The most recent age reported for an ash band is 7000 year BP.[8]
Earthquake swarm
The
Marine environment
Mayotte is surrounded by a typical tropical coral reef. It consists in a large outer barrier reef, enclosing one of the world's largest and deepest lagoons, followed by a fringing reef, interrupted by many mangroves. All Mayotte waters are ruled by a National Marine Park, and many places are natural reserves.
The outer coral reef is 195 km (121 mi) long, housing 1,500 km2 (580 sq mi) of lagoon, including 7.3 km2 (2.8 sq mi) of mangrove. There are at least 250 different species of coral, 760 tropical fish species, and the National Natural Heritage Inventory (INPN) has no fewer than 3,616 marine species, but this is probably a far cry from the actual count. As this region of the world is still poorly inventoried by scientists, the waters of Mayotte continue to harbour many species unknown to science, and allow important scientific discoveries each year.[14]
Terrestrial environment
Mayotte has a great diversity in its plant life: more than 1,300 species are recorded, half of them being endemic, making this island one of the richest in plant diversity in the world compared to its size.[15] 15% of the island is classified as natural reserve; however, the primal forest now covers barely 5% of the island due to illegal deforestation.
Just like many volcanic islands, Mayotte shelters quite a limited mammal biodiversity, the only native species being
Protected areas
By 2021 there were 30 protected areas on Mayotte, totaling 55 km2 (21 sq mi) or 13.94% of Mayotte's land area, and 100% of Mayotte's marine area.[16] Protected areas on Mayotte include Mayotte Marine Natural Park, Pointes et plages de Saziley et Charifou, and Ilôt Mbouzi National Nature Reserve.
On 3 May 2021 the French government created the Forests of Mayotte National Nature Reserve (Réserve Naturelle Nationale des Forêts de Mayotte). The reserve consists of 2,801 hectares in six mountain forests, covering 51% of Mayotte's reserve forests and 7.5% of Mayotte's total land area. Areas protected by the reserve include Mount Mtsapéré, Mount Combani, Mount Benara, and Mount Choungui. The purpose of the reserve is to protect the relict primary forests of the island, restore the island's secondary forests, and protect the island's native flora and fauna.[17][18][19]
History
In 1500, the Maore
In the early 19th century, Mayotte was controlled by a mercantile family that claimed Omani origins. The Sultans of Mayotte had political ties with the Anjouan Sultanate during this period. Mayotte was sparsely populated and mainly consisted of Comorian speakers that were politically aligned with the local sultan and the Malagasy who were autonomous.[20]
In 1832, Mayotte was conquered by Andriantsoly, former king of
Mayotte was purchased by France in 1841, and integrated to the Crown. In the immediate aftermath, slavery was abolished and laborers were imported to the area to work in fields and plantations. The abolition of slavery led to several slave-owning elites leaving Mayotte as their authority was undermined. However, the freed slaves were often subsequently forced to work under harsher conditions for the French government or colonists in their plantations. Additionally, many of the imported laborers were victims of the slave trade.[22]
Mayotte therefore became a French island, but it remained an island with a sparse population due to decades of wars, as well as by the exodus of former elites and some of their slaves: most of the cities were abandoned, and nature regained its rights over the old plantations. The French administration therefore tried to repopulate the island, recalling first of all the Mayotte exiles or refugees in the region (Comoros, Madagascar), proposing the former exiled masters return in exchange for compensation, then by inviting wealthy Anjouan families to come and set up trade. France launched some first major works, such as the realization in 1848 of the Boulevard des Crabes connecting the rock of Dzaoudzi to Pamandzi and the rest of Petite-Terre.
As it had done in the West Indies and Réunion, the French government planned to make Mayotte a sugar island: despite the steep slopes, large plantations were developed, 17 sugar factories were built and hundreds of foreign workers (mainly African, in particular Mozambic Makwas) hired from 1851 onwards. However, production remained mediocre, and the sugar crisis of 1883–1885 quickly led to the end of this crop in Mayotte (which had just reached its peak of production), leaving only a few factory ruins, some of which are still visible now. The last sugar plant to be closed was Dzoumogné in 1955: the best preserved, and now heritage, is Soulou, in the west of the island.
At the
In 1898, two cyclones razed the island to the ground, and a smallpox epidemic decimated the survivors. Mayotte had to start from the beginning once again, and the French government had to repopulate the island with workers from Mozambique, Comoros and Madagascar. The sugar industry was abandoned, replaced by vanilla, coffee, copra, sisal, then fragrant plants such as
Mayotte was the only island in the archipelago that voted in referendums in 1974 and 1976 to retain its link with France and forgo independence (with 63.8% and 99.4% of votes respectively). UN General Assembly resolutions, which are legally non-binding, have voted not to recognise France's continued rule of Mayotte, and the independent Comoros have never ceased to claim the island.[23] A draft 1976 United Nations Security Council resolution recognising Comorian sovereignty over Mayotte, supported by 11 of the 15 members of the council, was vetoed by France.[24] It was the only time, as of 2020[update], that France cast a lone veto in the council;[25] the veto was criticized because France was a party to the dispute before the Security Council, and consequently should have abstained from voting, according to some other Council members.[26] As mentioned, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a series of legally non-binding resolutions on Mayotte, under the pro-Comoros title "Question of the Comorian Island of Mayotte" up until 1995. In the decades since 1995, the subject of Mayotte has not been discussed by the General Assembly, and all the following referendums over Mayotte independence have shown a strong will of Mayotte people to remain French.
Mayotte became an
In 2018, the department experienced civil unrest over migration from the Comoros.[32]
Politics
The politics of Mayotte takes place in a framework of a
Mayotte also sends two
The situation of Mayotte proved to be awkward for France: while a significant majority of the local population did not want to join the Comoros in becoming independent of France, some post-colonial leftist or
The status of Mayotte was changed in 2001 towards one very close to the status of the departments of France, with the particular designation of departmental collectivity. This change was approved by 73% of voters in a referendum. After the constitutional reform of 2003 it became an overseas collectivity while retaining the title "departmental collectivity" of Mayotte.
Mayotte became an
Since it became an overseas department in 2011, Mayotte possesses a single local assembly, officially called the "Departmental Council" (conseil départemental), which acts both as a regional and departmental council, or a single territorial collectivity. This was a unique arrangement at the time, but French Guiana and Martinique adopted this arrangement in 2015.
Despite its domestic constitutional evolution from the status of an overseas collectivity to that of an overseas department, effectively becoming a full constituent territory within the French Republic, with regards to the European Union, Mayotte remained an 'overseas country and territory' (OCT) in association with the Union (as per Article 355(2) TFEU) and not a constituent territory of the European Union in the same way as the other four overseas departments. However following a directive of the
In recent national elections, Mayotte has been a stronghold for the
Defence
Defence of the territory is the responsibility of the French Armed Forces, principally carried out by a Foreign Legion Detachment in Mayotte. One Engins de Débarquement Amphibie – Standards (EDA-S) landing craft is to be delivered to naval forces based in Mayotte by 2025. The landing craft will replace a CTM landing craft currently deployed in the territory, to better support coastal operations.[41][42]
About 170 personnel of the National Gendarmerie are stationed in Mayotte[43] while, as of late 2022, the Maritime Gendarmerie operates the patrol boats Odet and Verdon in the territory.[44][45]
Administrative divisions
Mayotte is divided into 17 communes. There are also 13 cantons (not shown here). It is the only department and region of France without an arrondissement.
Number on Map | Name | Area (km2) | Population | Individual map | Labelled map |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Dzaoudzi | 6.66 | 17,831 | ||
2 | Pamandzi | 4.29 | 11,442 | ||
3 | Mamoudzou | 41.94 | 71,437 | ||
4 | Dembeni | 38.8 | 15,848 | ||
5 | Bandrélé | 36.46 | 10,282 | ||
6 | Kani-Kéli | 20.51 | 5,507 | ||
7 | Bouéni | 14.06 | 6,189 | ||
8 | Chirongui | 28.31 | 8,920 | ||
9 | Sada | 11.16 | 11,156 | ||
10 | Ouangani | 19.05 | 10,203 | ||
11 | Chiconi | 8.29 | 8,295 | ||
12 | Tsingoni | 34.76 | 13,934 | ||
13 | M'Tsangamouji | 21.84 | 6,432 | ||
14 | Acoua | 12.62 | 5,192 | ||
15 | Mtsamboro | 13.71 | 7,705 | ||
16 | Bandraboua | 32.37 | 13,989 | ||
17 | Koungou | 28.41 | 32,156 |
Transport
- Waterways
- Highways:
- Total: 93 kilometres (58 mi)
- Paved: 72 kilometres (45 mi)
- Unpaved: 21 kilometres (13 mi)
- Total: 93 kilometres (58 mi)
- harbours:
- Dzaoudzi
- "Longoni" (Koungou)
- Dzaoudzi Pamandzi International Airport
- With paved runways: 1 (2002)
Economy
The official currency in Mayotte is the euro.[46]
In 2019, the
$500–1,000 $1,000–2,000 $2,000–5,000 $5,000–10,000 $10,000–20,000 |
The economy of Mayotte has grown significantly since the end of the 20th century due to financial transfers from the French central state and the gradual transformation of the territory into a full-fledged French department after a 2009 referendum, with considerable upgrading of public services and infrastructure.
The economy of Mayotte grew by an average of +9.3% per year in
Thanks to rapid economic growth, Mayotte has begun to catch up with the rest of France in terms of standards of living. Despite high population growth, Mayotte's GDP per capita managed to rise from 15.4% of Metropolitan France's level in 2000 to 27.3% of Metropolitan France in 2017, but this catching-up process has stalled since 2018 due to the civil unrest that took place in Mayotte that year and its economic consequences.[50][47] Compared to Réunion, Mayotte's GDP per capita rose from 28.7% of Réunion's level in 2000 to 43.7% in 2017, before falling back slightly.[50][47]
2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominal GDP (€ bn) | 0.56 | 0.92 | 1.43 | 2.08 | 2.21 | 2.42 | 2.50 | 2.66 |
GDP per capita (euros) | 3,800 | 5,300 | 7,100 | 8,800 | 9,000 | 9,500 | 9,400 | 9,700 |
GDP per capita as a % of Metropolitan France's |
15.4% | 18.7% | 22.8% | 26.2% | 26.5% | 27.3% | 26.4% | 26.4% |
GDP per capita as a % of Réunion's |
28.7% | 31.0% | 38.1% | 42.6% | 42.5% | 43.7% | 42.6% | 42.8% |
Sources: Eurostat;[50] INSEE.[47] |
The local agriculture is threatened by insecurity, and due to a more expensive workforce cannot compete on the export ground with Madagascar or the Comoros union.[citation needed] The major economic potential of the island remains tourism, however hampered by delinquency rates.[citation needed]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1958 | 23,364 | — |
1966 | 32,607 | +3.94% |
1978 | 47,246 | +3.17% |
1985 | 67,205 | +5.09% |
1991 | 94,410 | +5.81% |
1997 | 131,320 | +5.67% |
2002 | 160,265 | +4.08% |
2007 | 186,452 | +3.07% |
2012 | 212,645 | +2.63% |
2017 | 256,518 | +3.79% |
2024 | 320,901 | +3.61% |
Official population figures from past censuses up to 2017.[51] Last INSEE 2024 estimate.[1] |
On 1 January 2024, a record 320,901 people were living in Mayotte (official INSEE estimate).[1] According to the 2017 census, 58.5% of the people living in Mayotte were born in Mayotte (down from 63.5% at the 2007 census), 5.6% were born in the rest of the French Republic (either metropolitan France or overseas France except Mayotte) (up from 4.8% in 2007), and 35.8% were immigrants born in foreign countries (up from 31.7% at the 2007 census, with the following countries of birth in 2007: 28.3% born in the Union of the Comoros, 2.6% in Madagascar, and the remaining 0.8% in other countries).[52][53]
According to a field study conducted by INSEE in 2015–2016, only 35.6% of the adults (18 y/o and older) living in Mayotte were born in Mayotte of mothers themselves born in Mayotte, whereas 37.4% of the adults were either born in Anjouan (in the Union of the Comoros) or born in Mayotte of mothers born in Anjouan, 13.5% were either born in Grande Comore or Mohéli (in the Union of the Comoros) or born in Mayotte of mothers born in Grande Comore or Mohéli, 7.9% were either born in France (outside of Mayotte) or in Mayotte of mothers born in France (outside of Mayotte), and 5.7% were either born in foreign countries (other than the Comoros) or in Mayotte of mothers born in foreign countries (other than the Comoros).[54]
Most of the inhabitants of the island are culturally
In 2017, mothers born in foreign countries (predominantly the Union of the Comoros) were responsible for 75.7% of the births that took place in Mayotte although many of these births were to French fathers: 58% of children born in Mayotte in 2017 had at least one French parent.[55]
Religions
The largest religion in Mayotte is
The main religious minority, Roman Catholicism, has no proper diocese but is served, together with the
Languages
French is the sole official language of Mayotte. It is the language used for administration, education, most television, and radio, as well as in commercial announcements and billboards. The native languages of Mayotte are:
- Comorian (a close relative of Swahili)
- Arabic
- Kiantalaotsi, another western dialect of the Malagasy language also heavily influenced by Shimaore and Arabic
Kibushi is spoken in the south and north-west of Mayotte, while Shimaore is spoken elsewhere.
Besides French, other non-indigenous languages are also present in Mayotte:
- Arabic, essentially learned in the Quranic schools
- various non-Shimaore dialects of the Comorian language, essentially imported by immigrants who have arrived in Mayotte since 1974: Shindzwani (the dialect of Anjouan, or Nzwani), Shingazidja (the dialect of Grande Comore, or Ngazidja), and Shimwali (the dialect of Mohéli, or Mwali).
Shingazidja and Shimwali on the one hand and Shimaore on the other hand are generally not mutually intelligible. Shindzwani and Shimaore are perfectly mutually intelligible.
2012 and 2017 censuses
No questions regarding the knowledge and/or use of languages were asked in the 2012 and 2017 censuses, and no question relative to languages will be asked in the future censuses of Mayotte, leaving the now quite outdated census data from 2007 as the last official data on the topic of languages. Improvement in schooling has markedly increased French literacy and knowledge since 2007.
2007 census
At the 2007 census, 63.2% of people 14 years and older reported that they could speak French, with large differences with age. 87.1% of those whose age was 14 to 19 years old reported that they could speak it, whereas only 19.6% of those aged 65 and older reported that they could speak it. 93.8% of the population whose age was 14 or older reported that they could speak one of the local languages of Mayotte (Shimaore, Kibushi, Kiantalaotsi, or any of the Comorian dialects, which the census included in the 'local languages'). 6.2% of the population aged 14 and older reported that they spoke none of the local languages and could speak only French.[4]
2006 survey
A survey was conducted by the French
- Shimaore: 55.1%
- Shindzwani: 22.3%
- Kibushi: 13.6%
- Shingazidja: 7.9%
- French: 1.4%
- Shimwali: 0.8%
- Arabic: 0.4%
- Kiantalaotsi: 0.2%
- Other: 0.4%
When also counting second language speakers (e.g., someone whose mother tongue is Shimaore but who also speaks French as a second language) then the ranking became:
- Shimaore: 88.3%
- French: 56.9%
- Shindzwani: 35.2%
- Kibushi: 28.8%
- Shingazidja: 13.9%
- Arabic: 10.8%
- Shimwali: 2.6%
- Kiantalaotsi: 0.9%
- Other: 1.2%
With the mandatory schooling of children and the economic development both implemented by the French central state, the French language has progressed significantly on Mayotte in recent years. The survey conducted by the Ministry of National Education showed that while first and second language speakers of French represented 56.9% of the population in general, this figure was only 37.7% for the parents of CM2 pupils, but reached 97.0% for the CM2 pupils themselves (whose age is between 10 and 14 in general).
Nowadays there are instances of families speaking only French to their children in the hope of helping their social advancement. With French schooling and French-language television, many young people turn to French or use many French words when speaking Shimaore and Kibushi, leading some to fear that these native languages of Mayotte could either disappear or become some sort of French-based creole.[59]
Culture
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2022) |
Approximately 26% of the adult population, and five times as many women as men, report entering trance states in which they believe they are
Sport
Mayotte competes at the quadrennial Indian Ocean Island Games. Football is popular, with teams from the territory playing in the Coupe de France.[61]
Tourism
The island of Mayotte, which has very varied coastal relief, offers fewer sandy beaches than its neighbors Grande Comore, Mohéli, the Seychelles, Mauritius and Madagascar, but has a great diversity of coastlines and sand colors (black, brown, gray, red, beige, white). Its lagoon is the largest (1,500 km2 (580 sq mi)) and deepest in this part of the world (and one of the largest on the planet), and its double barrier reef is a biological curiosity that has only a dozen occurrences on our planet, hosting a great diversity of animals, including large cetaceans, which is extremely rare.
Some tourist activities include:
- Hiking to the extinct volcano Dziani Dzaha of Petite-Terre and its lake Dziani;
- Hiking to Mount Combani and Mount Choungui;
- Trek to the governor's house;
- Observation of the maki lemurs of the M'Bouzy islet;
- Diving and snorkelling on the coral reef among tropical fish in the "Passe en S", in N'Gouja, Saziley or on the outer barrier;
- The lagoon allows the observation of green and hawksbill turtles (which come to lay their eggs on deserted beaches), dolphins (common long-billed, spotted, and tursiops in particular), and whales and their calves (which give birth there);
- Nautical activities or relaxation on the many beaches of Mayotte;
- Swimming and visits to the isolated beaches of the northern and southern white sand islets;
- Bivouacs on the deserted islands;
- The Soulou waterfall, on the beach of the same name, is a natural curiosity;
- The Badamiers mudflat, in Petite-Terre, is a marsh rich in biodiversity and beautiful landscapes;
- The wrecks like that of the sailing schooner Dwyn Wen in front of the Badamiers (two masts of which are still standing out of the water);
- The tour of the island by microlight allows you to observe the reefs from the sky;
- The museum of Mayotte, the MuMa at Dzaoudzi, labeled Musée de France.
See also
- Outline of Mayotte
- 2008 invasion of Anjouan
- Administrative divisions of France
- Caring for the Lagoon, a documentary on the preservation of Mayotte's lagoon
- List of colonial and departmental heads of Mayotte
- Communications in Mayotte
- Islam in Mayotte
- Islands administered by France in the Indian and Pacific oceans
- Music of the Comoro Islands
General bibliography
- Hawlitschek, Oliver; Eudeline, Rémy; Rouillé, Antoine (2020). Terrestrial fauna of the Comoros Archipelago. Saint-Joseph, Réunion: Antoine Rouillé. OCLC 1240355231.
Citations
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- ^ Mayotte devient le 101e département français le 31 mars 2011 (PDF) (in French), Ministère de l'intérieur, de l'Outre-Mer, des collectivités territoriales et de l'immigration, p. 4, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 30 July 2015
- ^ Government of France. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
- ^ a b "Ce qu'il faut savoir sur Mayotte, le 101e département français". LExpress.fr (in French). 12 March 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
- ^ Mayotte. Le gouvernement annonce 1,9 million d’euros pour le plan pauvreté à Mayotte Archived 18 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Patrick Roger, Le gouvernement craint un regain des tensions sociales à Mayotte Archived 20 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde, 20 June 2019.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Ornella Lamberti, "L'île aux parfums : mémoires d'une indépendante", dans Glitter – hors-série spécial nouveaux arrivants, Mayotte, 2017
- ^ Volcano Discovery Archived 23 July 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Nace, Trevor (3 December 2018). "Strange Waves Rippled Across Earth And Only One Person Spotted Them". Forbes. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ Berman, Robber (29 November 2018). "An unexplained seismic event 'rang' across the Earth in November". The Big Think Inc. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- ^ "Mayotte quake swarm linked to newly discovered undersea volcano". Africa Times (AT Editor). 17 May 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ^ Ducarme, Frédéric (3 July 2017). "Du nouveau dans le lagon". Mayotte Hebdo. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
- ^ a b Découvrons Mayotte Archived 23 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, on naturalistesmayotte.fr.
- ^ UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Mayotte from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 1 September 2021. [1] Archived 1 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Laperche, Dorothée (2021)"La réserve naturelle nationale des forêts de Mayotte est créée" Actu-Environnement.com, 5 May 2021. Accessed 1 September 2021. [2] Archived 1 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Décret n° 2021-545 du 3 mai 2021 portant création de la réserve naturelle nationale des forêts de Mayotte". Journal Officiel, République Française. Accessed 1 September 2021. [3] Archived 15 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Forêts de Mayotte". Réserves Naturelles de France. Accessed 1 September 2021. [4] Archived 20 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-8020-2960-7.
- ^ Gibb, Sir H. A. R. (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill Archive.
- ISBN 978-0-8020-2960-7.
- ^ "Bras de fer franco-comorien au sujet de Mayotte". www.diploweb.com. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- ^ "France Cast UN Veto". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 7 February 1976. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
The vote was 11–1 with three abstentions – the United States, Britain and Italy.
- ^ "Security Council – Veto List". UN. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
- ISBN 9780199685295.
- ^ "Enquête sur le Futur 101e Département" (in French). 13 March 2009.
- ^ "Mayotte votes to become France's 101st department". The Telegraph. 29 March 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2011.
- ^ (in French) Mayotte vote en faveur de la départementalisation Archived 30 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Le Monde, 29 March 2009.
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- ^ "Comoros". General Assembly of the United Nations. 26 September 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
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External links
- Wikimedia Atlas of Mayotte
- Prefecture website (in French)
- Departmental Council website (in French)
- IleMayotte.com, the Mayotte Portal.
- Mayotte. Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Mayotte at Curlie
- Comité du tourisme de Mayotte – official tourism website (in French)
- Mayotte on the Earth Observatory (NASA).