Donald Cameron of Lochiel

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other people named Donald Cameron, see Donald Cameron (disambiguation).
"Gentle Lochiel" redirects here. For other uses, see Chiefs of Clan Cameron.
Donald Cameron of Lochiel
Falkirk
Culloden
OfficesColonel, Cameron of Lochiel's Regiment 1745–1746
Colonel, Régiment d'Albanie 1747–1748
Order of Saint Michael
Spouse(s)Anne Campbell
Issue
ParentsJohn Cameron of Lochiel
Isobel Campbell

Donald Cameron of Lochiel (c. 1695 – 26 October 1748), popularly known as the Gentle Lochiel,[4] was a Scottish Jacobite, soldier and hereditary chief of Clan Cameron, traditionally loyal to the exiled House of Stuart. His support for Charles Edward Stuart proved pivotal in the early stages of the 1745 Rising. Lochiel was among the Highlanders defeated at the Battle of Culloden, and thereafter went into hiding before eventually fleeing to France.

Born into a

Scottish Gaelic
: Clann Camshròn). The Clan held a strategic importance out of proportion to numbers due to the compact nature of their lands and ability to act as a cohesive unit; in contrast, many of their rivals were scattered across different areas and riven by internal feuds. Despite considerable misgivings in launching the rebellion, Lochiel and his clan played an important role in the course of the rising, being among the most prominent of the Highland chiefs and commanding a regiment which was widely regarded as being the most elite and reliable component of the Jacobite army.

Defeated and wounded at Culloden, Lochiel was forced into hiding in company with Prince Charles and other senior Jacobites. Upon escaping to France in late 1746, he was appointed Colonel of the Régiment d'Albanie, the Scottish Guards of the French Royal Army, and made a member of the Order of Saint Michael by Louis XV. He was to command his regiment during the War of the Austrian Succession, but died at Bergues, French Flanders on 23 October 1748.

Early life

Achnacarry Castle
Arms of Cameron of Lochiel

Donald Cameron was born circa 1695, although some sources record 1700,[4][a] the eldest son of John Cameron of Lochiel (1663–1747), a committed Jacobite who participated in the 1708 attempt, the 1715 and 1719 Risings, and was made a Lord of Parliament in Jacobite peerage.[5] As a result, his father spent the rest of his life in exile and when his grandfather Sir Ewen Cameron died in 1719, Donald became acting clan chief and was thereafter known as Lochiel.

Lochiel's brothers included John Cameron of Fassiefern (1698–1785), Alexander Cameron (1701–1746), and Archibald Cameron (1707–1753).[6]

After converting to

Roman Catholic Church
.

Dr. Archibald Cameron was a physician who escaped with Lochiel in 1746, but was arrested when he returned to Scotland in 1753 and became the last Jacobite executed for high treason at Tyburn in June.[8]

In 1729, Lochiel married Anne Campbell (1707–1761), who like his mother came from a Jacobite branch of the

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart; who was termed "the Old Pretender" by Whig partisans, and "The King over the Water" by the Jacobites. Meanwhile, Murray of Broughton had the same role in the Lowlands.[5]

Career

Portrait by George Chalmers, presently kept at the West Highland Museum

Pre-1745

In the decades following the failed 1719 Rising,

indentured servitude by MacDonald of Sleat and Norman MacLeod.[13]

Highland chiefs traditionally assigned the estate management of clan territory to

Prince James Francis Edward Stuart, whose chances of retaking the throne still depended upon Lochiel's military capability.[5]

One lesson learned by the Whig-controlled central government after the failed

Fort William, first built by Cromwell in 1654 to control Cameron lands in Lochaber.[16] These reduced the power of Jacobite chiefs like Lochiel, Glengarry, Clanranald, Keppoch and Appin; combined with their dire financial position, by 1743 they were reportedly faced with "selling their land or conforming."[17]

Largely dormant since 1719, the prospects for a Stuart restoration revived in 1740 when the War of the Austrian Succession again pitted Britain against King Louis XV of France, who sought ways to divert as much of the British Army as possible from the key battlefield in Flanders. Lochiel and six colleagues, including his father-in-law Sir James Campbell, formed an association committing to a regime change war aimed at a Stuart restoration, but only with French military backing.[18] In late 1743, Louis XV proposed a landing in England to restore the Stuarts; Prince Charles travelled to Dunkirk to join the invasion force but the plan was abandoned in March 1744 after the French fleet was severely damaged by winter storms.[19] Prince Charles suggested an alternative landing in Scotland; in August, he met Jacobite agent Murray of Broughton in Paris, telling him he was "determined to come ...though with a single footman".[20]

The 1745 Rising

Prince Charles in Highland dress, painted ca 1750

After Murray shared this with the Jacobite Buck Club, Lochiel and others signed a declaration urging Charles not to do so, unless he brought 6,000 French troops, money and weapons.[21] When Charles landed on Eriskay in July, Lochiel refused to meet him but was eventually persuaded, although his brother John Cameron of Fassefern warned emotion would prevail over his judgement. This proved correct and Lochiel's commitment persuaded others, including his cousin Ewen MacPherson of Cluny, who deserted from Loudon's Highlanders before Prestonpans. The process took over three weeks and Lochiel finally did so only when Charles gave him a personal guarantee for "the full value of his estate should the rising prove abortive," and Glengarry provided a written undertaking to raise the Macdonalds.[22]

Lochiel's decision was not a surprise to John Cameron or

Duncan Forbes, senior government legal officer in Scotland. This suggests it was largely emotional, although his own account claims he did so 'after fruitless attempts to persuade [Charles] to go back where he came from.'[23] It is often claimed the government forced him into it by ordering his arrest but there is little evidence this was a factor; warrants for Lochiel, Glengarry, Clanranald and others were issued in late June, a month before Charles landed and not executed. The reluctance of the Jacobite chiefs to participate was well-known and preventive detention a commonly used means for providing sympathisers an excuse not to do so.[24]

Promontory of Glenfinnan, whence the rebellion was launched on 19 August 1745

The ability of clan chiefs to quickly mobilise large numbers of men derived from 'regalian rights' giving them wide-ranging powers over their clansmen and Lochiel demanded that his clansmen take up arms. Those who would not were

flogged or threatened with eviction, both of which were supervised by Dr. Archibald Cameron and which was allegedly a factor in his later betrayal by fellow Cameron clansmen when he returned to Scotland in March 1753.[25]

The Rebellion was launched at

Lord George Murray, the senior Scottish commander, whose fractured relationship became increasingly evident as the campaign progressed.[26]

Bonnie Prince Charlie, flanked by Lochiel and Lord Pitsligo, enters the ballroom at Holyroodhouse, painted by John Pettie, c.1892

Prestonpans surprised both the government and Jacobites, who spent the next six weeks debating next steps. For the many dispossessed and exiled members of both the

Anglo-Irish landlords, and the fully devolved government of Ireland promised in 1689 by King James II & VII
.

For Highland Scots Jacobites, the motivations were very similar; putting a permanent end to the Whig policies of

language of all Highlanders."[27]

Lochiel's nickname 'Gentle' came from his insistence that no reprisals be taken against known Whigs after the capture of Edinburgh, a wise approach for anyone seeking to win hearts and minds while fighting for regime change. But similarly to other Highland clan chiefs, Lochiel had very little interest in invading England and was increasingly unconvinced by Prince Charles' promises.[28]

Strategy was determined by the War Council, dominated by the West Highland chiefs who provided the bulk of the Jacobite Army, including Lochiel, Keppoch, Young Clanranald, Glengarry and Stewart of Appin.[29] They agreed to invade England on 31 October but only with great reluctance and only with the condition that Charles' claims to have received assurances of both English and French support were forthcoming.[30] The failure of these to materialise led to a majority of the Council voting, ironically at the same time when King George II was about to flee back to his native Hanover, to retreat back to Scotland from Derby; but the real damage was the admission by Charles that he had been bluffing at Edinburgh. Lochiel remained silent out of deference to the Prince during the meeting but was among the overwhelming majority who approved the decision to retreat.[31]

The army crossed back into Scotland, entering

Falkirk on 17 January. Despite this, on 1 February they abandoned Stirling and retreated north to Inverness, while Lochiel took his regiment to invest Fort William, still held by government troops, at the southern end of the Great Glen. They abandoned the siege to rejoin the main army in time for the Battle of Culloden on 16 April; the Camerons suffered heavy losses attacking the government left, while Lochiel was severely wounded and carried off the field.[33]

The defeat and no quarter given to the Jacobite Army ended the rising; Lochiel later alleged that the Duke of Cumberland offered him and his clansmen terms if they handed in their weapons and surrendered, but, knowing the Duke's duplicity, he rejected them.[5] In late May, he, Lord George Murray, Murray of Broughton, John Roy Stewart and others met near Loch Morar to discuss options but there was little enthusiasm for continuing the fight. Lochiel, Archibald Cameron and Prince Charles were sheltered by Ewan MacPherson of Cluny until they were picked up by a French ship in September.[34]

Lochaber No More – 'Bonnie Prince Charlie and Lochiel leaving Scotland', painting by John Blake MacDonald, 1863

Later life

Garde Ecossaise
(Scottish Guards)

Exile in France

Prior to 1743, few viewed the Stuarts as a useful tool and even those who did saw little value in restoring them to the British throne.

d’Éguilles, described Lochiel as "virtuous, intelligent and influential" but was so critical of Charles he recommended France consider establishing a Scots Republic instead.[36]

Lochiel was appointed colonel of the Régiment d'Albanie and commander of the

knighted by Charles.[37] He succeeded his father, who died in Boulogne circa 1747, as Lord Lochiel in the Jacobite peerage (French: Seigneur de Lochiel), but being a title in the Jacobite peerage it was only recognised in continental Europe.[38] Lochiel and his family took up residence at Fontainebleau, where he wrote Memoires d'un Ecossais, an account of his life, and the 1745 campaign from his own perspective, which was presented to King Louis.[39]
He never returned to Scotland.

Death

Lochiel died of a stroke[4] on 26 October 1748 at Bergues. He was buried with the burial rites of the Scottish Episcopal Church in the Communal Cemetery of Bergues, where a monument commemorating him was later erected.[40] He was succeeded as Chief by his son John Cameron, 20th of Lochiel, who was allowed home in 1759 but died in 1762; the Clan Cameron estates were ultimately restored in 1784 to Lochiel's grandson, Donald Cameron, 22nd of Lochiel,[41] who remains notorious for both his financial extravagance and, even more so, for evicting his clansmen en masse during the Highland Clearances.[42]

Legacy

Archibald Cameron, Lochiel's brother, famously executed in June 1753[43]

Eulogies

The December 1748 issue of the Scots Magazine lamented Lochiel's death in exile and recorded that 'Good Lochiel was now a Whig in heaven.'[44] However, such an unctuous remark may be confidently dismissed as Lochiel was undoubtedly a Jacobite to the end – and in legacy. Numerous eulogies praising Lochiel were published in the years following his death; 19th-century literature is equally disposed towards him, the likes of Sir Walter Scott, Home, Campbell, and Smibert, placing him a 'Highland hero ... firmly in the Scottish pantheon.'[45][46][4]

'Gentle Lochiel'

The nickname 'Gentle Lochiel' has become commonly associated with Donald Cameron, 19th of Lochiel, but originated after his death. The first use of the expression is recorded in Robert Chambers' popular History of the Rebellion in 1745 and 1746, which was first published between 1827 and 1828.[47] Lochiel was considered by public perception of the 19th century as 'the most amicable and accomplished of the highland heroes ... whose humanity matched his courage and loyalty.'[48] To this day, it is a tradition that whenever the present Lochiel enters on an official visit to Glasgow, the bells of the Tolbooth are rung to commemorate his forebear, the 'Gentle Lochiel', and specifically his action in preventing the city being sacked by Prince Charles's troops in 1746.[49]

This everlasting public perception of Lochiel is curious given that he was instrumental in setting the rising into action by backing Charles at

fair-haired Lochiel; 'it will be a sad day for Lochaber when there is next a fair-haired Lochiel.'[5]

Eilean Loch Airceig was the traditional resting place of the Chiefs of Clan Cameron
Loch Arkaig, Lochaber

Family

Lochiel had married Anne Campbell (1707–c.1748), daughter of Sir James Campbell, 5th Baronet and Janet MacLeod, daughter of Iain Breac MacLeod, 18th Chief of Clan MacLeod (1637–1693).[9] They had three sons and four daughters, as follows:[51]

  • John Cameron, 20th of Lochiel (1732–1762), succeeded as Chief in 1748, aged 16; died without issue
  • Capt. James Cameron (1736–1759), officer of the French service; died without issue
  • Isobel Cameron (1738–?), married Chevalier Morres of the French service
  • Janet Cameron (1738–?), died unmarried at the Carmelite convent in Paris
  • Henrietta Cameron (1742–?), married Captain Portin of the French service
  • Donalda Cameron (1744–?), died unmarried
  • Charles Cameron, 21st of Lochiel (1747–1776), succeeded as Chief in 1762[52]

In popular culture

Notes

  1. ^ 1695 is more accurate given that his brother John Cameron of Fassiefern's birth was recorded as 1698.
  2. ^ Summarised in a British intelligence report of 1755; "...'tis not in the interest of France the House of Stuart shoud ever be restored, as it would only unite the three Kingdoms against Them; England would have no exterior [threat] to mind, and [...] prevent any of its Descendants (the Stuarts) attempting anything against the Libertys or Religion of the People."

References

  1. ^ Vallar, Cindy. "Thistle's Scotland". Cindy Vallar. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  2. ^ Gibson 1994, p. 170
  3. ^ "Donald Cameron". Find a grave. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Gibson (2004), Oxford DNB
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Gibson 2004.
  6. ^ a b Stewart of Ardvorlich 1974, p. 88.
  7. ^ Wynne 1994, p. 178.
  8. ^ Stewart of Ardvorlich 1974, p. 94.
  9. ^ a b "Genealogy". lyon-court.com. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  10. ^ Gibson 1994, p. 32.
  11. ^ Gibson 1994, p. 30–31.
  12. ^ Herman 2003, p. 122.
  13. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5145. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  14. ^ Mackillop 1995, p. 2.
  15. ISBN 978-1840183764
    .
  16. ^ "Old Fort William And Cromwellian Barracks". Visit Fort William. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  17. ^ Blaikie 1916, p. 39.
  18. ^ "General History of the Highlands; 1739–1745". Electric Scotland. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  19. ^ Harding 2013, p. 171.
  20. ^ Murray 1898, p. 93.
  21. ^ Lord Elcho 1907, p. 62–63.
  22. ^ Riding 2016, p. 87–88.
  23. ^ Gibson 1994, p. 173.
  24. ^ The London Literary Gazette and Journal of Belles Lettres, Arts, Sciences, etc. H. Colburn. 1845. pp. 467–468.
  25. ^ Lenman 1980, p. 27.
  26. ^ Tomasson & Buist 1978, p. 52.
  27. Birlinn Limited
    . Page 26.
  28. ^ Stewart 2001, p. 152–153.
  29. ^ McCann 1963, p. 107.
  30. ^ Lord Elcho 1907, p. 85.
  31. ^ Riding 2016, p. 302–303.
  32. ^ Riding 2016, p. 333.
  33. ^ Black 1998, p. 28.
  34. ^ Riding 2016, p. 493.
  35. ^ Zimmerman 2003, p. 133.
  36. ^ McLynn 1980, p. 179.
  37. ^ "Order of the Thistle". royal.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010.
  38. ISBN 978-0971196629
    .
  39. ^ Gibson 1994, p. 156.
  40. ^ Bradstreet, Simon. "Memorial stone to commemorate a Scottish soldier who died in 1748". studylib.net.
  41. ^ "An excerpt from Select Works of Tobias Smollett circa 1766". Lochiel. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  42. ^ MacMillan, Somerled (1971), Bygone Lochaber, Glasgow: K&R Davidson, p. 185
  43. ^ Stewart of Ardvorlich 1974, p. 139.
  44. ^ Gibson 1994, p. 169-170.
  45. ^ a b Gibson 1994, p. 171.
  46. ISBN 978-5-87399-269-0
    .
  47. ^ Chambers, Robert (1827). History of the Rebellion in Scotland in 1745, 1746. Edinburgh: Constable and Company.
  48. ^ Gibson 1994, p. 172.
  49. ^ "Clan Cameron Archives". www.lochiel.net.
  50. ^ Kybett 1988, p. 128.
  51. ^ Stewart of Ardvorlich 1974, p. 145.
  52. ^ Stewart of Ardvorlich 1974, p. 142–143.
  53. ^ "The Flight of the Heron". genome.ch.bbc.co.uk. BBC Programme Index. 29 February 1976.

Sources

External links
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