Chinese people in Japan
Total population | |
---|---|
970,000 total estimated ethnic Chinese in Japan including 870,000 PRC citizens (2017)[1]
821,838 PRC citizens living in Japan (in December, 2023)[2][3][4] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Overseas Chinese |
Chinese people in Japan | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | rìběn huáqiáo/hūarén zàirì zhōngguórén |
Wu | |
Shanghainese Romanization | Niepon Ghujioh |
Chinese people in Japan | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Japanese name | |||||
Kanji | 華僑 | ||||
|
Chinese people in Japan (在日中国人/華人) include any people
Population and distribution
Status of Residence | Number of person | |
---|---|---|
Permanent resident | 225,605 | |
Spouse or Child of Permanent resident | 11,889 | |
Resident | Student | 108,331 |
Technical Intern training | 89,086 | |
Dependent | 64,492 | |
Specialist in Humanities / International Services | 60,504 | |
Others | 44,027 | |
Spouse or Child of Japanese National | 34,010 | |
Long-Term Resident*1 | 26,626 | |
Special permanent resident*2 | 1,277 | |
Total | 665,847 | |
*1 Those who are authorized to reside in Japan with a period of stay designated by the Minister of Justice in consideration of special circumstances.[7] *2 A special permanent resident provided for by the Special Act on the Immigration Control of, Inter Alia, Those who have Lost Japanese Nationality Pursuant to the Treaty of Peace with Japan (Act No. 71 of 1991)[7] |
Most Chinese people, or descendants of Chinese immigrants, who are living in Japan reside in major cities such as Osaka, Yokohama, and Tokyo, although there are increasingly also significant populations in other areas as government immigration policies increasingly attract workers to 'training programs', universities seek increasing numbers of international students and Chinese people see business opportunities. Japan's first recognised Chinatown was in Nagasaki, developing in the 1680s when economic prerogatives meant that the shogunate needed to restrict and control trade to a greater extent than previously. Before this, there had been a large number of Chinese communities in the west of the country, made up of pirates, merchants, and people who fitted into both categories.[citation needed] In the 19th century, the well-known Chinatowns of Yokohama and Kobe developed, and they are still thriving today, although the majority of Chinese people in Japan live outside Chinatowns in the regular community. The communities are served by Chinese schools that teach the Chinese language.[citation needed]
The Chinese community has undergone a dramatic change since the PRC allowed more freedom of movement of its citizens, but citizens of Taiwan (ROC), Singapore and Hong Kong nationality are not counted in these figures. A study that was conducted in 1995 estimated that the Chinese population of Japan numbered 150,000, among whom between 50,000 and 100,000 could speak Chinese.[8] In 2000, Japanese governmental statistics revealed that there were 335,575 Chinese people in Japan.[9] Current demographic statistics reveal that these numbers have reached over 600,000 legal immigrants, although there is probably also a significant population, although of unknown number, of undocumented immigrants[citation needed]. A significant number of Chinese people take Japanese citizenship each year and therefore disappear from these figures. As Japanese citizenship, like France, does not record ethnicity, once a person has naturalised, they are simply Japanese, so the category of Chinese-Japanese does not exist in the same way as it would in a country which recognises ethnicity. Therefore, the numbers of Japanese people who are of Chinese descent is unclear.
History
Pre-modern era
It is believed that a substantial component of the
Ambassadorial visits to
A
According to a study conducted in 2021, a large number of East Asian people with ancestry mainly resembling Han people arrived in Japan around 300 AD during the Kofun period. This group is responsible for 71% of the ancestry in the modern Japanese population.[30][31]
In 499 CE, a Chinese
Master Jianzhen came to Japan in 754 CE, he helped to propagate Buddhism in Japan and introduce the Vinaya with the establishment of Ritsu School. Emperor Shōmu and Empress Kōmyō received their ordination from him and he also established Tōshōdai-ji, he is also an important conductor of Chinese culture with the introduction of Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese calligraphy and other Tang era cultural relics into Japan.[32]
According to the Shinsen Shōjiroku (815), 176 Chinese aristocratic families lived in the Kinai area of Honshu, around the modern-day Kansai region. These immigrant clans were referred to as Toraijin (渡来人).[33]
During the
During the Ming dynasty, Japan became decentralized without a central government and with many local daimyo reigning the country, in what would be called the Sengoku Period. Many of these daimyo encouraged Chinese immigration to Japan due to their skills and boost to the local economy.[40] Many Chinese communities would be established in Japan, especially on the island of Kyushu.[40] Many Chinese pirates would set up their bases in Japan in order to launch raid and attacks on mainland China as part of the wokou. For example, the powerful Chinese pirate, Wang Zhi, who became known as the "king of the wokou", established his base of operation in Japanese islands, in order to launch raids against the Ming government. Many of the Chinese pirates were supported by Japanese daimyo themselves.[40]
Chinese people are also known to have settled in
During the
One of the most well-known Chinese
Modern era
During the Meiji and Taisho eras, it is estimated that up to 100,000 Chinese students came to study in Japan. Japan was both closer to China culturally and in distance than the American and European alternatives. It was also much cheaper.[44][page needed] In 1906 alone, more than six thousand Chinese students were in Japan. Most of them resided in the district of Kanda in Tokyo.[45]
Post-World War II
The term shin-kakyō (新華僑) refers to people of Chinese descent who immigrated to Japan from Taiwan and mainland China.
Groups
Foreign students
Many famous Chinese intellectuals and political figures have studied in Japan, among them Sun Yat-sen, Zhou Zuoren, Lu Xun, Zhou Enlai and Chiang Kai-shek.
Workers
The industrial "training scheme" used to bring Chinese workers to Japan has been criticized by lawyers as exploitation, after several deaths.[46]
Others
Many Japanese war orphans left behind in China after World War II have migrated to Japan with the assistance of the Japanese government, bringing along their Chinese spouses and children.
Culture
Cuisine
Chinese restaurants in Japan serve a fairly distinct style of
Education
As of 2008 there are five Chinese day schools in Japan: As of 1995 most teachers at these schools are ethnic Chinese persons who were born in Japan. By that year there were increasing numbers of Japanese families sending their children to Chinese schools. Other students at Chinese schools are Japanese with mixed Chinese-Japanese parentage, Japanese children with Chinese parents, and returnees from abroad.[50]
Media
The Chūnichi Shinpo, a biweekly paper, is published in Chinese and Japanese. The Chūbun and Zhongwen Dabao, both weekly newspapers, and about 28 other Chinese newspapers are published in Tokyo. In addition the Kansai Kabun Jihō, published in Chinese and Japanese, is based in the Osaka area.[48]
Issues
Ethnic relations
During his time in office, former Tokyo governor Shintaro Ishihara publicly used controversial terms such as sangokujin to refer to Taiwanese Benshengren staying illegally in Japan, and implied that they might engage in rioting and looting in the aftermath of a disaster.[52]
I referred to the "many sangokujin who entered Japan illegally." I thought some people would not know that word so I paraphrased it and used
gaikokujin, or foreigners. But it was a newspaper holiday so the news agencies consciously picked up the sangokujin part, causing the problem.... After World War II, when Japan lost, the Chinese of Taiwanese origin and people from the Korean Peninsula persecuted, robbed and sometimes beat up Japanese. It's at that time the word was used, so it was not derogatory. Rather we were afraid of them.
... There's no need for an apology. I was surprised that there was a big reaction to my speech. In order not to cause any misunderstanding, I decided I will no longer use that word. It is regrettable that the word was interpreted in the way it was.[53]
Notable individuals
This is a list of Chinese expatriates in Japan and Japanese citizens of Chinese descent.
Before 20th century
- Koxinga or Zheng Chenggong, Prince of Yanping, Chinese Ming loyalist, founder of the House of Koxinga and the first ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning (currently Taiwan); born in Hirado, Hizen Province (currently Hirado, Nagasaki), son of a Chinese father (Zheng Zhilong) and a Japanese mother (Tagawa Matsu)
Early 20th century
- Sichuan Province)
- Go player (Real Name: Wu Qingyuan, born in Minhou County, Fujian, China)
- Shosei Go, professional baseball player (born in Taiwan)
Late 20th century
- Momofuku Ando, founder of Nissin Foods, with Japanese Taiwan origins and ROC citizenship. (Born in Puzi, Chiayi County, Taiwan)
- Tokyo, Japan)
- , China)
- Agnes Chan, pop singer, professor, and writer (born in Hong Kong)
- Lou Zhenggang, artist (born in Heilongjiang)
- Rissei Ō, professional Go player (born in Taiwan)
- O Meien, professional Go player (Real Name: Wang Ming-wan; born in Taipei, Taiwan)
- Sadaharu Oh, professional baseball player (Chinese Name: Wang Chen-chih; born in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan)
- Rin Kaiho, professional Go player (Chinese Name: Lin Haifeng; born in Shanghai, China)
- Cho U, professional Go player (Chinese Name: Chang Hsu; born in Taipei, Taiwan)
- Chin Shunshin, novelist (born in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan)
- Judy Ongg, actress, singer, author, and woodblock-print artist (born in Taipei, Taiwan)
- Yinling, swimsuit model, race queen, singer and former professional wrestler (Real Name: Yan Yinling; born in Taipei, Taiwan])
- Kanagawa)
- Takeshi Kaneshiro, actor, singer (born in Taipei, Taiwan; to Taiwanese mother)
- Keiko Han and Megumi Han, voice actresses, born to Taiwanese parents
- Reika Utsugi, softball player and manager of the Japan women's national softball team, formerly known as Ren Yanli
21st century
- Tsuyoshi Abe, actor and film director with mixed Chinese-Japanese ancestry
- )
- Mo Bangfu, author (born in Shanghai, China)
- Tomokazu Harimoto, naturalized table-tennis player, born to Chinese parents
- Lee Haku, volleyball player (born to Chinese parents)
- Leena, female model (immigrant; born in Tai'an, Shandong)
- Yueyang, Hunan)
- Naomi Watanabe, comedian and actress (born in New Taipei City, Taiwan; to Taiwanese mother)
- Kaito Nakahori, composer (1/2 Chinese, 1/2 Japanese; born in Chiba Prefecture, Japan)
- Renhō, politician (born to a Taiwanese father)
- Emi Suzuki, female model (immigrant; born in Shanghai, China)
- Wei Son, female model (immigrant; born in Dalian, Liaoning)
- Zheng Yongshan, murderer (born in China)
- Hana Hishikawa, voice actress (1/2 Chinese, 1/2 Japanese; born in Tokyo, Japan)
- Hirokane Harima
- Haruna Murakami, figure skater
See also
- Japanese missions to Imperial China
- Japanese missions to Sui China
- Japanese missions to Tang China
- Japanese missions to Ming China
- Tokyo Mazu Temple
- Yokohama Ma Zhu Miao
- Kumemura
- Chinatown
- Chinatowns in Asia
- Yokohama Chinatown
- Kobe Chinatown
- Nagasaki Chinatown
- Ikebukuro Chinatown
- Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
- Anti-Chinese sentiment in Japan
- Japanese orphans in China
- Japanese people in China
Notes
- ^ "SUWA Haruo (諏訪春雄)". 18 January 2018.
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Further reading
- Chen, Lara Tien-shi. "Chinese in Japan". Encyclopedia of Diasporas. ISBN 978-0-387-29904-4.
- Le Bail, Hélène. "Skilled and Unskilled Chinese Migrants in Japan". (Archive). Les cahiers d’Ebisu. Occasional Papers No. 3, 2013, pp. 3–40. French Research Institute on Japan, Maison Franco-Japonaise (日仏会館).
- Shao, Chunfen. "Chinese Migration to Japan, 1978-2010: Patterns and Policies" (Part IV: Chinese Migration in Other Countries: Chapter 11). "A Biographical Study of Chinese Immigrants in Belgium: Strategies for Localisation". In: Zhang, Jijiao and Howard Duncan. Migration in China and Asia: Experience and Policy (Volume 10 of International Perspectives on Migration). ISBN 940178759X, 9789401787598. Start p. 175.