Esther 1

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Esther 1
First chapter of a hand-written scroll of the Book of Esther, with reader's pointer.
BookBook of Esther
CategoryKetuvim
Christian Bible partOld Testament
Order in the Christian part17

Esther 1 is the first chapter of the Book of Esther in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1] The author of the book is unknown and modern scholars have established that the final stage of the Hebrew text would have been formed by the second century BCE.[2] Chapters 1 and 2 form the exposition of the book.[3] This chapter records the royal banquets of the Persian king Ahasuerus until the deposal of queen Vashti.[4]

Text

’’Megillat Esther’’ or “Esther Scroll” (18th century).

This chapter was originally written in the Hebrew language and since the 16th century is divided into 22 verses.

Textual witnesses

Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text, which includes Codex Leningradensis (1008).[5][a]

There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Sinaiticus (S; BHK: S; 4th century), and Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century).[7]

Royal banquet for the officials (1:1–4)

The opening section describes the sumptuous 180-day banquet by the Persian king Ahasuerus for officials from all over the Persian Empire.[4]

Verse 1

Now it came to pass, in the days of Ahasuerus, (this is Ahasuerus which reigned, from India even unto Ethiopia, over an hundred and seven and twenty provinces:)[8]
  • "Ahasuerus": Generally identified with Xerxes I (485–464 BC).[9] In Esther 10:1 the name is written as Achashresh,[10] which shows more resemblance to the name recorded by the Greeks, Axeres or Xerxes.[11]
Two other persons are called by this name in the Old Testament:[12]
  • (1) the Ahasuerus of Daniel 9:1, the father of “Darius the Mede;” if this Darius is the same with Astyages, Ahasuerus could be identified with Cyaxares.[12]
  • (2) the Ahasuerus of
    Ezra 4:6, who is identified with Cambyses, the son of Cyrus.[12]
"I am Xerxes, the great king, the only king, the king of (all) countries (which speak) all kinds of languages, the king of this (entire) big and far-reaching earth… These are the countries — in addition to Persia — over which I am king … which are bringing their tribute to me — whatever is commanded them by me, that they do and they abide by my law(s) — Media, Elam … India … (and) Cush."[15]
The vast territorial claims are also confirmed by Herodotus (Histories III.97; VII.9, 65, 69f).[16]

Verse 2

That in those days, when the king Ahasuerus sat on the throne of his kingdom, which was in Shushan the palace,[17]

Verse 3

In the third year of his reign, he made a feast unto all his princes and his servants; the power of Persia and Media, the nobles and princes of the provinces, being before him:[23]

The immense size of the banquet, the number of its invited guests, and the length of its duration described here, was not without precedence as C. A. Moore documents a Persian banquet for 15,000 people and an Assyrian celebration with 69,574 guests in ancient times.[27]

Royal banquet for the citizens of Susa (1:5–9)

An intricately illustration of the royal banquet in an early 18th-century manuscript scroll of the Book of Esther.

This section narrows the focus to the subsequent shorter but equally pretentious 7-day banquets, given separately by the king (for males) and the queen (for females) for the citizens of the Persian capital Susa.[4]

Verse 6

Where were white, green, and blue, hangings, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and pillars of marble: the beds were of gold and silver, upon a pavement of red, and blue, and white, and black, marble.[28]
  • "Fine linen": which is the finest linen called byssus, a fine, costly, white fabric made in Egypt, Palestine, and Edom, and imported into Persia.[b][24]
  • "Beds" (KJV): from the Hebrew noun מִטָּה (mittah) refers to a reclining couch spread with covers, cloth and pillow for feasting and carousing (Ezekiel 23:41; Amos 3:12; 6:4; Esther 1:6; 7:8).[c][29]

Vashti's refusal to obey king's command (1:10–22)

On the seventh day of the banquet, the king sent for Queen Vashti to appear before him "to show off her beauty", but she refused to come. This causes histrionic reactions from the king and his seven counselors which resulted in the issuance of punishment for Vashti and a decree involving the 'whole elaborate machinery of Persian law and administration' to spread it in all over Persian lands.[4]

Verse 13

Then the king said to the wise men, which knew the times, (for so was the king's manner toward all that knew law and judgment:)[30]

It has been noted that "It is an irony, that the king who reigns over a vast empire cannot resolve his domestic problem about his own wife without the help of the sharpest minds of Persia."[31] The seven counselors who advise the king (cf. Ezra 7:14) are literally "those who see the face of the king" (verse 14).[32]

Verse 20

And when the king's decree which he shall make shall be published throughout all his empire, (for it is great,) all the wives shall give to their husbands honour, both to great and small.[33]
  • "Decree": from Hebrew: pithgam, a loan-word from Old Persian patigâma (from root word: patigam, "to come to, arrive"); also witten in its Aramaic form (pithgâmâ) in Ezra 4:17; Ezra 5:7; Ezra 5:11.[34]
  • "Published" (KJV, NAB, NLT): from Hebrew "heard"; NIV, NRSV: "proclaimed".[35]
  • "All the wives shall give": It is recorded in the
    7:7), with the divine name written by initial characters in 'majuscule' (bigger than the rest) but spelt backward (reading left-to-right),[37] Bullinger suggests that the significance of the initial letters is because the event was initial in the story[36] and the backward positioning is because here 'God is turning back human wisdom and ambition in order to bring to fruition his eternal purposes', as well as because it is spoken by a non-Jew (Memucan), who 'instigates the crisis which needs to be reversed'.[38]
Reading direction Word order
Right-to-left 4 3 2 1
Hebrew תנוי נשיםה כלו יאה
Left-to-right 1 2 3 4
Transliteration Hî Wə-ḵāl Ha-nā-shîm Yi-tə-nū
English it and_all the_wives shall give

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Since 1947 the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing the whole book of Esther.[6]
  2. HALOT 115-16 s.v. בּוּץ.[24]
  3. ^ See BDB 641-42 s.v.; HALOT 573 s.v.[29]

References

  1. ^ Halley 1965, p. 237.
  2. ^ Meyers 2007, p. 324.
  3. ^ Clines 1988, p. 387.
  4. ^ a b c d Clines 1988, p. 388.
  5. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 36–37.
  6. ^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
  7. ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
  8. ^ Esther 1:1 KJV
  9. ^ Note on Esther 1:1 in NKJV
  10. ^ Gill, John. Exposition of the Entire Bible. "Esther 1". Published in 1746-1763.
  11. ^ Hiller, Matthieu (1692) De Arcano Keri & Kethib, Tubingen. p. 87. & (1706) Onomasticon Sacrum p. 639. apud Gill. Esther 1.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Ellicott, C. J. (Ed.) (1905). Ellicott's Bible Commentary for English Readers. Esther 1. London : Cassell and Company, Limited, [1905-1906] Online version: (OCoLC) 929526708. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  13. ^ Hebrew Text Analysis: Esther 1:1. Biblehub
  14. ^ Moore 1975, pp. 70–71
  15. ^ Pritchard, J. B. (1955) Ancient Near Eastern Texts. pp. 316–317; apud Moore 1975, p. 71.
  16. ^ Moore 1975, p. 71
  17. ^ Esther 1:2 KJV
  18. ^ Note [a] on Esther 1:2 in NKJV
  19. ^ a b c Note [a] on Esther 1:2 in NET.
  20. ^ Note [b] on Esther 1:2 in NKJV
  21. ^ a b Note [b] on Esther 1:2 in NET.
  22. ^ Susa iii. The Achaemenid Period. Encyclopaedia Iranica. Accessed 6 October 2020.
  23. ^ Esther 1:3 KJV
  24. ^ a b c Note [a] on Esther 1:3 in NET.
  25. ^ Note [b] on Esther 1:3 in NET.
  26. ^ Note [c] on Esther 1:3 in NET.
  27. ISBN 978-0385004725
    .
  28. ^ Esther 1:6 KJV
  29. ^ a b Note [b] on Esther 1:6 in NET.
  30. ^ Esther 1:13 KJV
  31. ^ Larson, Dahlen & Anders 2005, p. 288.
  32. ^ Smith 2018, p. 233.
  33. ^ Esther 1:20 KJV
  34. ^ Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges. Esther 1. Accessed 28 April 2019.
  35. ^ Note [a] on Esther 1:20 in NET.
  36. ^ a b Bullinger, E. W. The Companion Bible. Kregel Publications. 1906-1922. Appendix 60.
  37. ^ a b Turner 2013, p. 185
  38. ^ Bullinger, E. W. The Name of Jehovah in the Book of Esther (2nd ed.; 1891; repr., Tresta, Shetland, U.K.: Open Bible Trust, 1999), 10. apud Turner 2013, p. 185.

Sources

Further reading

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esther_1&oldid=1141251530"