Royal Welch Fusiliers

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

23rd Regiment of Foot
Welch Regiment of Fusiliers
Royal Welch Regiment of Fusiliers
Royal Welch Fusiliers
Cap badge
Active16 March 1689 – 28 February 2006
Country Kingdom of England (1689–1707)
 Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800)
 United Kingdom (1801–2006)
Branch British Army
TypeInfantry
RoleLine infantry
Size1–2 Regular battalions

4–12

Volunteer and Territorial
battalions

Up to 25 hostilities-only battalions
Garrison/HQ
Major-General Brian Plummer
Insignia
Tactical Recognition Flash
HackleWhite

The Royal Welch Fusiliers (Welsh: Ffiwsilwyr Brenhinol Cymreig) was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, and part of the Prince of Wales's Division, that was founded in 1689; shortly after the Glorious Revolution. In 1702, it was designated a fusilier regiment and became the Welch Regiment of Fusiliers; the prefix "Royal" was added in 1713, then confirmed in 1714 when George I named it the Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers. In 1751, after reforms that standardised the naming and numbering of regiments, it became the 23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers). In 1881, the final title of the regiment was adopted.

It retained the archaic spelling of Welch, instead of Welsh, and Fuzileers for Fusiliers; these were engraved on swords carried by regimental officers during the Napoleonic Wars.[2] After the 1881 Childers Reforms, normal spelling was used officially, but "Welch" continued to be used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.

It should not be confused with the Welch Regiment, a different unit (formed in 1881 from the 41st and 69th) which recruited in South and West, rather than North Wales, and became part of the Royal Regiment of Wales or RRW in 1969.[3]

One of the few regiments to retain its original title, in March 2006 the Royal Welch Fusiliers was amalgamated with the RRW and became 1st Battalion, Royal Welsh, with RRW as the 2nd Battalion.

History

Henry Herbert, 4th Baron Herbert of Chirbury, founder of the regiment

Formation; 1689 to 1773

The regiment was raised by

Nine Years War and at Namur in August 1695, took part in the attack on the Terra Nova earthwork that inspired the song 'The British Grenadiers.'[9]

On the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession in 1702, it became the Welch Regiment of Fuzilieers; this denoted units equipped with light-weight muskets or 'fusils' used to protect the artillery, although the distinction later became obsolete.[10] It served throughout Marlborough's campaigns in the Low Countries, including the battles of Schellenberg, Blenheim and Ramillies.[11]

In 1714, George I gave it the title of the Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fusiliers. The next 28 years were spent on garrison duty in England and Scotland, until it returned to Flanders in 1742 for the War of the Austrian Succession. At Dettingen in June 1743, it rallied after being driven back by the elite French Maison du Roi cavalry; its steadiness was a major contribution to what is considered a fortunate victory.[12] It incurred 323 casualties at Fontenoy in May 1745, before a brief period in Scotland during the 1745 Rising. Over 240 members of the regiment were lost at Lauffeld in July 1747, a defeat that led to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.[13]

Minden, 1 August 1759, an action still celebrated as Minden Day

Following the 1751 reforms that standardised naming and numbering of regiments, it became the 23rd Regiment of Foot (Royal Welsh Fuzileers).[10] In the opening battle of the Seven Years' War, it was part of the Minorca garrison that surrendered to the French in June 1756; given free passage to Gibraltar, from 1758 it campaigned in Germany. At Minden in August 1759, it was one of the infantry units that routed the French cavalry, an achievement still celebrated as Minden Day by their successor unit, the Royal Welsh.[13] Between 1760 and 1762, it fought in the battles of Warburg,[14] Kloster Kampen 1760[15] and Wilhelmsthal in June 1762, before the war ended with the 1763 Treaty of Paris.[16]

When the American Revolutionary War began in 1773, the regiment was posted to North America.[17] The light infantry and grenadier companies took heavy losses at the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775;[18] it participated in nearly every campaign up to the Siege of Yorktown in September 1781.[19] At Yorktown, it was the only British regiment not to surrender its colours, which were smuggled out by a junior officer.[20]

In the early stages of the French Revolutionary Wars, it was posted to the West Indies in 1794 and participated in the 1795 capture of Port-au-Prince before returning home in 1796.[21] As part of the expeditionary force assigned to the 1799 Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland, it fought at Alkmaar in October 1799.[22]

23rd Royal Welch Fusilier guarding a statue of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington in London.

19th century

St. George's (Round) Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia

Apart from

Badajoz, Salamanca, Nivelle and Toulouse.[24] At the Battle of Waterloo in June 1815, it was part of Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Mitchell's 4th Brigade in the 4th Infantry Division.[25]

In the nineteenth century, the regiment took part in the Crimean War, the Second Opium War, the Indian Mutiny and the Third Anglo-Burmese War.[26]

The Cardwell Reforms of 1872 linked most infantry regiments in pairs, but because the 23rd already had two battalions it was unaffected. Cardwell also introduced 'Localisation of the Forces', which established permanent regimental depots in county towns and brigaded the regular regiments with their local Militia and Volunteer battalions.[27] For the 23rd, this included:[5][28]

The Childers Reforms of 1881 took Cardwell's reforms further. The regiments were given names rather than numbers the regiment officially became The Royal Welsh Fusiliers on 1 July 1881,[37] although "Welch" was used informally until restored in 1920 by Army Order No.56.[38] The depot became the 23rd Regimental District depot, and the militia and volunteers became numbered battalions of their linked regiment (though the Royal Flint Rifles joined the King's Royal Rifle Corps[30][39]):

The 1st battalion served in the 1899 to 1902 Second Boer War;[16] and returned home from South Africa on the SS Ortona in January 1903.[40]

The 2nd battalion was stationed at Hong Kong from 1898 to 1902, and served in the multinational force involved in the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900.[41] They fought alongside the United States Marine Corps (see pages 32–33 in official USMC paper published in 1995).[42] They transferred to India in October 1902, and were stationed at Chakrata.[43]

20th century

Regimental Colour of the 6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, a Territorial unit of the Royal Welch Fusiliers[44]
Player's cigarette card showing a pioneer of the 5th (Flintshire) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers in 1908 in full dress uniform.

The Haldane Reforms of 1908 converted the remaining Militia into the Special Reserve (SR) and the Volunteers into the Territorial Force (TF).[45][46][47] The battalions were now numbered sequentially within their regiment. The TF battalions of the RWF were given subtitles in 1909:[5][28][6]

The four TF Battalions constituted the North Wales Brigade in the Welsh Division.[50][51][52]

First World War; Regular Army

The 1st and 2nd battalions served on the Western Front from 1914 to 1918 and took part in some of the hardest fighting of the war, including Mametz Wood in 1916 and Passchendaele or Third Ypres in 1917.[53][54] Claims in 2008 they participated in the semi-mythical Christmas 1914 Football Game with the Germans have since been disproved.[55]

A number of writers fought with the regiment in France and recorded their experiences;

Daily Telegraph.[58]

J C Dunn, a medical officer with the 2nd Battalion who had also served in the 1899–1902 Boer War, published The War the Infantry Knew in 1931. A collection of letters and diary entries from over 50 individuals, it is considered a classic by military historians for its treatment of daily life and death in the trenches.[59]

Frank Richards, a pre-war regular recalled in 1914, who served on the Western Front until the end of the war.[61] The poets David Jones and Hedd Wyn, killed at Passchendaele in 1917, were members of Kitchener battalions.[62]

The grave of Welsh poet Hedd Wyn, killed at Passchendaele in 1917

First World War; Territorial and War Service

The TF battalions raised 2nd and 3rd Line battalions; in addition, the regiment raised over a dozen 'war service' battalions, informally known as Kitchener or Pals battalions.[53][54][63]

The 4th (Denbighshire) Battalion was one of the first TF units to see active service, landing in France in November 1914, where it remained until January 1919.[53][54][64] Between 1915 and 1918, another 10 Royal Welch Kitchener battalions also fought on the Western Front, including the battles of Loos, the Somme and Passchendaele; a number of these were disbanded in early 1918 due to manpower shortages. The poets David Jones and Hedd Wyn served with The 11th (Service) Battalion landed in Salonika in November 1915, where it remained for the duration of the war.[53][65]

The 5th, 6th, 7th Territorial battalions fought at

Sinai and Palestine Campaign and the 13th (Western) in the Mesopotamian campaign.[50][52][53][54][66]

Interwar

The TF was reformed in 1920 and reorganised as the

60th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery. Just before the outbreak of World War II the Territorial Army was doubled in size and the battalions created duplicates:[5][67]

  • 8th (Denbighshire) Battalion
    – from the 4th Bn
  • 9th (Caernarvonshire & Anglesey) Battalion
    – from the 6th Bn
  • 10th (Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire) Battalion
    – from the 7th Bn
  • 70th Anti-Tank Regiment
    – from the 60th Rgt; granted Royal Welch Fusiliers subtitle in 1942)

Second World War; Regular Army

The regiment was awarded 27 battle honours for World War II, with more than 1,200 fusiliers killed in action or died of wounds.[68]

Men of the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers celebrate St David's Day, 1 March 1940

During the Second World War, the 1st Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers was a

Burma Campaign, particularly the Battle of Kohima, nicknamed Stalingrad of the East due to the ferocity of fighting on both sides, that helped to turn the tide of the campaign in the South East Asian theatre.[70]

The 2nd Battalion was part of

South-East Asian Theatre. In 1944, the battalion and brigade became part of 36th British Infantry Division, previously an Indian Army formation.[71]

Burma
, December 1944

Both battalions came under the command of Lieutenant-General Bill Slim, commander of the British Fourteenth Army. This was known as the 'Forgotten Fourteenth,' allegedly because it fought in a theatre that seemed largely unnoticed and had little importance to the war.[72]

Second World War; Territorial and War Service

Fusilier Tom Payne of 11 Platoon, 'B' Company, 6th Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers, Normandy, 12 August 1944

The 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions, all

German paratroops.[74]

The 8th, 9th and 10th Battalions were 2nd Line Territorial battalions raised in 1939 as duplicates of the 4th, 6th and 7th Battalions respectively. The battalions initially served in the 115th (Royal Welch Fusiliers) Brigade, 38th (Welsh) Division, itself a 2nd Line duplicate of the 53rd (Welsh) Division.[75]

The 8th and 9th battalions never saw action abroad, remaining in the UK throughout the war in a training role, supplying trained replacements to units overseas. In this capacity, the 9th battalion served with the 80th Infantry (Reserve) Division and the 38th Infantry (Reserve) Division.[76]

3-inch mortar
of the 7th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 8 December 1944

In the summer of 1942, the 10th battalion was converted into the 6th (Royal Welch) Battalion, Parachute Regiment.[77] The 6th Parachute Battalion was assigned to the 2nd Parachute Brigade, alongside the 4th and 5th Parachute battalions, originally part of the 1st Airborne Division. The battalion played a small part in the Allied invasion of Italy during Operation Slapstick, an amphibious landing aimed at capturing the port of Taranto. After that, the 2nd Para Brigade became an independent brigade group. The brigade took part in Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of Southern France, being the only British troops to do so (see 2nd Parachute Brigade in Southern France).[78] In late 1944, the brigade was sent to Greece to support pro-Western forces in the Greek Civil War, a forgotten but brutal episode now seen as the first act of the post-1945 Cold War.[79]

In 1938, the 5th Battalion transferred to the Royal Artillery as 60th Anti-Tank Regiment and in 1939, added a 2nd-Line duplicate, 70th Anti-Tank Regiment.[80] Unlike 1914–1918, there were relatively few service battalions, one being 11th (Home Defence) Battalion, raised in 1939 as part of the Home Guard.[6] Formed in 1940, the 12th battalion became 116th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery in January 1942 and served with 53rd (Welsh) Division until disbanded in December 1944.[81][82]

Post Second World War

The 2nd Battalion Royal Welch remained overseas after the Second World War, with a posting to Burma (still a colony until 4 January 1948) and performed internal security duties. On 7 March 1947 a party aboard a train were ambushed by bandits and seven soldiers were killed.[83][84]

The regiment did not take part in the Gulf War, but did perform several tours in Northern Ireland (Operation Banner) before being deployed to the Balkans.[85]

During the

Bosniaks.[90]

Amalgamation

It was one of only five line infantry regiments never to have been amalgamated in its entire history, the others being The Royal Scots, The Green Howards, The Cheshire Regiment, and The King's Own Scottish Borderers. However, in 2004, it was announced that, as part of the restructuring of the infantry, the Royal Welch Fusiliers would merge with the Royal Regiment of Wales to form a new large regiment, the Royal Welsh.[85]

To honour the links between the regiment and the United States Marine Corps on the 16 September 1945 a set of Marine colours were presented to the regiment at the parish church in Wrexham to commemorate their close connection (see page 32 in official USMC paper published in 1995).[42]

The regiment has a chapel within St Giles Parish Church Wrexham containing their colours and other items.[91] There is an image available taken in 2013.[92]

Regimental museum

The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum is located in Caernarfon, Wales.[93]

Battle honours

The regiment was awarded the following battle honours:[6][28]

Victoria Crosses

The following members of the regiment were awarded the Victoria Cross:

Colonels-in-Chief

The Colonels-in-Chief of the Regiment were:[6][28]

Regimental Colonels

The Colonels of the Regiment were:[6][28]

The Royal Regiment of Welch Fuzileers (1723)
The Royal Welsh Fusiliers (1881)
The Royal Welch Fusiliers (1921)
  • 1915–1926: Lt-Gen. Sir Francis Lloyd, GCVO, KCB, DSO
  • 1926–1938: Lt-Gen. Sir Charles Macpherson Dobell, KCB, CMG, DSO
  • 1938–1942: Maj-Gen. John Randle Minshull-Ford, CB, DSO, MC
  • 1942–1947: Maj-Gen. Nigel Maitland Wilson, CB, DSO, OBE
  • 1947–1948: Brig. Llewellyn Augustus Arthur Alston, CBE, DSO, MC
  • 1948–1952: Brig. Sir Eric Ommanney Skaife, CB, OBE
  • 1952–1965: Maj-Gen. Sir Hugh Charles Stockwell, KBE, CB, DSO
  • 1965–1974: Col. John Edward Theodore Willes, MBE
  • 1974–1984: Maj-Gen. Peter Raymond Leuchars, CBE
  • 1984–1990: Brig. Anthony Chester Vivian, CBE
  • 1990–1997: Maj-Gen. Richard Morgan Llewellyn, CB, OBE
  • 1997–2001: Brig. David John Ross, CBE
  • 2001–2005: Maj-Gen. Brian Peter Plummer, CBE
  • 2005–2006: Maj-Gen. Jonathon Peter Riley, DSO
  • 2006: Regiment amalgamated with
    The Royal Welsh

Alliances

The regiment had an alliance with the Canadian Royal 22e Régiment from 1927 until its amalgamation in 2006; this alliance included the frequent exchange of personnel between the two regiments.[105]

Regimental mascot

As with the Royal Regiment of Wales, the regiment traditionally had a goat, never called a mascot. The tradition dated back to at least 1775, and possibly to the regiment's formation. The goat was always named 'Billy'.[106]

Uniform

Soldiers of this regiment were distinguishable by the unique feature of the "flash", consisting of five overlapping black silk ribbons (seven inches long for soldiers and nine inches long for officers) on the back of the uniform jacket at neck level.

William IV to wear this non-regulation item as a distinction on the full dress uniform as "a peculiarity whereby to mark the dress of that distinguished regiment".[109] This was extended to all ranks in 1900.[110]

King George V saw an officer of the regiment in the line. He ordered an About Turn and seeing the flash still on the tunic said sotto voce, "don't ever let anyone take it from you!"[112] The wearing of the flash on service dress was extended to other ranks in 1924.[113]

As a fusilier regiment, the RWF wore a hackle, which consisted of a plume of white feathers mounted behind the cap-badge of the modern beret.[107] The full dress of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, as worn by the entire regiment until 1914, included a racoon-skin hat (bearskin for officers) with a white hackle and a scarlet tunic with the dark blue facings of a Royal regiment. This uniform continued to be worn by the RWF's Corps of Drums and the Regimental Pioneers until the merger of 2006.[114]

Regimental Prayer

The Regimental Collect (or prayer as it is also known as) was in Welsh:[115]

Tragwyddol Dduw, a gyfododd trwy dy nerth yr Arglwydd Iesu Grist o’r meirw, gynnal fe weddiwn, gwrhydri hynafol y Ffiwsilwyr Cymreig, fel yr oddefwn galedi yn ôl ei esiampl, ac y cyfodwn gydag ef i lewyrch fel yr hal yn dy deyrnas, trwy’r un Iesu Grist ein Harglwydd. Amen.

And in English:

Eternal God, whose strength raised up our Lord Jesus Christ from the dead, uphold, we pray thee, the ancient valour of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, that we may ever endure hardship after his example, and may rise with him to shine as the sun in thy Kingdom, through the same Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.

See also

Notes

  1. ^
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  2. ^ "Napoleonic Welch Fuzileers Sword". Antique Swords. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  3. ^ "Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum safeguards valuable First World War memories". Welsh Government. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  4. ^ Cannon, p. 1
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Frederick, pp. 302–6.
  6. ^ a b c d e f RWF at Regiments.org.
  7. ^ Cannon, p. 5
  8. ^ Cannon, p. 13
  9. S2CID 159682220
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  10. ^ a b "The Royal Welch Fusiliers". National Army Museum. Retrieved 30 March 2019.
  11. ^ "23rd Foot". Seven Years War Project. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  12. ^ Fortescue, John H (1899). History of the British Army; Volume II. pp. 99–100.
  13. ^ a b Fortescue, p. 161
  14. ^ Cannon, p. 83
  15. ^ Cannon, p. 84
  16. ^ a b Westlake, English & Welsh Regiments, pp. 75–6
  17. ^ Cannon, p. 89
  18. ^ Cannon, p. 93
  19. ^ Cannon, p. 113
  20. ^ "Sign at the Royal Welch Fusiliers Redoubt in Yorktown, Virginia". Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  21. ^ Cannon, p. 117
  22. ^ Cannon, p. 120
  23. ^ Cannon, p. 134
  24. ^ Cannon, pp.136–150
  25. ^ "A Short Account of the Life and adventures of Private Thomas Jeremiah 23rd or Royal Welch Fusiliers 1812–37". The Gareth Glover Collection. Archived from the original on 2 April 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  26. ^ "The Storming of Zeedaw: Royal Welch Fusiliers lying down in position for the attack before dawn". Getty Images. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  27. ^ Spiers, pp. 195–6.
  28. ^ a b c d e Army List, various dates.
  29. ^ "Training Depots 1873–1881". Regiments.org. Archived from the original on 10 February 2006. Retrieved 16 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  30. ^ a b c d e f g Frederick, pp. 162–4.
  31. ^ a b c Westlake, Rifle Volunteers, pp. 57–8.
  32. ^ a b c 4th Bn RWF at Regiments.org.
  33. ^ a b c Westlake, Rifle Volunteers, pp. 37–8.
  34. ^ a b c Carnarvonshire & Anglesey Volunteers at Regiments.org.
  35. ^ a b c d Westlake, Rifle Volunteers, pp. 89–90.
  36. ^ a b c d Flintshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.
  37. ^ "No. 24992". The London Gazette. 1 July 1881. pp. 3300–3301.
  38. ^ Yaworsky, Jim. "The Regiment, 1719 to Now". The Forty First. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  39. ^ Frederick, pp. 242–3.
  40. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence - Troops returning Home". The Times. No. 36984. London. 22 January 1903. p. 8.
  41. ^ "The Royal Welch Fusiliers". National Army Museum. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  42. ^ a b "A Different War-Marines in Europe and North Africa%20 PCN 19000312500.pdf" (PDF). Marine Corps Historical Center. 1994.
  43. ^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36895. London. 10 October 1902. p. 9.
  44. ^ "6th (Caernarvonshire and Anglesey) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers". Wartime Memories. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  45. ^ Dunlop, Chapter 14.
  46. ^ Spiers, Chapter 10.
  47. ^ "Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 31 March 1908. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  48. ^ Westlake, Rifle Volunteers, p. 185.
  49. ^ Merionethshire & Montgomeryshire Volunteers at Regiments.org.
  50. ^ a b c Becke, Pt 2a, pp. 117–23.
  51. ^ Royal Welsh Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.
  52. ^ a b c 53rd (Welsh) Division at Long, Long Trail.
  53. ^ a b c d e James, pp. 66–8.
  54. ^ a b c d "Royal Welch Fusiliers". The Long, Long Trail. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  55. ^ "Frelinghien". Christmas Truce. Archived from the original on 28 December 2009. Retrieved 3 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  56. ^ "Adams, John Bernard Pye". Beckenham History. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  57. ^ "Captain John Bernard Pye Adams". Malvern College First World War Casualty. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
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  63. ^ Peter Simkins, Kitchener's Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914 – 1916 (2007)
  64. ^ "4th Denbighshire Battalion". Wartime Memories Project. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  65. ^ "11th Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers". Wartime Memories Project. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  66. ^ "7th (Merioneth & Montgomery)". Wartime Memories Project. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  67. ^ Frederick, pp. 920–2.
  68. ^ "Timeline". Royal Welsh. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  69. ^ Joslen, p. 240
  70. ^ "2nd British Division". Burma Star Association. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
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  73. ^ Joslen, p. 346
  74. ^ Barclay, p. 125
  75. ^ Joslen, pp. 87–88
  76. ^ Joslen, p. 374
  77. ^ Horn, p. 270
  78. ^ Harclerode, pp. 425–426
  79. S2CID 159813355
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  80. ^ "Field Artillery Formations and Regiments of the Royal Artillery in World War 2". Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  81. ^ Ware, Jonathan. "116 (Royal Welch) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment". Jonathan Ware. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
  82. ^ Barton, Derek. "116 Light AA Regiment RA(TA)". The Royal Artillery 1939–1945. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  83. ^ "Commonwealth War Graves Commission".
  84. ^ Epilogue in Burma, 1945-48", McEnery J.H. Published 1990
  85. ^ a b "Royal Welch Fusiliers". National Army Museum. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  86. ^ "Sittings of the House". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. 31 May 1995. col. 999–1009.
  87. ^ "Conflict in the Balkans: The Peacekeepers". The New York Times. 30 May 1995.
  88. ^ "Commander in Bosnia mission impossible". BBC. 5 December 2002.
  89. ^ "Bosnia's troops' tally of medal set a record". The Independent. 10 May 1996.
  90. ^ "Fusiliers' battle to save Bosnians". BBC. 5 December 2002.
  91. ^ "History". St Giles Parish Church Wrexham. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  92. ^ "St Giles Parish Church Wrexham". hdrcreme. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  93. ^ "The Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum". Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  94. ^ "Edward William Derrington Bell VC, CB". The Comprehensive Guide to the Victoria Cross and George Cross. Archived from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
  95. ^ "No. 22248". The London Gazette. 12 April 1859. p. 1482.
  96. ^ "No. 29210". The London Gazette. 29 June 1915. p. 6269.
  97. ^ "Sergeant John COLLINS". Victoria Cross Society. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  98. ^ "No. 30272". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 September 1917. p. 9260.
  99. ^ "No. 29765". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 September 1916. p. 9418.
  100. ^ Freeman, Colin (21 February 2014). "How Gertrude Bell Caused a Desert Storm". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  101. ^ "No. 29765". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 September 1916. p. 9418.
  102. ^ "No. 21971". The London Gazette. 24 February 1857. p. 659.
  103. ^ "No. 31155". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 January 1919. p. 1504.
  104. ^ "No. 31012". The London Gazette (Supplement). 12 November 1918. p. 13473.
  105. ^ Serge Bernier, Le Royal 22e Régiment 1914-1999, Art Global, 1999, pp 87 and 88 and Serge Bernier, Le Royal 22e Régiment (Les Editions GID, 2013), PP 60 and 61.
  106. ^ "Soldiers choose regimental goat". BBC. 15 June 2009. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  107. ^ a b "23rd Foot – 7th Foot". Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  108. ^ British Army Uniforms & Insignia of World War Two; Brian L. Davis
  109. ^ Mainwaring, Rowland Broughton (1889). Historical Record of the Royal Welch Fusiliers, Late the Twenty-third Regiment: Or, Royal Welsh Fusiliers (the Prince of Wales's Own Royal Regiment of Welsh Fuzeliers) Containing an Account of the Formation of the Regiment in 1689, and of Its Subsequent Services to 1889. Hatchards. p. 147.
  110. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: What is "The Flash"?". Royal Welch Fusiliers Regimental Museum. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  111. ^ Graves, Robert (1929). Goodbye To All That. Anchor. p. 85.
  112. ISBN 9780199971978
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  113. ^ "The Wearing of the Flash. Royal Welch Fusiliers' Distinction". The Times. 29 January 1924. p. 14.
  114. ^ "British Headdress (1856–current)". Retrieved 23 May 2014.
  115. ^ "Regimental Collects" (PDF). Retrieved 14 December 2023.

Bibliography

External links

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