Detransition
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Detransition is the cessation or reversal of a
Some studies use the term retransition rather than detransition.[3] Retransition is also commonly used to describe the resumption of transition or transgender identity following a detransition.[4]
Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary, as do definitions of the term and methodology for measuring the phenomenon. A 2018 review on the outcomes of gender transition found a large majority of data showing positive outcomes, a few reports of neutral outcomes or null results, and no studies which reported that gender transition causes overall harm.[5] Although some studies cite a range up to 8%, this combines 3% of survey respondents who had de-transitioned at the time of the survey, along with 5% who had temporarily done so in the past.[6][7] Different methodological limitations afflict studies reporting low and high incidence.[8][9]
Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[10] politically controversial,[11] and inconsistent in the way they characterize the phenomenon.[12] Professional interest in the phenomenon has been met with contention, and some scholars have argued there is censorship around the topic.[13] Some ex-detransitioners regret detransitioning and choose to retransition later.[3] Some organizations with ties to conversion therapy have used detransition narratives to push transphobic rhetoric and legislation.[14]
Background and terminology
Detransition (sometimes called retransition) is the process of halting or reverting a transgender identification or gender transition.[16] Like transition, detransition is a process rather than a single event, and methods of detransitioning vary and can involve social, legal, and physical changes to one's gender expression, social identity, identity documents.[17] Desistance is a general term for any cessation,[18] and it is commonly applied specifically to the cessation of transgender identity or gender dysphoria.[19] Those who undertake detransition are known as detransitioners.[20] Detransition is sometimes associated with transition regret, but regret and detransition do not always coincide.[21]
The term detransition is controversial within the transgender community. According to Turban et al., this is because, as with the word transition, it carries an "incorrect implication that gender identity is contingent upon gender affirmation processes". The term has also been conflated with transition regret, and thereby become associated with movements that aim to restrict the access of transgender people to transition-related healthcare.[22]
Occurrence
Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,[10] of disputed quality and politically controversial.[11] Frequency estimates for detransition and desistance vary greatly, with notable differences in terminology and methodology.[23] Detransition is more common in the earlier stages of transition, particularly before surgeries.[24]
The share of trans people who detransition is not known with certainty. Studies which give low estimates (which include[25][26][27][28]) have been criticized for their "serious limitations", such as short follow-up, high or unclear rates of loss to follow up, reliance on individuals returning to secondary care clinics reporting transition regret or seeking reversal procedures, (a study of 100 detransitioners found that only 24% of respondents informed their clinicians that they had detransitioned[8]), errors, non-replicability, as well as other issues.[9][8] Research suggesting higher rates of detransition also has flaws, however, meaning that detransition rates can be under-reported or over-reported.[9]
Studies have reported higher rates of desistance among prepubertal children. A 2016 review of 10 prospective follow-up studies from childhood to adolescence found desistance rates ranging from 61% to 98%, with evidence suggesting that they might be less than 85% more generally.
A 2019
Those who undergo gender-affirming surgery have very low rates of detransition or transition regret. A 2005 Dutch study included 162 adults who received sex reassignment surgery, 126 of whom participated in follow-up assessments one to four years after surgery. Two individuals expressed regret at follow-up, only one of whom said that they would not transition again if given the opportunity. The remaining 124 out of 126 (98%) expressed no regrets about transitioning.[39] A 2021 meta-analysis of 27 studies concluded that "there is an extremely low prevalence of regret in transgender patients after [gender-affirmation surgery]".[40] In a January 2023 study of 1989 individuals who had undergone sex reassignment surgery, 6 individuals (0.3%) requested a reversal surgery or detransitioned.[41]
Studies of transition regret or detransition in different populations have found different (average or median) elapsed times before these occurred: a 2018 study found 10 years and 10 months on average to regret (but not necessarily detransition) from start of hormonal therapy,[42] and a 2014 study of those who had surgery found a median lag of 8 years before requesting a reversal of legal gender status.[23] A 2021 UK study found evidence that supports detransitioning occurring on average 4–8 years after transitioning.[38]
Informed consent and affirmation of self-diagnosis (both newer but increasingly employed models for transgender healthcare) have been criticized for failing to meet the needs of those who eventually detransition.[43]
Criticisms have been made regarding the "persistence-desistance" dichotomy as ignoring reasons why a person's gender identity may desist outside of simply being cisgender in the first place. For example, an assertion of a cisgender identity may be treated with validity and as an invalidation of a previously stated transgender identity; however, an assertion of a transgender identity may only be treated with the same validity if it is held throughout one's life. An individual may repress or realize their identity at any point in their life for a variety of reasons; some individuals' gender identities are fluid and/or may change throughout their lifetime, and some individuals whose identities are non-binary are effectively excluded due to a study's assumption of a gender binary.[31][44]
Reasons
Reasons for detransitioning vary, and may include health-related concerns, finding that transition did not alleviate gender dysphoria, a negative social environment, and financial concerns.[2]
The National Center for Transgender Equality conducted a survey which collected responses from individuals who identified as transgender at the time of the survey.[7] The results published in the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey found that 8% of respondents reported having ever detransitioned; 62% of that group reported transitioning again and were living as a gender other than the one assigned to them at birth at the time of the survey.[45] About 36% reported having detransitioned due to pressure from parents, 33% because it was too difficult, 31% due to discrimination, 29% due to difficulty getting a job, 26% pressure from family members, 18% pressure from a spouse, and 17% due to pressure from an employer.[2]
In a 2021 study of 2,242 individuals recruited via community outreach organizations who detransitioned and who continue to identify as transgender or gender diverse, the vast majority said detransition was in part due to external factors, such as pressure from family, sexual assault, and nonaffirming school environments; another highly cited factor was "it was just too hard for me."[46] Motives for detransitioning commonly include financial barriers to transition, social rejection in transition, depression or suicidality due to transition, and discomfort with sexual characteristics developed during transition. Additional motives include concern for lack of data on long-term effects of hormone replacement therapy, concern for loss of fertility, complications from surgery, and changes in gender identity.[47] Some people detransition on a temporary basis, in order to accomplish a particular aim, such as having biologically related children, or until barriers to transition have been resolved or removed.[48] Transgender elders may also detransition out of concern for whether they can receive adequate or respectful care in later life.[49]
A qualitative study comparing child desisters to persisters (those with persisting gender dysphoria) found that while persisters related their dysphoria primarily to a mismatch between their bodies and their identity, desisters' dysphoria was more likely to be, at least retroactively, related to a desire to fulfill the other gender role.[50]
Cultural and political impact
There are no legal, medical, and psychological guidelines on the topic of detransition.
Some researchers perceive there to be an atmosphere of censorship around studying the phenomenon.
Controversy surrounding detransition within trans activism primarily arises from how the subject is framed as a subject of
In August 2017, the Mazzoni Center's Philadelphia Trans Health Conference, which is an annual meeting of transgender people, advocates, and healthcare providers, canceled two panel discussions on detransition and alternate methods of working with gender dysphoria.[62] The conference organizers said, "When a topic becomes controversial, such as this one has turned on social media, there is a duty to make sure that the debate does not get out of control at the conference itself. After several days of considerations and reviewing feedback, the planning committee voted that the workshops, while valid, cannot be presented at the conference as planned."[63]
In September 2017,
Many
Ky Schevers, an "ex-detransitioner" whose detransition was prominently profiled by Katie Herzog[55] and The Outline,[70] spoke about her experiences in a community of radical feminist detransitioned women, drawing parallels to the ex-gay movement and conversion therapy.[61] Parallels drawn include suppressing rather than addressing or removing the underlying dysphoria, stating that not only their gender dysphoria but everyone's dysphoria was a result of internalized sexism and trauma, and language from the twelve-step program being used to describe the desire to transition.[61]
Schevers noted that during the Bell v Tavistock ruling, her lawyer had connections to the right-wing and anti-LGBT-rights organization the Alliance Defending Freedom, which she described as pushing most of the anti-trans bills in the United States. Schevers later created Health Liberation Now! alongside Lee Leveille, who'd also previously been involved in detransition communities that were transphobic, to "give voice to folks who have complicated experiences with transition or detransition, retransition and shifting senses of self that goes beyond a lot of the TERFy areas that people are inevitably getting funnelled into". The group has reported on conversion therapy practices and maintains resources to help identify relationships between clinical conversion therapists and astroturfed campaigns led by anti-trans groups.[14]
Forced detransition
This section's title may not reflect its contents or does not comply with standard formatting.(November 2023) ) |
Forced detransition of minors
In 2021, legislatures in 22 states in the United States introduced bills that would criminalize the provision of
The American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American Psychological Association have spoken out against the bills and defended the right of minors to transition.[71][73][74][75] In a letter to the National Governors Association, the American Medical Association warned that anti-trans healthcare bans will lead to greater rates of depression and suicide for transgender youth and described bills banning gender-affirming care as "a dangerous intrusion into the practice of medicine".[74][76] Pediatricians testifying against the bills have said they are based on myths and misconceptions about transgender healthcare.[75] A medical report published by Yale in response to bans on gender-affirming care argued that the bans were no more ethical than a prohibition on healthcare for any other life-threatening medical condition.[77] The president of World Professional Association of Transgender Health wrote an opinion article in the New York Times stating her view that these laws constituted an effort to "rid the world of transgender people."[78] Similar sentiments were expressed in a WPATH public communique: "Anti-transgender health care legislation is not about protections for children but about eliminating transgender persons on a micro and macro scale."[79]
In 2021, the Arkansas legislature passed
In April 2022, Alabama Senate Bill 184 was approved. The bill prevents doctors from prescribing puberty blockers or hormone therapy for transgender youth under a threat of up to 10 years in prison, forcibly detransitioning youth in the state, and mandates that school staff out students to their parents.[81]
On August 5, 2022, the Florida Board of Medicine voted to consider guidelines proposed by the state's surgeon general, starting the process of denying transgender youth in Florida gender-affirming care.[82] On October 28, 2022, Florida's Board of Medicine passed a motion to ban all gender-affirming healthcare for minors, including puberty blockers, hormones, and surgeries.[83][84] The motion mandates all transgender youth to detransition until they turn 18. At one point during the hearing, in response to one protester yelling that trans children would be harmed as a result, board member Dr. Zachariah P. Zachariah answered "That's okay", before forcing a vote ahead.[73] Some who'd been at the meeting were reported as saying that the board had put all the speakers in favor of the ban, many of whom were from outside of the state or outside of the country, first in line to speak, before cutting off public comment once they ran out and pro-trans Floridians began to take the podium.[85] The Florida Department of Health released official state guidance that transgender children should not be allowed to wear clothes or use names or pronouns aligning with their gender identity.[86]
In Spring 2021, the Center for Christian Virtue proposed Ohio House Bill 454, known as the "Save Adolescents From Experimentation (SAFE) Act" in Ohio. The bill was introduced by state representative Gary Click in 2022 without consulting any transgender people beforehand and would forcibly detransition all transgender minors in the state. The bill would also require counselors, teachers, and all other staff at public and private schools to out transgender youth to their parents. Click stated he believes children are being "groomed" into thinking that they are trans.[87] In February 2023 Click introduced House Bill 68, which according to Planned Parenthood of Ohio "would ban gender-affirming care for transgender and non-binary youth ─ regardless of parental consent, wishes of the patient, diagnosis, or previous care-plan".[88]
In August 2022, Marjorie Taylor Greene of Georgia introduced the "Protect Children's Innocence Act" that would make providing gender-affirming care to transgender minors a felony punishable by up to 25 years in prison and prohibit the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care, including in Affordable Care Act plans. The bill would also prohibit higher education institutions from providing instruction on gender-affirming care and bar doctors who have provided gender-affirming care to minors from receiving visas or being admitted to the United States.[89][90]
In 2023, dozens of bills in over 10 U.S. States have been proposed which would ban minors from receiving gender-affirming care.[91]
Forced detransition of adults
Many
As of January 2024, seven US states limit access to gender-affirming care for adults in some way without banning it, such as allowing private health plans, Medicaid, and correctional facilities to exclude all coverage for gender-affirming care, prohibiting the use of federal funds for gender-affirming care or requiring informed consent practices beyond those typically required in medical practice.
In January 2024, several US Republican legislators expressed their desire to ban gender-affirming healthcare altogether saying their 'endgame' was to ban it completely for people of all ages.[94][95]
On June 2, 2022, Florida Governor Ron DeSantis announced a plan to end Medicaid coverage for transgender adults, making them the first U.S. state to target hormones and transition coverage for adults and removing care for approximately 9,000 adults.[96]
In Missouri in 2022, state legislators weighed extending a youth healthcare ban to adults under 25.[91] The bill died in the committee.[97]
In 2023 the state of Oklahoma introduced the "Millstone act" which would prohibit adults up to 25 from receiving gender-affirming care and prohibit Medicaid coverage for "gender transition procedures" for those under 26.[91] The bill ultimately did not pass.[98]
On March 12, 2023, a Saudi trans woman named
Forced detransition in prison
In many prisons within the US, both state and federal, trans prisoners are often forcibly detransitioned.[103][104][105]
Genocide accusation
Forced detransition has been described as a form of transgender genocide.[106] This is primarily due to the assertion that forced detransition fits multiple criteria to be described as an act of genocide under the United Nations definition of such. Laws banning gender affirming care and/or directly forcing those receiving it to detransition have been described as fitting two acts defined as acts of genocide by the UN - “causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group” and “deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part", and laws allowing child protective services to pursue child abuse claims against the parents of children receiving gender-affirming care and remove said children have been described as fitting another defined act of genocide, that of "forcibly transferring children of the group to another group".[107][108]
See also
- Category:People who detransitioned
- Healthcare and the LGBT community
- LGBT rights by country or territory
- LGBT social movements
References
- ^ a b c Davies, Skye; McIntyre, Stephen; Rypma, Craig (April 2019). Detransition rates in a national UK Gender Identity Clinic (PDF). 3rd Biennial EPATH Conference: Inside Matters, On Law, Ethics and Religion. p. 118. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4408-5888-8. Archivedfrom the original on June 20, 2022. Retrieved June 15, 2021.
- ^ a b "Former 'detransitioner' fights anti-transgender movement she once backed". ABC News.
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- ^ "What does the scholarly research say about the effect of gender transition on transgender well-being? (online literature review)". Cornell University Public Policy Research Portal. 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
- ^ Hall, Mitchell & Sachdeva 2021, "Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%.".
- ^ a b "The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey" (PDF). December 17, 2016.
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- ^ a b c Gribble, Bewley & Dahlen 2023, p. 5.
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- "There is a paucity of literature." Danker et al. 2018
- "We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care." Zucker 2019
- ^ a b "[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial." Danker et al. 2018
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The absence of systematic research around detransition has given rise to inconsistencies in its conceptual use and application, adding to the unclarity and confusion.
- ^ a b Shute 2017; BBC 2017; Borreli 2017; Stein 2009; Veissière 2018
- ^ a b Falk, Misha (August 4, 2022). "Health Liberation Now! is challenging the way anti-trans groups weaponize detransition narratives". Xtra. Archived from the original on August 4, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
- ^ Fenway Health 2010; Human Rights Campaign n.d.
- ^
- "'Detransition' refers to reidentification with the gender identity given at birth and a conscious decision to take action to revert to that designation." Stewart 2018, p. xxiii. See also Graham 2017; Tobia 2018; Herzog 2017a; Clark-Flory 2015; Danker et al. 2018; Turban et al. 2018b.
- ^ Clark-Flory 2015; Herzog 2017a; Graham 2017; Tobia 2018
- ^ Merriam-Webster n.d.; Collins n.d.
- ^ Steensma et al. 2013; Wallien and Cohen-Kettenis 2008
- ^ Herzog 2017a; Graham 2017; Singal 2018
- ^
- "Not everyone who detransitions regrets transitioning in the first place, and, like transitioning, the process of deciding to detransition is a very individual and personal choice." Yarbrough 2018, p. 130. See also Graham 2017; Herzog 2017a.
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- ^ a b Detransition estimates:
- "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% ... Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. 'There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,' says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. 'That is not uncommon.'" Clark-Flory 2015
- "There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period." (Dhejne et al. define "regret" as "application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned" which "gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible."), "the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years." Dhejne et al. 2014
- ^ "Detransitioning after surgical interventions ... is exceedingly rare....Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options." Clark-Flory 2015
- ^ "Gender Identity 5 Years After Social Transition". publications.aap.org. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
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Evidence from the 10 available prospective follow-up studies from childhood to adolescence (reviewed in the study by Ristori and Steensma 28) indicates that for ~80% of children who meet the criteria for GDC, the GD recedes with puberty. Instead, many of these adolescents will identify as non-heterosexual.
- ^ from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
As is shown in Table 1 there is much variation in the reported persistence rates between the studies, ranging from 2% to 39%. ", " Based on this information, it seems reasonable to conclude that the persistence of GD may well be higher than 15%. However, desistence of GD still seems to be the case in the majority of children with GD.
- ^ from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
Due to such shifting diagnostic categories and inclusion criteria over time, these studies included children who, by current DSM-5 standards, would not likely have been categorized as transgender (i.e., they would not meet the criteria for gender dysphoria) and therefore, it is not surprising that they would not iden- tify as transgender at follow-up. Current criteria require identification with a gender other than what was assigned at birth, which was not a necessity in prior versions of the diagnosis.
- ^ S2CID 210484832.
- from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
Desistance research may also underreport persistence because of the impact of clinical models of care on follow-up assessments. The Canadian clinic where the Drummond et al. (2008) and Singh (2012) studies were conducted was closed in 2015 following allegations that they engaged in conversion practices.
- from the original on June 9, 2022. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
- PMID 35505568. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
- S2CID 253068811.
- ^ Churcher Clarke & Spiliadis 2019
- ^ a b Hall, Mitchell & Sachdeva 2021
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In addition, in our population the average time to regret was 130 months, so it might be too early to examine regret rates in people who started with HT in the past 10 years.
- ^ Graham 2017; Yoo 2018
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- ^ Boslaugh 2018, p. 43; James et al. 2016, pp. 111, 292–294
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"Because the USTS only surveyed currently TGD-identified people, our study does not offer insights into reasons for detransition in previously TGD-identified people who currently identify as cisgender." "The vast majority of participants reported detransition due at least in part to external factors, such as pressure from family, nonaffirming school environments, and sexual assault." "iIt was just too hard for me" is shown in table 2.
- ^ * "Six persons clearly ventilated their feelings of regret about the decision; three of them accused their clinician of incompetence. Four others respectively gave as primary reasons: social isolation, disappointing surgical results and a sudden vanishing of the urge to live as a woman." Kuiper and Cohen-Kettenis 1998. See also Bowen 2007; Clark-Flory 2015; Danker et al. 2018; Herzog 2017a; McFadden 2017; Sarner 2017; Turban et al. 2018a.
- ^ Americo 2018; Kanner 2018
- ^ Witten 2015
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- ^ Graham 2017
- ^ "There are currently no professional guidelines or resources for providers who encounter patients who experience regret and/or seek detransition." Danker et al. 2018
- ^ "88% of respondents feel that WPATH SOC 8 should include a chapter on detransition" Danker et al. 2018
- ^ "Miscellaneous suggestions ... detransition." Coleman 2017
- ^ a b "This has ignited a contentious debate both in and outside the trans community, with various sides accusing each other of bigotry, harassment, censorship, and damaging the fight for trans rights. It's such a fraught issue that many people I interviewed requested anonymity. (All the names of detransitioners have been changed.) Others refused to speak on the record, afraid of the potential fallout." Herzog 2017a
- ^ ""[T]he trans community does our best to pretend that retransitioning never happens ... trans people who have retransitioned are often treated as outcasts, as aberrations or as an embarrassment to our community's goals. They are assumed to be failures, traitors to the cause of trans liberation." Tobia 2018
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- ^ a b Herzog 2017a; Bowen 2007
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- ^ a b c Urquhart, Evan (February 1, 2021). "An "Ex-Detransitioner" Disavows the Anti-Trans Movement She Helped Spark". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ^ Rodriguez 2017; Herzog 2017b
- ^ Mazzoni Center 2017
- ^ Caspian
- ^ BBC 2017; Weale 2017; Hurst 2017
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- ^ Monroe, Rachel (December 4, 2016). "Detransitioning: a story about discovery". The Outline. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- ^ a b Criminalizing Gender Affirmative Care with Minors: Suggested Discussion Points With Resources to Oppose Transgender Exclusion Bills (Report). American Psychological Association.
- ^ Dodds, Io; Woodward, Alex (April 14, 2022). "The GOP 'grooming' smear is sparking a new wave of anti-LGBT+ violence". Independent. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ a b Yurcaba, Jo (October 29, 2022). "Florida medical board votes to ban gender-affirming care for transgender minors". NBC News.
- ^ a b AMA to states: Stop interfering in health care of transgender children (Report). American Medical Association. April 26, 2021.
- ^ a b Korioth, Trisha (March 9, 2021). Pediatricians say state bills would harm transgender youths (Report). American Academy of Pediatrics News.
- ^ Milton, Josh (May 10, 2022). "Trans teen facing 'detransition' under healthcare ban makes urgent plea to lawmakers". The Pink News. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ Boulware, Susan; Kamody, Rebecca; Kuper, Laura. "Biased Science: The Texas and Alabama Measures Criminalizing Medical Treatment for Transgender Children and Adolescents Rely on Inaccurate and Misleading Scientific Claims" (PDF). Yale Medicine. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Bowers, Marci (April 2023). "What Decades of Providing Trans Health Care Have Taught Me". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ "Statement of Opposition to Legislation Banning Access to Gender-Affirming Health Care in the US" (PDF). World Professional Association of Transgender Health. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
- ^ Walker, Harron (June 1, 2022). "How Chase Strangio Became the Face of the Legal Battle for Trans Rights". The Advocate. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ Smith, Serena (April 8, 2022). "Alabama will now force trans youth to detransition". Dazed. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ Wiggins, Christopher (August 5, 2022). "Florida Medical Board Votes to Ban Kids' Gender-Affirming Care". The Advocate. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ Lehman, Mark (October 28, 2022). "Florida Board of Medicine considers restricting gender-affirming treatment for teens". WKMG. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
- ^ "Florida Board of Medicine Advances Ban on Transition-Related Care for Minors". Them. October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
- ^ Baska, Maggie (October 29, 2022). "Florida medical board committee takes next step to ban gender-affirming healthcare for trans kids". The Pink News.
- ^ "Oklahoma Bill Would Ban Gender-Affirming Care for People Under 26, Could Force Some to Detransition". Vanity Fair. January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
- ^ Trau, Morgan (July 13, 2022). "Ohio Rep. behind bill limiting transgender care had never spoken to community". Ohio Capital Journal. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
- ^ "Legislation". www.plannedparenthoodaction.org. Retrieved May 17, 2023.
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News
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Further reading
- Callahan, Carey Maria Catt (2018). "Unheard Voices of Detransitioners". In Brunskell-Evans, Heather; Moore, Michele (eds.). Transgender Children and Young People: Born in Your Own Body. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. OCLC 1020030833. Archivedfrom the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
- Dubreuil, Émilie (May 13, 2019). "Je pensais que j'étais transgenre". Radio-Canada (in French). Archivedfrom the original on September 8, 2019. Retrieved August 10, 2019.
- Goldberg, Michelle (August 4, 2014). "What Is a Woman? The dispute between radical feminism and transgenderism". The New Yorker. Vol. 90, no. 22. pp. 24+. Archived from the original on November 13, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- Johnston, Kirsty (April 29, 2017). "From girl to boy and back again, Zahra Cooper shares her journey: 'Everyone is different'". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- Landén, M.; Wålinder, J.; Hambert, G.; Lundström, B. (1998). "Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 97 (4): 284–9. S2CID 19652697.
- McCann, Charlie (October–November 2017). "When girls won't be girls". 1843. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
- McGoogan, Cara (November 20, 2018). "I transitioned from female to male, then realised I had made a mistake". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
- Monroe, Rachel (December 4, 2016). "Detransitioning: a story about discovery". The Outline. Archived from the original on July 29, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
- "Pique Resilience Project". Pique Resilience Project. 2019. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
- Ristori, Jiska; Steensma, Thomas D. (February 2016). Bouman, Walter Pierre; de Vries, Annelou LC; T'Sjoen, Guy (eds.). "Gender dysphoria in childhood". from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
- White, Jess (January 8, 2019). "Whiteboard". In Sikk, Helis; Meyer, Leisa (eds.). The Legacies of Matthew Shepard: Twenty Years Later. Routledge. ISBN 9780429620522. Archivedfrom the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
External links
- Media related to Detransition at Wikimedia Commons