Cisnormativity

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    Cisnormativity or cissexual assumption is the assumption that everyone is, or ought to be,

    gender assignment, such as the presumption of a gender binary, or expectations of conformity to gender roles even when transgender identities are otherwise acknowledged. Cisnormativity is a form of cisgenderism, an ideology which promotes various normative ideas about gender, to the invalidation of individuals' own gender identities, analogous to heterosexism or ableism
    .

    Cisnormativity manifests in speech as a separation of cisgender and transgender people where cisgender individuals are considered "normal" and transgender people, an exception. Cisnormative legislation may require mental health diagnoses or sterilization as a precondition for legal recognition of a transgender person's gender identity, and cisnormativity in health care results in transgender people having difficulties finding clinicians who are competent in transgender health care, or being forced into sex-segregated spaces which they feel uncomfortable in. This further causes some transgender people to avoid medical care, or to avoid disclosing their transgender status to practitioners.

    Cisnormativity is closely tied to heteronormativity. The combination of the two, termed hetero-cis-normativity or cisheteronormativity,[a] represents the societally dominant view that sex, gender, and sexual orientation are all congruent.

    Definition

    SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies states that cisnormativity is "the presumption that most people do, or should, conform to the norms about gender assignment in their society". It elaborates: "'cisnormative' behavior varies depending on the gender norms in place within a given society. For example, in some societies, having only 'woman' and 'man' as gender categories would not be cisnormative".[5]

    A related concept is that of cisgenderism (also known as

    cissexism), defined by Erica Lennon and Brian J. Millster writing for Transgender Studies Quarterly as "the cultural and systemic ideology that denies, denigrates, or pathologizes self-identified gender identities that do not align with assigned gender at birth as well as resulting behavior, expression, and community".[6] Cisgenderism was proposed as an alternative concept to transphobia, with the intention of drawing focus to a systemic ideology, rather than an individual "phobia". This draws from the earlier distinction between heterosexism and homophobia. According to The SAGE Encyclopedia, cisnormativity is one form of cisgenderism.[7][8][9]

    Manifestations

    Photo of a sticker with the text: "Women's rights are not hate crimes. Trans ideology is misogyny. #Women'sRightsAreHumanRights".
    "In recent years, a form of feminism known as trans exclusionary radical feminism (TERF) has contained cisnormative arguments similar to those of social conservatives, promoting the vilification of people with a trans lived experience in the guise of 'gender-critical' feminism."[5]
    Toilet symbol with a person with a skirt and one without, in separate compartments.
    Sex-segregated spaces may reinforce cisnormativity.

    According to the 2009 JANAC article, "Cisnormative assumptions are so prevalent that they are difficult at first to even recognize", and "cisnormativity shapes social activity such as child rearing, the policies and practices of individuals and institutions, and the organization of the broader social world".

    gender roles.[5]

    Misgendering

    In language, cisnormativity can cause erasure of transgender people's identities, or highlight them as separate from cisgender people.

    trans erasure, whereby the experiences of transgender people are made invisible in the public eye.[2]: 189–190  Influenced by cisnormativity, people may construe society and its institutions as devoid of transgender people, even though gender variance is a common feature in all of history.[13]

    Interactions with institutions

    The SAGE Encyclopedia of Trans Studies cites as examples of cisnormativity in legislation laws mandating mental health diagnoses to receive gender-affirming treatments or to have one's gender legally recognized, and laws requiring a trans person to be sterilized before they can change their

    trans-exclusionary radical feminism.[5]

    Education

    Cisnormativity is prevalent in schools. Schools often divide students into binary genders, and perpetuate the idea that boys and girls have respective sets of mutually exclusive "attributes, aptitudes, abilities, and desires".

    psychological health, lowered ability to participate at school,[15] as well as increased stress among transgender students.[17] Transgender people are also commonly erased in sex education, and many do not have access to trans-inclusive sexual health information.[3]

    Passing

    Strategies like passing or "going stealth" (not telling people that one is transgender) may be used by transgender people to avoid the disadvantages brought by cisnormativity in the workplace. Non-binary people may adopt preferred gender pronouns that fit with cisnormativity for the same purpose. These strategies reduce discrimination, but also perpetuate cisnormativity further.[18]

    Health care

    Cisnormative

    pathologized, a result of a cisnormative conception of gender. This results in transgender people being neglected or invalidated in medical and psychological research, and such research has even attempted to justify conversion therapy against transgender people.[11] Blanchard's transsexualism typology has been criticized as cisnormative.[21]

    Cisnormativity also causes trans erasure in health care context, such that medical institutions are unready to treat transgender patients. When a trans patient does seek help, they are seen as an anomaly that disrupts the system.[22] Health care providers often lack education and thus awareness about transgender topics, which causes them to be unprepared to treat transgender people. In 2015, 24% of transgender survey respondents in the United States reported having to educate health care providers about transgender health.[23] Transgender people often feel unwelcome in sex-segregated wards or clinics, and some report being outright dismissed by doctors, or asked to seek help elsewhere, upon revealing that they are transgender. Past or anticipated experiences in cisnormative health care systems cause some transgender people to shy away from health care. According to the 2021 Trans Lives Survey report, 57% of respondents in the United Kingdom avoided seeing a doctor when ill. Some transgender people also avoid disclosing their transgender status to clinicians for fear of mistreatment; this may cause further problems due to inappropriate treatments, or from unintentional revelation of the patient's sex during examination.[5][4][24]

    Transmedicalism

    Among transgender people, cisnormativity may result in

    gender-affirming care. Others reject cisnormativity by focusing on self-identification as the criterion for being trans.[25] A person's gender identity may be connected to the extent of their cisnormative attitudes. Cis men are more invested in cisnormativity than cis women, who are more likely to be open to gender fluidity, and transgender people have a more critical consciousness about cisnormativity than cisgender people.[10]

    Non-binary people

    Non-binary people as a group are more stigmatized than many other LGBT identities. Cisnormativity can inspire negative attitudes towards non-binary identities, such as the idea that they should "just pick" either masculinity or femininity. Gender fluidity can confuse both cisgender and transgender people, leading to negative attitudes. Cis men may be more likely to exhibit such views, as less latitude is afforded to them with regard to gender roles than to cis women.[10]

    Intersectionality with other forms of oppression

    Academic literature identifies cisnormativity as

    classism, racism, ageism, and nationalism.[13] Cisnormativity contributes to patriarchy by providing a rigid division of people into genders and gender roles.[26]

    Cisnormativity often appears together with heteronormativity.[27][12] According to Judith Butler, the dominant view of gender assumes a "causal continuity among sex, gender, and desire".[28] In 2012, sociologist Meredith Worthen coined the term hetero-cis-normativity[b] for this phenomenon:

    I identify hetero-cis-normativity as a system of norms, privilege, and oppression that organizes social power around sexual identity and gender identity whereby heterosexual cisgender people are situated above all others and thus, LGBTQ people are in a place of systemic disadvantage.[30]

    According to Worthen, hetero-cis-normativity is a model to explain antipathy towards LGBT people,[30] and transphobia may be a symptom thereof.[27]

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^ These two terms have ben used interchangeably in the literature.[1]
    2. ^ This concept has also been interchangeably called cisheteronormativity.[29]

    References

    1. PMID 36120897
      .
    2. ^
      Seal Press
      ; 2007.
    3. ^
      doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01160-y
      .
    4. ^
      doi:10.1016/j.jana.2009.07.004
      .
    5. ^
      SAGE Publishing
      ; 2021. p. 121–125.
    6. ^ Lennon, Erica; Millster, Brian J. Cisgenderism. Transgender Studies Quarterly. 2014;1(1–2):63–64.
    7. SAGE Publishing
      ; 2021. p. 118–121.
    8. Policy Press
      ; 2018. Condition or movement? A genealogy of trans discourse. p. 43–44.
    9. doi:10.1080/19419899.2011.576696
      .
    10. ^
      doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01216-z
      .
    11. ^
      doi:10.1080/00918369.2019.1591789
      .
    12. ^ a b Frohart-Dourlent, Hélène. Muddling Through Together: Educators Navigating Cisnormativity While Working with Trans and Gender-Nonconforming Students. University of British Columbia; 2016. p. 14–15.
    13. ^
      doi:10.1002/symb.573
      .
    14. doi:10.1111/soc4.12666
      .
    15. ^
      doi:10.1080/09540253.2021.1884201
      .
    16. ^
      doi:10.1080/19361653.2020.1727815
      .
    17. doi:10.1111/bjep.12540
      .
    18. doi:10.1111/gwao.13048
      .
    19. doi:10.1186/s12939-023-02039-6
      .
    20. doi:10.1080/08952833.2020.1848051
      .
    21. ^ Baril, Alexandre; Trevenen, Kathryn. Exploring Ableism and Cisnormativity in the Conceptualization of Identity and Sexuality "Disorders". Annual Review of Critical Psychology. 2014;11:389–416.
    22. doi:10.1080/00981389.2018.1532941
      .
    23. ^ James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. National Center for Transgender Equality; 2016.
    24. ^ Vinter, Robin. 'GPs fob us off': most trans people avoid the doctor when they're sick. The Observer. 2021 Oct 10.
    25. doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01394-6
      .
    26. doi:10.1093/socrel/sry001
      .
    27. ^
      doi:10.1080/15532739.2016.1149538
      .
    28. ^ Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. Routledge; 1990. Quoted in Frohard-Dourlent, 2016.
    29. PMID 36120897
      .
    30. ^ a b Worthen, Meredith G. F. Queers, Bis, and Straight Lies: An Intersectional Examination of LGBTQ Stigma. Routledge; 2020. p. xv.
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