Divisional Cavalry Regiment (New Zealand)
Divisional Cavalry Regiment | |
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2nd New Zealand Division | |
Engagements |
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The Divisional Cavalry Regiment (Div Cav) was an
Initially stationed at
After spending several months re-equipping, Div Cav fought in
In September the regiment was sent to Italy with the rest of the division and fought in the
Formation
After the beginning of the Second World War, the government of New Zealand authorised the formation of the
The regiment was mobilised as part of 2 NZEF in September 1939 and was issued with six
C Squadron completed its training in New Zealand and was attached to the Second Echelon of the 2 NZEF, in adherence with plans to send one squadron of the regiment to Egypt with the Second Echelon. The squadron was diverted to Britain, while en route to Egypt, when Italy entered the war, and arrived on 16 June. The squadron was based near Aldershot and conducted further training there. C Squadron became part of the Second Echelon's Headquarters Covering Force, defending Britain against German invasion.[12] In early September, the squadron was moved to Westwell, Kent; it underwent further training and was sent back to Aldershot in November. C Squadron left Britain for Egypt on 4 January 1941.[13]
In July 1940, the 2nd New Zealand Division was sent to
Greece
In early March 1941, the 2nd New Zealand Division (including Div Cav) was earmarked for W Force, the British Commonwealth force sent to Greece to bolster its defence
German forces reached the regimental positions on 12 April; the following day, their attempts to cross the river in assault boats were repulsed. During the evening, the regiment disengaged and fell back to Kolindros; it was attacked by German tanks and infantry on 14 April. Boys anti-tank rifles were useless against the German tanks, although Bren gun fire was effective against the German infantry. When its positions were flanked by tanks, the regiment retreated to Olympus Pass and was ordered to take up positions at Deskati Pass as a rearguard. The pass, a possible withdrawal route for the 1st Armoured Brigade,[27] was reached on 15 April. On the 17th, division commander Major General Bernard Freyberg dispersed the regiment to screen the rear of his retreating troops. The next day, A and C Squadrons withdrew from Olympus Pass and Eleftherochorion after a German tank attack.[28] B Squadron fought a rearguard action at Tempe, retreating down the Volos road and losing several carriers.[29]
The regiment, reunited on the Volos road, retreated to the
Crete
The evacuation of Greece divided the regiment: regimental headquarters and most of HQ Squadron were sent to Egypt and most of the other three squadrons remained on Crete. A total of 194 soldiers from the regiment were on the island, with several wounded men evacuated to Egypt; A, B and C Squadrons trained and re-equipped. The troops of the regiment on the island, commanded by Major J. T. Russell and renamed Russell Force, joined the ad-hoc 10th NZ Brigade under newly promoted Acting Colonel Howard Kippenberger and was positioned on the road from Chania to Alikianos. Russell Force was moved to Aghya in early May 1941.[31]
German paratroops attacked Crete on 20 May. Many paratroopers landed near the Div Cav positions and were beaten back. Cut off from the 10th Brigade headquarters, Russell followed Kippenberger's orders and withdrew to Galatas in Chania, to reinforce a Greek unit south of the village. At dusk, the regiment dug in near a stone wall. B Squadron held the right flank and C Squadron the centre; A Squadron and the 19th Battalion held the left, with the Greek unit in reserve.[32]
The brigade was strafed by German aircraft on the morning of 21 May. The 19th Battalion (supported by C Squadron and light tanks from the
The force retreated by night to a position near
North Africa and Syria
Reorganization and Operation Crusader
On 3 June, the units of the regiment that had fought on Crete arrived at Helwan. Major Arthur Nicoll received a promotion to lieutenant colonel and succeeded Carruth after the latter took command of the Composite Training Depot on 26 July. Fourteen Bren Gun Carriers arrived on 22 August 1941 and replacements were trained. In early September, the regiment prepared to move into the
During
At dusk on 17 November, Regimental HQ and A Squadron advanced to
On the morning of 20 November, B Squadron patrolled in front of the 4th Indian Division and captured a German car and its passenger. C Squadron patrolled closer to Bir Gibni, observing the tank battles in that area. XIII Corps began driving north the following day; Div Cav advanced to Sidi Azeiz, capturing 49 Italians from the 52nd Anti-Aircraft Battery and six German and Italian artillerymen. After the engagement at Sidi Azeiz, the regiment formed a line at Bir ez Zemla. The 4th New Zealand Infantry Brigade arrived the next day; the 20th Battalion attacked enemy positions, while C Squadron captured several Italian machine-gun posts. A Squadron captured three grounded German aircraft, taking prisoners, and B Squadron captured five ambulance cars with their drivers. On the evening of 22 November, the regimental line was taken over by units of the 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade and C Squadron was transferred to the command of the 4th Infantry Brigade for its advance on Gambut; the rest of Div Cav moved to Sidi Azeiz.[43]
C Squadron at Gambut and Ed Duda
C Squadron, leading a brigade group, advanced towards Gambut on the morning of 23 November. On the outskirts of Gambut, the line was stopped to allow the
The next day, the squadron patrolled the Sidi Rezegh and Gambut escarpments, driving off German tanks and infantry in the afternoon and incurring vehicle and crew losses. The German column turned north during the night, attacking the divisional headquarters from the east. The four Stuart tanks repulsed the assault; 2 and 5 Troops attempted to regain the New Zealand
On 1 December, the Germans overran the 20th Battalion and split the 19th in half, cutting off the 18th Battalion. The remnants of the 6th New Zealand Infantry Brigade fell back through the 4th New Zealand Infantry Brigade to Zaafran and the Ed Duda corridor was closed. The division retreated, led along the Trigh Capuzzo by C Squadron, which halted at Bir Gibni at 04:00 on 2 December. At noon, the squadron headed north to rejoin the regiment.[46]
Regiment at Bardia
B and C Squadrons were ordered to patrol Sidi Azeiz on 24 November, linking the 22nd and 23rd Battalion positions and screening the brigade against an expected German assault on 25 November. On the morning of 26 November, several German transport vehicles were captured when they ran into the B Squadron laager. The squadrons patrolled the line, capturing prisoners before withdrawing from a German attack on 27 November. After the brigade headquarters was captured, the regiment set off to join the 7th Indian Infantry Brigade at Sidi Omar Nuovo, moving to Bir Zemla to cut Bardia's communications from the west on 1–3 December. On 3 December, an Axis column approached; the regiment retreated, leading the Axis into an ambush by the
From 10 to 16 December, the regiment established a chain of posts on the roads south of Bardia to prevent Axis movement. The
Syria and Rommel's second offensive
On 13 March, the New Zealand Division moved to Syria to build fortifications in the
On 16 June, the Div Cav was ordered to move to Egypt with the rest of the division. The offensive by General Erwin Rommel had created a need for more troops to stop the Axis advance.[51] The regiment arrived at Matruh ten days later, where it was to cover the northern and eastern parts of the minefields around the village.[52] Div Cav was the last of the divisional units to arrive back in Egypt.[53] When the division left Matruh on 26 June, the regiment's tanks and carriers had not yet arrived. B Squadron was equipped with carriers and transport available in Matruh and was sent ahead to Garawla, losing two carriers to tanks along the way and splitting up in the darkness.[54] Half went to Minqar Qaim, where the 4th and 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigades were positioned, and the other half, led by Major Sutherland, laagered in a depression and was surrounded by German tanks. Sutherland's force broke out, losing one soldier who was taken prisoner. Arriving at headquarters at 08:00, he found the rest of the squadron. B Squadron was then sent to Bir Khalda to replace the 21st Battalion, patrolling there for the rest of the day. By evening the division was nearly surrounded, so acting division commander Brigadier Inglis decided on a breakout to Fortress A (also known as the Kaponga Box) south-west of El Alamein. B Squadron retreated south along the Qattara Depression before turning north to the fortress, rejoining the regiment on 30 June.[55][56]
The remainder of Div Cav left Matruh for Fuka on 27 June, receiving new Bren Gun Carriers at Baggush. A Squadron prepared the new carriers for battle.
On 4 July, as part of a divisional attack toward Daba, the regiment was ordered to send C squadron north-west to join the 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade at El Mreir and continue to Daba. The squadron was ambushed on its way to El Mreir at 07:15; two carriers were destroyed and C Squadron was replaced by two troops from B Squadron shortly afterwards. During the afternoon, A and C Squadrons set out towards Daba but halted when night fell. A Squadron approached Mungar Wahla on 5 July but withdrew to Qaret el Yidma after heavy artillery fire. A and B Squadrons patrolled the 4th New Zealand Infantry Brigade front on 6 July. The next day, the division again attempted to drive toward the coast, after an all-clear report. B Squadron screened the 4th and 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigades before being halted by Axis fire and A and C Squadrons were ordered into the line to reconnoitre. Axis tanks attacking C Squadron during the afternoon were repulsed by the 4th New Zealand Infantry Brigade anti-tank guns. Div Cav, the rearguard for the 4th and 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade retreat, reached Deir el Munassib on the morning of 8 July and received 15 Stuarts. A Squadron patrolled the front of the 22nd Battalion during the afternoon, returning to Deir el Munassib at night. The regiment screened the front on 9–10 July, covering the 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade night retreat.[58]
A and C Squadrons supported a costly, abortive 15 July attack on Ruweisat Ridge and the regiment retreated as the division dug in at the boxes. Two troops were dispatched to join the 18th Battalion on 22 July, encountering an Axis pocket and losing a troop commander. The regiment was incorporated into the New Zealand Divisional box; A and C Squadrons dug in, and B Squadron patrolled south. On 17 and 18 August, A and C Squadrons were relieved by the Buffs and Royal West Kents and moved out.[59]
Battle of Alam Halfa
The regiment fought in the
Battle of El Alamein
Div Cav moved rearward on 10 September for leave in Cairo. The regiment conducted manoeuvres with the division in September and returned to Burg el Arab. Colonel Nicoll was beaten up on 5 October by drunken soldiers in Maadi, where he had gone to arrange replacements, and was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel James Sutherland. A total of 23 carriers with new equipment arrived from workshops on 11 October. The regiment advanced to El Hammam on 19 October in preparation for
The advance began at night on 23 October, with the regiment advancing down a track during the artillery barrage. At daybreak, Div Cav stopped at Miteiriya Ridge because the 6th New Zealand Infantry Brigade was unable to clear lanes through the minefield. A gap was created in the evening and B and C Squadrons advanced, screening the 9th Armoured Brigade.[62] After traversing the minefield, the squadrons were stopped by anti-tank fire. Ten men were killed, and five tanks and four carriers destroyed.[63]
The next day, the regiment was withdrawn and became part of the divisional reserve at Alam el Onsol. Orders arrived for an advance on 30 October for
Div Cav resumed the offensive on 4 November, advancing south-west against retreating Axis forces and ending the day at Agramiya. The regiment advanced on the northern flank of the New Zealand Division the next day, screening the division at the recaptured Baggush Box on 6 November. It then set off towards Mersa Matruh on the coast road and the escarpment, in contact with the 9th Armoured Brigade. The regiment halted at Gambut on 13 November, moving east to Menastir six days later.[66]
Battle of El Agheila
Div Cav spent the first three weeks of the pursuit camped near Bardia. On 2 December, as part of the outflanking move around El Agheila, the regiment began an eight-day drive on transporters to El Haseiat. After unloading its vehicles, the regiment continued its flanking movement. On 14 December, it was placed under the command of the 4th Light Armoured Brigade, with which it spent the night. C Squadron screened the brigade in the morning and by 16:00 the regiment had drawn away from the brigade as C Squadron reached the escarpment. The German 15th Panzer Division, halted on the road due to a fuel shortage, was targeted by Div Cav. During the night, the regiment withdrew and laagered while the Germans retreated. At 05:45 the next morning, XXX Corps headquarters ordered the division to attack the Germans and the regiment was advised to expect an attack from the east by a hundred tanks. Div Cav was ordered to withdraw south-west, along the line of its previous advance. When the regiment had gone back 6 mi (9.7 km), it surprised a German column. A Squadron engaged, as the other squadrons hastily withdrew. In the evening, the regiment advanced a mile west and laagered.[67]
On 17 December, Div Cav guarded the northern flank of the brigade in its advance on
Advance on Tripoli
On 8 and 9 January 1943, Div Cav advanced again. The A Squadron vehicles at Nofilia were loaded on transporters, which drove down the main road while the rest of the regiment screened the New Zealand Division advance. The A Squadron vehicles were unloaded near Wadi Bei el Chebir, east of the expected German rearguard near Wadi Temet, and the regiment caught up on 14 January. The following day, A Squadron crossed the road and withstood shelling by anti-tank guns and artillery until the afternoon. B Squadron probed south, also encountering German anti-tank guns. After one of its Stuart tanks knocked out an anti-tank gun, B Squadron advanced through the German line, dislodging anti-tank guns and destroying a Sd.Kfz. 250 half-track. During the afternoon, C Squadron failed to break through the German centre but that night the Germans withdrew. On 16 January, the regiment advanced to high ground above the airstrip at Sedada, losing a tank and carrier. C Squadron advanced down the plateau in the darkness, losing a carrier to a mine on the trail. The regiment found an alternate route, ending the day in Wadi Merdum. On 18 January, Div Cav advanced through rugged country to Beni Ulid. The regiment advanced towards Tarhuna the following day, bivouacking halfway there, before discovering a route through the hills north of the road.[69]
On 21 January, Div Cav moved out of the hills, with C Squadron artillery driving off German rearguards. Next morning A and B Squadrons advanced west, turning north after crossing the Garian road, before they were halted by German resistance at Azizia. The Germans retreated during the night and the regiment found an empty village in the morning. Racing down the road, Div Cav ended the day 4 mi (6.4 km) from Tripoli before being transferred to Bianchi for a week. The regiment next encamped around Castel Benito. On 28 January, Lieutenant Colonel Sutherland left for New Zealand and was replaced by Ian Bonifant. In February, the regiment unloaded supplies from landing craft in Tripoli. On the 4th, the Eighth Army paraded through the city in front of Winston Churchill, Bernard Montgomery, Richard McCreery and Freyberg.[70]
Tunisia
The Divisional Cavalry Regiment left Castel Benito on 2 March as part of the attack on the Mareth Line. On 3 March the regiment was in Tunisia, camped near the road at Medenine. The next morning it was put under command of the 4th Light Armoured Brigade, in preparation for a German assault, and moved forward, behind the 5th New Zealand Brigade positions. After the Axis repulse, A Squadron was sent south to probe the eastern end of the hills while B and C Squadrons harassed the German retreat on 7 March. The regiment patrolled the area between the 11th Hussars and the Free French Flying Column for the next five days and moved back to Foum Tatahouine on 13 March, where the New Zealand Division assembled for a flanking movement inland. Div Cav advanced south-west and then north, guarding the divisional right flank. On 21 March, contact was made with the Germans and elements of the division attacked during the night. C Squadron advanced behind the infantry in the morning before being stopped by shellfire near Point 201, a battlefield elevation. As the shelling decreased, A and HQ Squadrons advanced to the C Squadron position. B Squadron arrived from night patrol, and the regiment laagered behind Point 201. On the morning of 23 March, B and C Squadrons advanced, capturing fifteen 77 mm guns and several prisoners. From 24 to 26 March, the regiment patrolled the left flank of the line in preparation for an assault by the 1st Armoured Division. When close air support preparation for the assault began, Div Cav marked the bomb line with smoke canisters and advanced on the flank when the ground assault began. The regiment laagered next to the Kebili-El Hamma road during the night.[71]
On 27 March, B and C Squadrons made contact with the 1st Armoured Division. The next day, the regiment maintained contact with the retreating Germans, entering
Div Cav was withdrawn on 24 April and was sent back to a rest area two days later. The regiment moved forward west of Enfidaville on 4 May, moving near the town on 8 May, to exploit a breakthrough by tanks the following day. The breakthrough was forestalled by the First Army drive across Tunisia, and the Axis forces in North Africa surrendered on 13 May. Three days later, the regiment began moving back to Maadi, arriving on 1 June. At Maadi the regiment received replacements, while some personnel who had served with the first three echelons received three-month leaves in New Zealand. On 5 July, new personal weapons were issued and the regiment began training on the rifle and light machine gun ranges. A month later the regiment was one of the first units equipped with
Italy
After the
Div Cav became part of the Eighth Army reserve along with the rest of the 2nd New Zealand Division[76] and was positioned several miles north of Lucera, near the Foggia Airfield Complex, on 4 November. On 12 November, the regiment left Lucera for the front, arriving at Cupello in the afternoon to guard a bridge over the Sinello River below the village of Gissi. At 09:00 the next day, the regiment moved out to its new position, 20 mi (32 km) forward; the trip took all day, through sleet and mountainous terrain. A Squadron guarded the bridge, while the rest of the regiment bivouacked. On 18 November, B Squadron guarded the left flank of the division, south-west of Atessa. C and HQ Squadrons advanced 10 mi (16 km) forward to the village of Monte Marcone on 20 November, and A and B Squadrons were sent back to Carpineto Sinello in reserve. C Squadron made contact with the British V Corps on foot, since the road was demolished in three places.[77]
Advance across the Sangro
In the planned offensive on the Sangro, C Squadron was to follow the 19th Armoured Regiment in its advance at 03:00. Although its tanks reached the river, they bogged down in the mud and the squadron remained on the other bank as B Squadron advanced to Monte Marconi. Three troops from C Squadron finally crossed the river by the afternoon of 29 November; one was ordered to advance to Elici and a second was to make contact with the
Three troops from B Squadron tried to probe
Battle of Monte Cassino
To divert German troops from the
Div Cav rested near
Advance to Florence
On 5 June, the main part of the regiment was combined with two companies of infantry and a squadron of tanks to form Wilder Force, which was to take over the front from the 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade. A Squadron pushed up the valley and Wilder Force advanced behind, through Balsorano. After the Axis retreated to their next line of defence, the New Zealand Division withdrew to Arce for training. The regiment moved forward again on 10 July, advancing to Cortona on 11–12 July. B Squadron was transferred to 6th New Zealand Infantry Brigade and sent forward to Castiglion Fiorentino to clear the road between Castiglion and Palazzo del Pero. The road was opened by the 6th Armoured Division, and the crossroads on Route 73 was reached on 15 July. The New Zealand Division moved to capture Florence; the regiment advanced west to Siena and then turned north to Castellina. A Squadron supported the 23rd and 28th Battalions advancing on San Casciano and the remainder of the regiment arrived at San Donato by 22 July. Two days later, C Squadron combined with A Squadron of the 19th Armoured Brigade, No. 2 Company of the 22nd Battalion and 1st Troop of the 31st Anti-tank Battery to form Armcav. The force advanced on 25 July, taking Fabbrica and advancing toward Bibbione. Bibbione was taken despite determined opposition the next day and the other two squadrons supported the Maori Battalion. Armcav was disbanded on 27 July and C Squadron remained under the command of the 4th Armoured Brigade.[83]
San Casciano was captured shortly afterwards and the final assault on Florence began on 1 August. A Squadron was in reserve and B Squadron patrolled northward. C Squadron advanced on Geppetto, covering the left flank of the 6th New Zealand Infantry Brigade. Geppetto was captured the next morning and C Squadron patrolled forward to San Michele. B Squadron advanced with the Maori Battalion, ending the day and advancing the next morning with that unit. C Squadron moved west on Route 67 until it was halted by opposition near Grioli and A Squadron advanced to Scandicci in the afternoon as Florence fell.[84]
Gothic Line
The New Zealand Division was temporarily relieved and to cover its replacement by the US
Div Cav withdrew to Cesolo near San Severino, 60 mi (97 km) in the rear. The regiment was converted to a standard infantry battalion, since its light armoured vehicles were considered unsuited to Italian terrain and the division was short of infantry.[86] The battalion retained the title of Squadron for its company-size units, spent a month retraining as infantry and left Cesolo on 24 November. Around this time D Squadron was formed under command of Major S.W. Askew. The New Zealand Division was placed under the command of V Corps for the crossing of the Lamone river and the capture of Faenza. The battalion became part of the 6th New Zealand Infantry Brigade, operating in the sector facing the Lamone opposite Faenza and the brigade's small front was held by the 26th Battalion. The 24th and 25th Battalions were scheduled to replace the 26th next, with Div Cav replacing them. The battalion camped in Forlì before taking over its positions on 2 December. The division mounted a simulated attack to support the British 46th Division crossing of the Lamone with an artillery barrage and tank fire. After the 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade moved south to take over the 46th Division positions, the 6th New Zealand Infantry Brigade moved west to take over the 5th New Zealand Infantry Brigade sector and the regiment was now opposite Faenza. A and B Squadrons moved to the rear, after being relieved by the British 4th Reconnaissance Regiment and C Squadron laid smoke to cover the 13 December crossing of the Lamone by 4th Brigade tanks. The attack on Faenza began the next day and the Maori and 23rd Battalions were at their objectives by 15 December but Axis holdouts continued to resist in the town. The regiment entered Faenza in the afternoon and camped there until 27 December, when it replaced 26th Battalion on the Senio. During the night of 1/2 January 1945, the Maori Battalion relieved the battalion, which moved to Forlì. Div Cav returned to the front after a week and took up the positions of the 25th Battalion, which it fortified against a possible German counter-attack. Alexander decided to wait for early spring to advance to the Po and the battalion settled into static positional warfare. The battalion was relieved by the 25th Battalion on 21 January and returned to Forlì.[87]
Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
During the final Allied offensive in Italy, the battalion was assigned to the new
Relieved by the 23rd Battalion, Div Cav was moved back to Medicina. After two days of rest there, the 9th Infantry Brigade returned to the front lines behind the Allied advance towards the Po river. The battalion was 7 mi (11 km) north of Bologna by the first night back, when it was bombed by an Axis aircraft which wounded four men. Next day the battalion was on the banks of the Reno river and crossed the Po after the rest of the brigade on 26 April. After its advance was stopped by the Fratta Canal, the battalion moved east to Ospedaletto. A and C Squadrons cleared Ospedaletto of the Axis rearguard, taking fifty prisoners. The battalion bypassed scattered German units, racing for Padua during the night. It reached Padua around midnight and was greeted by jubilant Italian crowds. On 29 April a shell struck battalion headquarters, wounding Lieutenant Colonel Wilder and killing two men (the last men of Div Cav killed in action during the war). Wilder was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel Victor Tanner; the battalion advanced again at midday on Route 11 towards Venice, encountering its last strong German resistance in Mira. No. 12 Troop flanked the German positions, capturing 140 men and killing about 20. The battalion raced on, changing to Route 14 headed for Trieste, and was ferried over the Piave on 30 April; it was at Monfalcone, controlled by Yugoslav partisans, by the end of 1 May. Trieste was reached the next day and the battalion camped just beyond the city. Div Cav was relieved on 6 May by a battalion of the 363rd Infantry Regiment of the US 91st Division, and moved to Barcola.[91]
Japan
After the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, the New Zealand government agreed to contribute units to a joint
Casualties, decorations and battle honours
During the war, the regiment suffered a total of 686 casualties, including 134 killed, 430 wounded, and 111 captured.
In 1957, the New Zealand Scottish Regiment, which inherited the Divisional Cavalry's lineage, was awarded the following battle honours for the service of the Divisional Cavalry Regiment:
- Italy 1943–45.[95]
Commanders
The following officers commanded the Divisional Cavalry Regiment:[96]
- Lieutenant Colonel Caro James Pierce (29 September 1939 – 22 February 1941)
- Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Graeme Carruth (22 February – 26 July 1941)
- Lieutenant Colonel Arthur J. Nicoll (26 July 1941 – 5 October 1942)
- Lieutenant Colonel James Henderson Sutherland (5 October 1942 – 28 January 1943)
- Lieutenant Colonel Ian Bonifant (28 January 1943 – 18 April 1944)
- Lieutenant Colonel Nicholas Perry Wilder (18 April 1944 – 6 January 1945)
- Lieutenant Colonel James Rutherford Williams (6 January – 29 April 1945)
- Lieutenant Colonel Victor Joseph Tanner (29 April – 7 August 1945)
- Lieutenant Colonel Duncan MacIntyre (7 August 1945 – 28 June 1946)
- Lieutenant Colonel John Albert Worsnop (28 June 1946 – 3 May 1947)
- Lieutenant Colonel Ralph Bonner McQueen (3 May – 1 September 1947)
Notes
- ^ Pugsley 2014, p. 16.
- ^ Pugsley 2014, p. 19.
- ^ Stack & O'Sullivan 2013, p. 9.
- ^ McGibbon & Goldstone 2000, p. 37.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 2–4.
- ^ McClymont 1959, p. 8.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 6.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 7.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 14.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 16.
- ^ McClymont 1959, p. 35.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 31–43.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 21.
- ^ McClymont 1959, p. 52.
- ^ Stack & O'Sullivan 2013, p. 12.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 23–30.
- ^ McClymont 1959, pp. 53–54.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 28.
- ^ McClymont 1959, p. 81.
- ^ Stack & O'Sullivan 2013, p. 8.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 44–47.
- ^ McClymont 1959, p. 141.
- ^ McClymont 1959, p. 192.
- ^ McClymont 1959, p. 166.
- ^ McClymont 1959, pp. 170–171.
- ^ McClymont 1959, pp. 235–237.
- ^ McClymont 1959, pp. 299–303.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 62–77.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 51–88.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 88–92.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 88–94.
- ^ Antill 2012, p. 72.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 95–102.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 95–109.
- ^ a b Loughnan 1963, p. 430.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 110–115.
- ^ Murphy 1961, p. 34.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 120.
- ^ Murphy 1961, p. 66.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 116–117.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 119–125.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 126–130.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 131–139.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 140–144.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 145–148.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 149–159.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 160–171.
- ^ Scoullar 1955, p. 43.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 172–178.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 178.
- ^ Scoullar 1955, p. 54.
- ^ Scoullar 1955, p. 52.
- ^ Scoullar 1955, pp. 83–84.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 179–184.
- ^ a b Scoullar 1955, pp. 121–123.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 185–191.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 192–196.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 197–209.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 210–224.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 225–231.
- ^ Latimer 2002, p. 208.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 232–234.
- ^ Walker 1967, p. 355.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 235–238.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 239–244.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 245–252.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 253–256.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 257–262.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 263–268.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 269–278.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 279–287.
- ^ Zaloga 2011, p. 27.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 288–303.
- ^ Phillips 1957, pp. 41–45.
- ^ Phillips 1957, p. 39.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 304–310.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 310–312.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 313–322.
- ^ Phillips 1957, p. 178.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 323–337.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 338–347.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 348–356.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 357–364.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 365–380.
- ^ Stack & O'Sullivan 2013, p. 33.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 381–393.
- ^ Doherty 2015, p. 48.
- ^ Doherty 2015, p. 123.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 394–407.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 408–417.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 420–423.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 418–425.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, pp. 431–432.
- ^ Mills, T.F. "2nd Divisional Cavalry Regiment, 2NZEF". www.regiments.org. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
- ^ Loughnan 1963, p. 432.
References
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- Latimer, Jon (2002). Alamein. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01016-1.
- Loughnan, R. J. M. (1963). Divisional Cavalry. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 (New Zealand Electronic Text Collection ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch. OCLC 560656888.
- McClymont, W. G. (1959). To Greece. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 (New Zealand Electronic Text Collection ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch. OCLC 566330964.
- McGibbon, Ian C.; Goldstone, Paul (2000). The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History. Auckland, New Zealand: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-558376-2.
- Murphy, W.E. (1961). The Relief of Tobruk. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 (New Zealand Electronic Text Collection ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch. OCLC 8000753.
- Phillips, Neville Crompton (1957). Italy: The Sangro to Cassino. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45. Vol. I (New Zealand Electronic Text Collection ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch. OCLC 173284694.
- ISBN 978-0-14-357189-6.
- Scoullar, J. L. (1955). Battle for Egypt: The Summer of 1942. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 (New Zealand Electronic Text Collection ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch. OCLC 563872693.
- Stack, Wayne; O'Sullivan, Barry (2013). The New Zealand Expeditionary Force in World War II. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-78096-111-8.
- Walker, Ronald (1967). Alam Halfa and Alamein (New Zealand Electronic Text Collection ed.). Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch. OCLC 563884301.
- Zaloga, Steven J. (20 December 2011). Staghound Armored Car 1942–62. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 978-1-78096-210-8.
Further reading
- Deed, Philip (2013). 2nd New Zealand Divisional Cavalry: Men with No1 Troop and B Squadron, 1943 to 1945, Italy. Matamata, New Zealand: Philip Deed. ISBN 978-0-473-24176-6.
- Deed, Philip (2016). 2nd New Zealand Divisional Cavalry: Men with No1 Troop and B Squadron, 1942–1943, North Africa. Matamata, New Zealand: Philip Deed. ISBN 978-0-473-33921-0.