Dinomischus

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Dinomischus
Temporal range: Chengjiang–Burgess Shale
The holotype of Dinomischus isolatus collected by Walcott
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
stem-group Ctenophora?
Genus:
†Dinomischus
Type species
†Dinomischus isolatus
Other species

†D. venustus Peng et al., 2006

Dinomischus is an extinct genus of stalked filter-feeding animals with the

ctenophore
.

History of study

In his pioneering excavations of the Burgess Shale, Charles Doolittle Walcott excavated the first, and at the time only, specimen. It had evidently caught his eye, for he had taken the trouble to carefully photograph it—but he never found the time to describe the organism, and it was not until 1977 that Simon Conway Morris described the animal. He tracked down two further specimens, collected by further expeditions by teams from Harvard and the Royal Ontario Museum, allowing him to produce a reconstruction.[1]

Description

Reconstruction of two D. isolatus in their environment

Dinomischus isolatus reached 20 mm in height,

metazoan, and the stem implied that it lived permanently attached to the sea floor by a small holdfast.[1] The twenty or so "petals" borne by each organism were solid, plate-like structures, about two thirds the length of the calyx. It is speculated that they may have been covered with cilia—fine hairs—which would have wafted food down towards the organism's mouth.[1]

Distribution

Further specimens have since been produced by similarly spectacular fossil sites in China. 13 have been found in the Chengjiang, then in 2006 one specimen was identified within the Kaili Formation.[4] These organisms merited the erection of a new species, D. venustus, as their corrugated "petals" possessed radial rays.[5] 13 specimens of Dinomischus are known from the Greater Phyllopod bed, where they comprise < 0.1% of the community.[6]

Affinity

Dinomischus is not the only sessile, stalked organism from the Cambrian, but it has no obvious relatives in other genera.

Siphusauctum gregarium (known as the "tulip animal") has been recovered from the Burgess Shale, but has a clearly different basic anatomy, with multiple openings at the base of the calyx, an anus at the top, and a large six-petaled internal organ interpreted as a filter-feeding device.[7] Dinomischus has also been likened to Eldonia and Velumbrella, although unlike Dinomischus these medusoid organisms have tentacles.[8]

A number of affinities were considered, but on the basis of available evidence it didn't quite seem to fit into any extant phylum.[1] The most similar organisms were the much smaller

entoprocts, but even these modern organisms are difficult to classify.[9] The new data on D. venustus have added little to the debate; while a suggestion of echinoderm affinity has been floated,[10] no phyla are compellingly similar to the organism.[11] Other modern ideas, even if a little tenuous, include a suggestion that the organism may have been parasitic, dwelling on the carapaces of larger organisms.[12]

In 2019, Dinomischus and other Cambrian forms were hypothesized to be stem-gruop ctenophores. This leads to the assertion that ctenophores evolved from immotile, suspensivorous forms, a lifestyle similar to that of polyps.[13] Cladogram after Zhao et al., 2019:

A later study suggested that Dinomischus, Diahua and Xianguangia formed a clade, Dinomischidae, with Siphusauctum more closely related to modern ctenophores.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Conway Morris, S. (1977). "A new entoproct-like organism from the Burgess Shale of British Columbia" (PDF). Palaeontology. 20 (4): 833–845.
  2. ^ a b Hou, X.-G. (2004). The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China : The Flowering of Early Animal Life.
    ISBN 978-1-4051-0673-3
    .
  3. ^ "Dinomischus isolatus". Hooper Virtual Paleontological Museum.
  4. ^ Peng, J.; Zhao, Y.; Lin, J.-P. (2006). "Dinomischus from the Middle Cambrian Kaili Biota, Guizhou, China". Acta Geologica Sinica. 80 (4): 498–501.
  5. ^ Hagadorn, J.W. (2002). "Chengjiang: Early Record of the Cambrian Explosion". In Bottjer, D.J.; Etter, W.; Hagadorn, J.W.; Tang, C.M. (eds.). Exceptional Fossil Preservation: a unique view on the evolution of marine life.
    ISBN 978-0-231-10255-1
    .
  6. S2CID 53646959
    .
  7. PMID 22279532
    .
  8. ^ Dzik, J. (1991). "Is fossil evidence consistent with traditional views of the early metazoan phylogeny?" (PDF): 47–56. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Lieberman, B.S. (2008). "The Cambrian radiation of bilaterians: Evolutionary origins and palaeontological emergence; earth history change and biotic factors".
    doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.05.021
    .
  10. ^ Chen, J.Y.; Zhou, G.Q. (1997). "Biology of the Chengjiang fauna". Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci. 10: 11–105.
  11. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2451.1987.tb00495.x
    .
  12. ^ Bassett, M.G.; Popov, L.E.; Holmer, L.E. (2004). "The Oldest-Known Metazoan Parasite?" (PDF).
    S2CID 86756106
    .
  13. S2CID 84844387
    .
  14. ISSN 1477-2019
    .

External links

Further reading

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