Ethnic Chinese in Mongolia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Chinese Mongolians
Total population
40,000 (1987 est.)
2% of the Mongolian population
Regions with significant populations
No data
Languages
Chinese, Mongolian
Related ethnic groups
Overseas Chinese

Chinese Mongolians can be subdivided into three groups: Mongolian citizens of ethnic Chinese background, temporary residents with Chinese citizenship, and permanent residents with Chinese citizenship. Mongolia's 1956 census counted

Illegal immigrants from China were estimated at 10,000 in the 1990s; some use Mongolia as a transit point into Russia.[3]

Second Turkic Khaganate

Ethnic

Bilge Khagan of the Second Turkic Khaganate.[4][5] Chinese text on a silk piece of yellow color was found in a Turkic tomb.[6]

Liao dynasty

During the Liao dynasty, Han Chinese lived in Kedun, situated in present-day Mongolia.[7] Chinese farmers migrated in.[8][9][10] Many Han people migrated to cities located in modern-day Mongolia under Liao rule.[11]

Yuan dynasty

Ethnic Han officials were sent by the Yuan dynasty to the Lingbei Province (modern-day Mongolia and Siberia; 和宁路 益蘭州 謙州).[12] The Yenisei area had a community of weavers of Han origin, and Samarkand and Outer Mongolia both had artisans of Han origin, as observed by Qiu Chuji.[13]

Ming dynasty

During the Ming dynasty, ethnic Chinese military frontiersmen in Liaodong were prone to mixing and acculturating with non-Han tribesmen.[14]

Ethnic Chinese soldiers served in the Yuan army against the Ming, and the Mongols were joined by many Chinese defectors. The Mongol Mangui served in the Ming military and fought the Manchus, dying in battle against a Manchu raid. Some Chinese people who lived among the Mongols in Inner Mongolia, while in their youth, adopted Mongol culture and married Mongol women. A Han military officer who defected to the Mongols was "Monkey Li" (Li Huai) who fought against the Ming dynasty.[15][16][17]

Qing dynasty

Chinese temple in Maimachin, 1885

Historically, the

Dzungars. They were established in the Orkhon and Tuul river basins, and in 1762, in the Khovd region. After the fighting ended, the Qing closed off Mongolia (then under Qing rule) to immigration[18]
and occasionally evicted Han merchants.

Despite those restrictions, trade firms owned by Han people continually penetrated Mongolia, concentrating mainly in

Dungan rebellions of the 1870s into Mongolia also saw a number of Han-owned businesses in Khovd and Uliastai destroyed. Many of the ethnic Han merchants lived in Mongolia only seasonally or until they had made enough money to return to China proper
. Others took Mongol wives, at least for the time of being in Mongolia.

In 1906, the Qing dynasty began to implement policies[

which?] aimed at Chinese colonization of Outer Mongolia along the lines of those in Inner Mongolia, but these policies never took full effect as a result of the Xinhai Revolution and the Mongolian declaration of independence from China. The total Han population at that time, mainly consisting of traders and artisans, but also of some colonists, can be estimated to have been at some ten thousand.[citation needed
]

Since 1911

A 1915 cover, red band from Urga to Beijing, written by Chinese merchant.

Upon Mongolia's declaration of independence, many Chinese became victims of atrocities,[citation needed] particularly in Khovd. However, after 1912, Chinese businesses were able to continue their operations, including collection of debts, largely unimpeded. It was only the establishment of communism that meant an end to Chinese trade in Mongolia. Ever-increasing obstacles to commerce were created, and the closure of the border to China for imports in 1928 meant an end for Chinese enterprise in the country.

With the

People's Republic of China development aid projects of the 1950s, many Han Chinese entered Mongolia, beginning in 1955. By 1961, they had reached a number of 20,000. However, after the Sino-Soviet split in the early 1960s, in which Mongolia sided with the Soviets, China eventually withdrew most of its workers.[19] At the same time, Mongolian politicians or academicians with alleged links to China (e.g. Ts. Lookhuuz or G. Sükhbaatar) became victims of political purges. In the early 1980s, Ulan Bator was reported to have a small Chinese community, which published a Chinese-language newspaper and which looked to the Chinese embassy there for moral support. However, in 1983, Mongolia systematically began expelling some of the remaining 7,000 Chinese contract workers in Mongolia to China. At the same time, ethnic Chinese who had become naturalized citizens were reported to be unaffected. Because the presence and the status of Chinese residents in Mongolia were politically sensitive subjects, Mongolian sources usually avoided mentioning the Chinese at all.[1]

After the introduction of

Mongolian Chinese.[22]

See also

References

Notes

Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Country Studies. Federal Research Division.

  1. ^ a b LOC 1989, Ch. 2.3.2
  2. ^ Batbayar 2006, p. 221
  3. ^ Bedeski 1999, Mongolia--A Demographic Buffer?
  4. S2CID 140199091
    .
  5. ^ Scharlipp, Wolfgang-Ekkehard (1995). "China and Tibet as Referred to in the Old Turkic Inscriptions". Diogenes. 43: 45–42.
  6. ^ Tsagaan Törbat; Dunbüree Batsükh; Jan Bemmann; Thomas O. Höllmann; Peter Zieme. A rock tomb of the ancient Turkic period in the Zhargalant Khairkhan Mountains, Khovd Aimag, with the oldest preserved horse-head fiddle in Mongolia – A preliminary report (PDF) (Report). pp. 369, 379–380.
  7. ISBN 978-0-521-84226-6
    .
  8. ^ "辽代的"一国两制" - 史海钩沉 - 文史天地【中国历史文化传播网】". Archived from the original on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  9. ^ "遼國 ::中華萬年網::China10K::". www.china10k.com.
  10. ^ "金漠银水逞英豪亦有契丹能赋诗——漫述辽代汉诗的发展_刀锋上的文明 梅毅_国学导航". Archived from the original on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  11. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5
    .
  12. ^ History of Yuan 《 元史 》，
  13. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1
    .
  17. ^ Oriens extremus. Kommissionverlag O. Harrasowitz. 1959. p. 137.
  18. ^ Batbayar 2006, p. 216
  19. ^ Sergey Radchenko. "The Soviets' Best Friend in Asia" (PDF). p. 14.
  20. ISBN 9780824839826
    .
  21. ^ "Anti-Chinese sentiment swelling in Mongolia", Asian Economic News, 2005-04-11, retrieved 2007-02-23
  22. ^ Uradyn 1998, p. 188

Sources

  • Rupen, Robert A. (May 1973), "The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Mongolian People's Republic: 1921-1971", Asian Survey, 13 (5): 458–469,
    JSTOR 2642795
  • Mongolia, Country Studies, United States Library of Congress, June 1989, retrieved 2007-02-28
  • Uradyn, Erden Bulag (1998), "Inner Mongols as 'Other' to Mongols", Nationalism and hybridity in Mongolia, Oxford studies in social and cultural anthropology, pp. 171–214,
    ISBN 978-0-19-823357-2
  • Bedeski, Robert (November 1999), The Chinese Diaspora, Mongolia and the Sino-Russian Frontier, JPRI Working Papers, vol. 62, archived from the original on 2007-04-14, retrieved 2007-02-23
  • Batbayar, Tsedendamba (2006), "Foreign migration issues in Mongolia", in Akaha, Tsuneo (ed.), Crossing National Borders: Human Migration Issues in Northeast Asia, United Nations University Press, pp. 215–235,
    ISBN 92-808-1117-7
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