Dashuhua

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Further information: Chinese paper cutting
Da Shuhua
Blacksmiths threw molten iron to create sparks on February 19th, 2019
MediumVisual
TypesPerforming art(visual art)
Ancestor artsLocal blacksmiths in Nuanquan
Originating cultureChina
Originating eraFifteenth century

Da Shuhua or Dashuhua (Chinese: 打树花; pinyin: dǎshùhuā) is a Chinese Festival of Lights tradition in Nuanquan Town, Zhangjiakou,[1] with a history of more than five hundred years. It is shown by throwing molten iron against cold bricks to create showers of sparks which have a similar shape of leafy tree canopy.[2] Da Shuhua has been classified as one of China's significant examples of intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ),[3] and the provincial intangible cultural heritage in Hebei.[4] It marks the start of the Dragon Boat Festival[5] and also used to celebrate the Lunar New Year in China.[6]

History

Etymology

“Da Shuhua" is the English term for the art form, literally meaning "beating tree flowers". The blacksmiths in Nuanquan named the art as Da Shuhua because the outcome of it has a shape of the leafy tree canopy.[2] When the blacksmiths throw the molten iron against the wall, the flying sparks will present a look of tree flower.

Origins

Da Shuhua is found in Nuanquan Township,

Chinese Theatre as well, and the theatres were built with delicate porcelain tiles and painted with exquisite fresco.[9]

In ancient times, the Lunar New Year is the busiest time of the year in Nuanquan Town.[10] The rich used expensive fireworks to celebrate the festival with the sounds and sparks of explosions, while the poor could not afford it8. The ironmaking industry in Nuanquan was flourished grounded on the weapon manufacturing, and the blacksmiths there inspired by the flakes of heated iron when they tried to find a cheap way to celebrate the festival. They found that the sparks created by the collision between heated iron with the cold wall have a similar scene of fireworks. Later, the poor collected waste iron and gave to local blacksmiths to perform Da Shuhua as a form of reveling and attracted more and more people who could not afford to buy real fireworks came to watch. The three-day show usually performs in the 15th of the first lunar month, and it develops the tradition that during the Lunar New year, the rich watches fireworks and the poor watches Da Shuhua. At the very beginning, Da Shuhua was performed on a cold wall in Nuanquan. As the population of the audience getting bigger and bigger, local people built a square which is used explicitly for performing Da Shuhua and named it "Tree Flower Square".[8] The future of the art is uncertain because the four remaining artists are all over fifty years old.[6]

Tourism

The fortress of Xigubao (Chinese: 西古堡) has been listed among the national nonmaterial cultural heritage in 2001 by the State Council of China. Xigubao is located in Nuanquan town, Yuxian county. Both small and large temples in the fortress were built in the Ming dynasty and decorated with ancient fresco.[11]

Da Shuhua arose in Yuxian County in 500 years ago.

Performance process

The traditional performing process of Da Shuhua did not change much for more than 500 years. It takes four folk artists to perform and usually takes place in the Tree Flower Square of Nuanquan township. There will be one leader blacksmith, and the other three will assist the leader with managing his iron

sheepskin coats to protect themselves from the splashing molten iron during performance.[8] Before Dashuhua starts, performances such as dragon lantern dance, lion dance and land boat dance will be performed by folk artists of Nuanquan first. According to the record, during the show, the molten metal will be heated up to 1,600 °C (2,910 °F).[6] The art of Da Shuhua requires skills, power, and courage. When the leader artist scoops up the heavy iron from the furnace with the wooden spoon, the spoon cannot go very deep. Otherwise, the temperature difference between the cold spoon and heated iron will cause an explosion. Then the leader blacksmith throws the spoonful of iron on the cold wall through the burst of strength on his arms and the blast of liquid iron from the wall gives the audience showers of sparks. At the end of the show, the artists will perform a deep kowtow in front of the furnace and pray for happiness and good luck. The danger of Da Shuhua can be reflected from the wounds on those folk artists. The leader blacksmith of the performance team in recent years is Wang De (artist), whose father and grandfather were both blacksmiths. Wang said he suffered a burn on his leg years ago, and it took him two months to recover.[8]

Scientific principle

The

oxidation reaction[13] of finely divided iron droplets combined with scattering upon collision with wall. In addition, carbon impurities in the iron will react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
and the impact will expose carbon in the molten iron to oxygen to produce sparks. With the same performance process, the higher the carbon amount of the iron, the more sparks can be formed.

Television drama

The first TV series that involved Da Shuhua is called "Story of Yanxi Palace." "Story of Yanxi Palace" is a popular TV series in the summer of 2018. On average, it was being streamed 300 million times a day. The series is talking about harem life during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (1711–99), an emperor during the Qing dynasty.[14] In this series, Da Shuhua is called "Wan Zi Qian Hong", a Chinese four-character phrase which means "colors of flame" and the noble consort of the Qianlong Emperor invites some folk blacksmiths to perform it for the Emperor's mother to celebrate her birthday.[15] Along with the influence of "Story of Yanxi Palace", the audience awareness of Da Shuhua was improved.

Book

Japanese photographer Rinko Kawauchi's book Halo is a collection of photos of Da Shuhua. It was awarded as one of the notable photo books of 2007,[16] and these photos show clouds of sparks which created by the collision between iron and wall. Kawauchi said in the last pages of Halo: "We still find ourselves yearning to witness beauty. Our ceaseless desire to do so is like a prayer."[7]

Poem

Li Bai, a Chinese poet during the Tang dynasty

The "songs of Qiupu" (Chinese: 秋浦歌十七首) is the earliest record of Da Shuhua. It is a collection of seventeen poems which was written by Li Bai (AD 701–762), a poet during the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907).[17] When Li wrote this poem he was already fifty years old and visiting Qiupu (秋浦). Qiupu is a place in today's Anhui province.[18] During the Tang dynasty, the art that Li Bai recorded is the ancient form of Da Shuhua, which has the similar performance process and outcome with Da Shuhua. The verse which describes the view of the ancient show is in the fourteenth poem of "songs of Qiupu", "炉火照天地，红星乱紫烟。". It translated to "Their furnace fire illumes both earth and sky, Red parks spiking its purple smoke awry." by Andrew Wong,[19] which states showers of sparks of the art created by the ancient blacksmiths. The difference of the outcomes between Da Shuhua and the predecessor of it is that there was purple smoke formed during performance in the Tang dynasty. The "songs of Qiupu" expresses the emotions of Li Bai with the image.

Festivals

The Lantern Festival

Words of "Lantern festival" in Chinese characters

The

Spring Festival, it is a popular time of the year as it marks the end of the traditional Chinese New Year celebration.[20] During the Lantern Festival, local residents gather at the Tree Flower square, in the center of Nuanquan town, for Da Shuhua. On the Lantern Festival, the celebrations of Nuanquan Town start in the morning of the day and continue late into the midnight.[10] Da Shuhua is a way of expressing good wishes that local people prayed for happiness, health and prosperity in the new year. In other places of China, people hung red lanterns outside their windows, eat yuanxiao (Chinese: 元宵) and shoot off firecrackers to celebrate the Lantern Festival.[21]

The Dragon Boat Festival

Da Shuhua marks the start of the Dragon Boat Festival (Chinese: 端午节).[5] The Dragon Boat Festival occurs on the fifth day of May of the lunar year, which is a public holiday in China.[22] The performers of Da Shuhua will start working on the Dragon Boat Festival and every weekend of the second half of the year until the end of the Lantern Festival which marks the end of the Spring Festival. Eating zongzi (sticky rice dumpling) and racing dragon boats are also the traditional activities that people used to celebrate the festival.

Artists

Wang De

Wang De, who is the lead performer of Da Shuhua in China. Wang was born in Nuanquan, in nineteen sixty-four. As one of the inheritors of Da Shuhua, Wang learned it from his father when he was young. Wang earns 300

corn. Wang has two sons and he passes his skills to his younger son, who was born in nineteen ninety-seven.[23]

Sui Jianguo

Sui is a 14th-generation blacksmith in Nuanquan. He has been performing the art for 25 years.[24]

Yu Zhangliang

Yu is the artist from Nuanquan who took part in the "Story of Yanxi Palace" and performed Da Shuhua in the series.[15]

See also

References

  1. ProQuest 2180091610
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  2. ^
    ProQuest 2068775422
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  3. ^ "Some places to celebrate Lunar New Year". Iran Daily (Tehran Iran). 11 Feb 2018.
  4. ^ "'Dashuhua' – China's unique molten iron throwing tradition". China Daily. 17 Sep 2018.
  5. ^
    ProQuest 1904847481
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  6. ^
    ProQuest 2183727002
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  7. ^
    ProQuest 2113421955
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  8. ^ a b c d "Across China: Throwing molten iron – a dangerous and dazzling firework art". Xinhua News Agency. 19 Feb 2019.
  9. ProQuest 1238006147
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  10. ^ a b Zhang, Ping (2006). "Nuanquan: Basking in Celebrity". China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House: 73.
  11. ^ "Country escapes". Global Times. 29 Sep 2010.
  12. doi:10.1007/BF02843316
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  13. ^ Kress, V.C (1988). "Stoichiometry of the iron oxidation reaction in silicate melts" (PDF). American Mineralogist. 73: 1267–1274.
  14. ProQuest 2097431620
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  15. ^ a b Fang, Aiqing (30 Aug 2018). "Back in the limelight". China Daily.
  16. ^ Walker, David (2017). "NOTABLE PHOTO BOOKS of 2017". Photo District News. 37 (12): 42(7).
  17. ProQuest 222965459
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  18. ^ "Song of Qiupu". China Daily. 12 Aug 2008.
  19. ^ Wong, Andrew W.F. (14 Aug 2011). "Song of Qiupu 14 of 17 (1—Their furnace fire illumes both earth and sky)". Classical Chinese Poems in English.
  20. ^ Wang, Alina (Jan–Mar 2017). "The Lantern Festival". Skipping Stones: 15.
  21. ^ "Bright sparks". China Daily. 24 Feb 2013.
  22. ^ Wang, Muxue"Snow" (Apr–Jun 2018). "Dragon Boat Festival". Skipping Stones: 24.
  23. ^ "Molten iron fireworks shows add sparkle to town in Hebei". China Daily. 21 Feb 2019.
  24. ^ Yiu, Karson (8 Feb 2016). "Chinese New Year Fireworks So Dangerous That Only a Few Get to Witness". ABC News.
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