Examples of civil disobedience

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The following are examples of civil disobedience.

Bahamas

In 2023, the leader of the environmental organization Bahamian Evolution called for civil disobedience as they protested against the government.[1]

Cuba

See also:
Cuban dissidents

The movement Yo No Coopero Con La Dictadura ("I Do Not Cooperate with the Dictatorship"), commonly called Yo No ("Not I" or "I don't") for short, is a civil disobedience campaign against the government in Cuba.[2][3] The campaign utilizes the slogan "I do want change", and is articulated in six fundamental points: "I do not repudiate, I do not assist, I do not snitch, I do not follow, I do not cooperate, and I do not repress."[4] Furthermore, as a symbolic gesture of non-cooperation with the Cuban regime, members of the organization cross their arms over their chests.[5]

Multiple artists, such as

Lissette Álvarez, Amaury Gutiérrez, Willy Chirino, Jon Secada, Paquito D'Rivera and Boncó Quiñongo, have declared their support for the movement.[6]

Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought.[8]

Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

Main article: Singing Revolution
See also: Revolutions of 1989 and Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Singing Revolution lasted over four years, with various protests and acts of defiance. In 1991, as Soviet tanks attempted to stop the progress towards independence, the Supreme Council of Estonia together with the Congress of Estonia proclaimed the restoration of the independent state of Estonia and repudiated Soviet legislation. People acted as human shields to protect radio and TV stations from the Soviet tanks. Through these actions Estonia regained its independence without any bloodshed.[9]

Egypt

Further information:
Egyptian Revolution of 1919

Among the several civil disobedience that took place along the

Saad Zaghlul and other members of the Wafd Party
in 1919.

The 1919 revolution in Egypt continued for months as civil disobedience against the British occupation and strikes by students and lawyers, as well as postal, telegraph, tram and railway workers, and, eventually Egyptian government personnel. The event led to Britain's

constitution in 1923
.

East Germany

In 1989, East Germans used civil disobedience to break the Berlin Wall in order to unite a divided Germany.[10][11]
Further information: Revolutions of 1989, East Germany, and Berlin Wall

The

Uprising of 1953 was disobedience against the government in East Germany. The protests were put down by the state.[12]

Civil resistance was a significant factor behind the dissolution of

communist governments and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.[10][11]

France

Main article: Fight for the Larzac

In 1972, 103 peasant landowners took an oath to resist the proposed extension of the existing military training base on the

Gandhi, advised them on civil disobedience tactics, including hunger strikes, that were ultimately successful. The base extension was cancelled by President François Mitterrand
immediately after his election in 1984

India

Main article: Satyagraha

Civil disobedience has served as a major tactic of nationalist movements in former colonies in Africa and Asia prior to their gaining independence. Most notably

Gandhi's work in South Africa and in the Indian independence movement
was the first successful application of civil disobedience on a large scale.

Israel

Main articles: Zo Artzeinu, Manhigut Yehudit, and Moshe Feiglin

Following the Oslo Accords in the early 1990s, Moshe Feiglin and Shmuel Sackett founded Zo Artzeinu (Hebrew: זו ארצנו, This is our land), a political protest movement created to block Israeli land concessions to the Arabs. The movement was known to block roads and use other forms of civil disobedience adapted from the civil rights movement in the United States to make known their protests and goals.

Feiglin details every step of the movement, including both its formation and activities, as well as the response by the Israeli political and media establishments, in his book במקום שאין אנשים (trans. Where There are No Men) Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Feiglin and Sackett engaged in a wide variety of acts of non-violent civil disobedience, especially blocking roads, but also including such activities as handcuffing themselves in place during a talk by then Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, and proceeding to heckle Rabin before an audience of foreign officials and dignitaries. Feiglin explicitly drew on the philosophies of Western liberal political theory and non-violent civil disobedience, and Sackett drew on his experience of non-violent protest in the United States on behalf of Soviet Jewry. According to Political Science Lecturer Re'aya (Ra'issa) Epstein,

This book by Moshe Feiglin, a rank-and-file Israeli Jew, will eventually find it's [sic] way to well-earned position as one of the earliest intellectual sources instrumental in the creation of a liberal democracy in Israel whose roots lie deep in Jewish foundations and wich [sic] does not feel required to contest them[15]

Feiglin often[16][17] quotes chapter 10 of The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry:

Sire--over what do you rule?"

"Over everything", said the king, with magnificent simplicity.

"Over everything?"

The king made a gesture, which took in his planet, the other planets, and all the stars.

"Over all that?" asked the little prince.

"Over all that", the king answered.

For his rule was not only absolute: it was also universal.

"And the stars obey you?"

"Certainly they do", the king said. "They obey instantly. I do not permit insubordination."

"I should like to see a sunset ... Do me that kindness ... Order the sun to set ..."

"If I ordered a general to fly from one flower to another like a butterfly, or to write a tragic drama, or to change himself into a sea bird, and if the general did not carry out the order that he had received, which one of us would be in the wrong?" the king demanded. "The general, or myself?"

"You", said the little prince firmly.

"Exactly. One must require from each one the duty which each one can perform", the king went on. "Accepted authority rests first of all on reason. If you ordered your people to go and throw themselves into the sea, they would rise up in revolution. I have the right to require obedience because my orders are reasonable.

Feiglin explains[18] that

It is a mistake to think that the state works within the boundaries of laws. The public does not obey laws. It obeys rules within the boundaries of a triangle, the first side of which is the law. But the triangle has two other sides: common sense and ethics.

What if the Knesset passed a law requiring drivers to drive in reverse all winter? That would counter the logic side of the triangle. The public's subsequent refusal would be the fault of the government, not of the public.

In other words, the fact that we obey the law is not because of the law itself, but because it is logical enough to warrant our adherence.

The third side of the triangle is ethics. If the government ordered us to drive our elderly and infirm out onto the frozen tundra, as per Eskimo custom, we might agree that it would logically enhance the economy. But nobody would obey, because it would be patently immoral. The party at fault for the insubordination would be the government that enacted the law and not the citizens who refused to obey.

...

The greatest crimes in human history were perpetrated when citizens ignored their duty to delineate logical and ethical boundaries for the rule of law. The societies in which this took place by and large collapsed.

"Good men must not obey the laws too well", said Ralph Waldo Emerson. He understood what the disengaging Israeli tyranny no longer wants to hear.

...

In the past few weeks, soldiers from two separate units in the IDF expressed their civic responsibility by refusing to obey orders to expel Jews from their homes. These brave young men are positioned to save Israel from collapse.

At nearly all of these non-violent protests by Feiglin and Sackett, Israeli police used nearly unrestrained violence, often beating protesters who had already handcuffed themselves. These police officers would even beat bystanders who merely happened to be in the vicinity of the protest, and the officers would also chase down protesters attempting to flee from police. In his sedition trial, Sackett testified that by contrast, in the United States, the police would come up to each protester individually, one-by-one, read him his rights three times, and then carefully and calmly handcuffed the protester and placed him in the police vehicle.

[19] The Israeli Supreme Court, during the sedition trial for Feiglin and Sackett (as detailed in Feiglin, Where There are No Men, op. cit.) held that such civil disobedience was acceptable only in "unsavory regimes" (such as China's Tiananmen Square, quipped Feiglin in retort), and that Israel's democratic nature precluded granting any legitimacy to protest against the government. Feiglin was thus convicted of sedition for his non-violent civil disobedience. Political Science Lecturer Re'aya (Ra'issa) Epstein, in her appendix to Feiglin's Where There are No Men (op. cit.), explains at length that Israeli political elites rely on the political philosophy of communism, and that while they use the terminology of Western liberal democracy, their political ideology is actually quite fascist and absolutist, tending towards limiting or banning free speech and protest. Demonstrating this absolutist non-democratic political ideology, MK (Israeli member of Knesset, i.e. parliament) Ophir Pines-Paz (Labor), has said, regarding IDF soldiers refusing orders to carry out expulsions of Jews from the West Bank,

The rabbis' call [on soldiers] to refuse [IDF] military orders undermines Israeli democracy. This is dangerous incitement that is liable to break up the IDF. I call on [Yesha] settlement leaders to distance themselves from these rabbis' declaration. And I call on the attorney-general to open investigations against the rabbis for allegations of incitement.[20]

Similarly,

Nahman Shai
, also regarding conscientious objection by soldiers, said,

In a democratic country, the army must not allow soldiers to take such a position.[21]

In like wise, illiberal and undemocratic sentiments are evinced by a statement issued by the office of Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak; according to that statement,

The defense minister rules that Rabbi Melamed's actions and remarks undermine the foundations of Israeli democracy and have encouraged and incited some of his students to insubordination, protests and harming the IDF's spirit, and there is no room for this in a normal country.[22]

Indeed, Nachi Eyal, executive director of the

Legal Forum for the Land of Israel [he
], said that

the attack on the Har Bracha Yeshiva is an anti-democratic act by the defense minister, who disregards the law when it applies to himself and is stringent when it comes to his political rivals. This is a case of abuse of authority. The minister is forbidden to use his authority to force his political opinions on others. It will bring about dissent in the IDF.[23]

According to lawyer Nathan Lewin, in an op-ed to the Jerusalem Post, the sorts of protests that these IDF soldiers are engaged in, that are declared undemocratic in Israel, are actually perfectly protected in the United States by the United States's free speech and sedition laws. According to him, American court precedents are unanimous in affirming that the acts performed by these IDF soldiers - and sometimes, even hypothetical more severe and outspoken acts - would, if performed in America, be perfectly legal.[24]

However Lewin failed to take into consideration U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) directive 1344.10 "Political Activities by Members of the Armed Forces". Section 4.1 of this regulation prohibits U.S. military members from displaying banners or making speeches that support a partisan political platform while in uniform or during official military events.[25] Any U.S. military member found violating this regulation would be court-martialed and punished under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) Article 92.[26]

Japan

Republic of Korea

Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic

Main articles:
Sajudis and Singing Revolution
See also: Revolutions of 1989

Sajudis used civil disobedience in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic to seek independence from the Soviet Union.[27]

Myanmar

In response to 2021 Myanmar military coup, frontline medical workers country-wide have started a civil disobedience movement.[28][29][30] 70 hospitals and medical departments have stopped work in protest of government formed after the coup.[28][29] In addition, the citizens have used nationwide coordinated symbolic protest of 8pm-nightly clanging of pots and cymbals -- alluding to the tradition of making noise to expel evil spirits.[31][32][28][33]

Pakistan

In 2007-2008, lawyers in Pakistan led a nationwide movement of street protests and civil disobedience against the rule of President Pervez Musharraf, an army general. The Lawyers' Movement began in response to Musharraf's attempt to dismiss the chief justice of Pakistan's Supreme Court, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, after Chaudhry issued rulings holding Pakistan's military and intelligence agencies responsible for the unexplained disappearance of hundreds of Pakistani citizens.[34] The lawyers won support of political parties and civil society groups opposed to a continuation of army rule. Police attacked protest marches with batons, arrested lawyers and human rights leaders organizing the movement, and raided the Lahore High Court Bar Association, one of the organizing centers of the civil disobedience campaign.[35] Musharraf lost public support and Pakistan's main political parties agreed in summer 2008 to impeach him. Musharraf resigned in August and a quickly organized presidential election yielded Asif Ali Zardari, the husband of the assassinated former prime minister, Benazir Bhutto, as Musharraf's successor. Zardari hesitated to reinstall the independent-minded Chaudhry as chief justice and protests, including civil disobedience, continued until Zardari did so in March 2009.[36]

On 17 August 2014, Cricketer-turned-politician Imran Khan called for widespread civil disobedience in Pakistan, urging supporters to stop paying taxes and utility bills in a bid to oust the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Pakistani opposition politician Imran Khan has called for a campaign of civil disobedience as he addressed thousands of supporters protesting for a second day against the government of Nawaz Sharif in Islamabad.

The FPCCI(Federation of the Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry) chief said political activities should not affect economic and trade activities. Strikes, harassment through mobs and destruction of the public and private properties are the national loss.

Zakaria Usman said that political crises needed dialogue and all political parties should come forward for this noble cause.

Quetta Chamber of Commerce and Industry (QCCI) President Mohammad Asim Siddiqi said that the PTI has not unveiled any future plans as to how the country will run if nobody will pay taxes, duties and utility bills.

The PTI chief must disclose as to how the country would pay its foreign debt and achieve economic stability, he said. Vice President of Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry (LCCI) Kashif Anwar said: "We made old Pakistan in 1947, new Pakistan in 1971 but cannot afford another new Pakistan at a time when the country and the business environment are already passing through various challenges." "Everybody has to pay taxes and duties to foster economic activities", he said.

"Imran should focus on Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and emerge as a role model by taking the province to the peak of economic and political stability", Kashif said, adding "if Nawaz Sharif fails to live up to the expectations of the people, the people would cast vote in favour of Khan Saheb in the next election for a better performance in KP."

Rawalpindi Chamber of Commerce and Industry (RCCI) President Dr Shimail Daud Arain said he had contacted all chambers, including Karachi Chamber, who have unanimously rejected the PTI chief's call. Site Association of Trade and Industry Chairman Younus Bashir said the businessmen would condemn PTI call which would only create cracks in country's economic and political stability. In Short the call for civil disobedience was rejected by the nation.

East Pakistan (Bangladesh)

Main article: Non-cooperation movement (1971)

During his

Bengali nationalist leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his Awami League party with the support of the Indian state announced the historic "non-cooperation" movement against the military and political establishment of West Pakistan in an effort to press the Pakistani government to accept the national election results of 1970 in which the Awami League won. The movement saw the complete shut down of all government and semi government offices, public transport, businesses, schools, and colleges. East Pakistanis stopped paying taxes to the Pakistani state, and all monetary transactions between East and West Pakistan came to a complete halt. All forms of communications in the form of telephone and telegraph with West Pakistan were also suspended. The Awami League leadership became the de facto government of East Pakistan for 18 days, and this shook the very core of the Pakistani state. The movement came to an end with the launch of the bloody Operation Searchlight by the Pakistan Army on 26 March 1971.[37][38]

Puerto Rico

Main articles:
Navy-Vieques protests

At least four major acts of civil disobedience have taken place in Puerto Rico. These have not been directed at the local government of the

Federal Government of the United States
.

The first case, known as the

Ruben Berrios, president of the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP), a well-regarded attorney in international rights,[citation needed] president-honorary of the Socialist International, and law professor at the University of Puerto Rico. Berrios and other protesters squatted
in Culebra for a few days. Some of them, including Berrios, were arrested and imprisoned for "civil disobedience". The official charge was trespassing U.S. military territory. The protests led to the U.S. Navy discontinuing the use of Culebra as a gunnery range in 1975 and all of its operations were moved to Vieques.

The second case, is, in a sense, an aftermath of the first case.

The continuing post-war presence in Vieques of the United States Navy drew protests from the local community, angry at the

Fish and Wildlife Service. Closure of nearby Roosevelt Roads Naval Station
on the Puerto Rico mainland followed in 2004.

Russia

In

Spiritual Christian tribes to also migrate to North America.[42]

South Africa

This famous movement, started by

Cape Town Peace March which defied apartheid
.

Thailand

Sondhi Limthongkul, leader of the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD), and other leaders of this alliance have claimed to be using civil disobedience, such as postponing tax payments and starting strikes & because of this civilian protested.

Ukraine

The Orange Revolution (Ukrainian: Помаранчева революція, romanized: Pomarancheva revolyutsiya) was a series of protests and political events that took place in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005, in the immediate aftermath of the run-off vote of the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election which was marred by massive corruption, voter intimidation and direct electoral fraud. Kyiv, the Ukrainian capital, was the focal point of the movement with thousands of protesters demonstrating daily. Nationwide, the democratic revolution was highlighted by a series of acts of civil disobedience, sit-ins, and general strikes organized by the pro-Western opposition movement.[43]

United States

Rosa Parks in 1955. She became famous for refusing to obey set regulations, starting the Montgomery bus boycott
Keystone XL
Pipeline protest

The December 16, 1773, Boston Tea Party was one of the most famous acts of civil disobedience in American history.

female disenfranchisement.[44]

It was arguably during the

Fugitive Slave Act. In spite of the violence of the actions, juries often refused to convict the defendants.[45]

African American) sitting at a "whites only" lunch counter or bus terminal waiting room. In addition, other actions of the era, not all involving civil disobedience, include the Sit-in movements of 1958 and 1960, the 1961 Freedom Riders, the 1963 Birmingham campaign, the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches and the 1966 Chicago Open Housing Movement. These nonviolent events were effective in promoting the eventual passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Open Housing Act of 1968
.

Anti-

1970 student strike. Disobedience spread to the armed forces. with some facing court marshall for openly refusing to fight. Tens of thousands deserted from the military, going to Canada or to Western Europe. By 1972, army disobedience was widespread, with 50 out of 142 GIs in one company refusing to go out on patrol.[45][46]

In the wake of the Vietnam protests and civil rights movement, civil disobedience became a major part of other social movements of the era, such as the American Indian Movement, with the Alcatraz Island and Wounded Knee Occupation; and the gay liberation (LGBT) movement which was launched with the Stonewall riots.[47] [48]

Since the 1970s, anti-abortion groups have practiced civil disobedience against the U.S. government over the issue of legalized

War on Drugs
. However, the extent to which simple violation of sumptuary laws represents true civil disobedience aimed at legal and/or social reform varies widely.

American interest in theoretical discussions of civil disobedience was also sparked by the

libertarian civil disobedience by Free State Project
participants and others.

In 2010, Arizonans were planning to protest

recess, banged the gavel, and denounced a subculture of police corruption.[51]

In August and September 2011, 1253 demonstrators organized by environmentalist Bill McKibben were arrested for sitting on the sidewalk in front of the White House over the course of two weeks. The group, including environmentalists like Phil Radford, celebrities like Daryl Hannah, indigenous and religious leaders, students, and landowners faced arrest to express opposition to the proposed Keystone Pipeline extension (Keystone XL) permit which would bring oil sands from Alberta, Canada to refineries along the Gulf of Mexico. The White House was chosen as a site of action because of President Barack Obama's role in the decision.[52][53]

On 15 April 2015 a pilot landed a one-man ultralight

Doug Hughes, who was a mailman, carried 535 letters - one for every member of Congress. He was arrested after landing and sentenced to 120 days in prison.[54]

Vietnam

On 11 June 1963,

Buddhist Thích Quảng Đức
burned himself alive on a busy intersection in protest of the persecution of Buddhists under the current government. After, several other Buddhists followed in Đức's footsteps and carried out similar actions. This form of disobedience drew attention to the current government in South Vietnam, and created much controversy and created pressure on the government and their policies.

Religious examples

Many who practice civil disobedience do so out of

Jesuit
priest, who were arrested dozens of times in acts of civil disobedience in antiwar protests. Also, groups like Soulforce, who favor non-discrimination and equal rights for gays and lesbians, have engaged in acts of civil disobedience to change church positions and public policy.

Climate change

On 2 November 2008, Nobel Peace Prize winner and environmentalist Al Gore, speaking at the Clinton Global Initiative in New York City, urged young people on Wednesday to engage in civil disobedience to stop the construction of coal plants: "If you're a young person looking at the future of this planet and looking at what is being done right now, and not done, I believe we have reached the stage where it is time for civil disobedience to prevent the construction of new coal plants that do not have

Chevron plant.[57]

In December 2008, one of the most infamous acts of civil disobedience in modern times took place when Utah college student Tim DeChristopher bid on controversial land leases being auctioned off by the Bureau of Land Management. Much of the controversial auction was invalidated, however, and Tim was convicted of two felonies in March 2011 for his actions.

On 28 April 2009, Greenpeace activists, including Phil Radford, scaled a crane across the street from the Department of State, calling on world leaders to address climate change.[58] Soon thereafter, Greenpeace activists dropped a banner off of Mount Rushmore, placing President Obama's face next to other historic presidents, which read "History Honors Leaders; Stop Global Warming".[59]

In 2009, hundreds blocked the gates of the coal fired power plant that powers the US Congress building, following the Powershift conference in Washington, D.C. In attendance at the Capitol Climate Action were Bill McKibben, Terry Tempest Williams, Phil Radford, Wendell Berry, Robert Kennedy Junior, Judy Bonds and many more prominent figures of the climate justice movement were in attendance.

There were multiple acts of

mountaintop removal etc.) In April nine young activists were arrested for singing in Congress during session. Four hundred climate justice activists staged a sit-in 18 April 2011 for at the US Department of the Interior where they sat down and sang. Twenty one were arrested ranging in age from 18-75. Multiple actions protesting ill health caused by burning fossil fuels at coal-fired power plants took place in 2011 including an action in Chicago. Since the start of the Barack Obama
administration, 2600 people have been arrested for protesting energy policy and associated health issues.

Sudan

Starting November 2016 as the President Omar al-Bashir has raised fuel prices across the country to curb inflation. Medicine and electricity costs have been on the rise for the past few years and people say they are fed up. Many have launched a civil disobedience campaign Instead of taking to the streets or marching towards a ministry or the presidential palace to express their concerns, as they have done in the past, Sudanese protesters are doing something much simpler.[60][61] Activists stands in solidarity with the Sudanese people, who are demanding political change in their country. One of the main changes that for the Sudanese Government to step down and leave.[62] As a response, the Sudanese authorities reportedly have seized copies of independent newspapers that are reporting on a three-day strike that took place on 27 November 2016.[63]

See also

References

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  2. ^ "Yo No Coopero Con La Dictadura website".
  3. ^ "Inician una campaña de apoyo a la resistencia cívica en Cuba". Directorio. Archived from the original on 29 June 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
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  19. ^ The following analysis is drawn from Michael Makovi, "Why I Won't Serve in the IDF: Being Jailed For IDF Conscientious Objection", Jewcy: What Matters Now, 14 December 2009, Accessed 17 December 2009. The same (though then less completely developed) analysis was made previously by Makovi elsewhere: "Judaism and Western Values: On Our Response to the Misogny of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate", My Random Diatribes (Michael Makovi's Random Thoughts), 16 October 2009 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 17 December 2009; "On IDF Insubordination and Idolatrous Nationalism", My Random Diatribes (Michael Makovi's Random Thoughts), 22 November 2009 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 17 December 2009; "The soldiers are the emissaries of an idea; they do not create the idea by themselves.", My Random Diatribes (Michael Makovi's Random Thoughts), 24 November 2009 Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 December 2009.
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  21. ^ "Kadima MK: Put Soldiers in Their Place", Israel National News, 24 October 2009.
  22. ^ "Barak decides to remove hesder yeshiva from IDF", Hanan Greenberg, Y-Net News, 13 December 2009. For a similar quotation of Barak, cf. "Barak severs ties with hesder yeshiva", Matthew Wagner and Yaakov Katz, Jerusalem Post, 13 December 2009.[permanent dead link]
  23. ^ "Barak severs ties with hesder yeshiva", op. cit. Cf. "National Camp Enraged by Barak's Decision to Oust Har Bracha", Avi Yellin, Israel National News, 14 December 2009.
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  31. ^ "Biden demands Myanmar military 'relinquish power'". Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
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  33. ^ "UN Security Council Finds Rare Unity in Criticizing Myanmar Coup". Bloomberg News. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  34. ^ Masood, Salman (13 May 2007). "Pakistani Leader Assailed for Deadly Clashes". The New York Times. Accessed 29 March 2021.
  35. ^ Traub, James (1 June 2008). "The Lawyers' Crusade". The New York Times. Accessed 29 March 2021.
  36. ^ Perlez, Jane (15 March 2009). "Pakistan Leader Backs Down and Reinstates Top Judge". The New York Times. Accessed 29 March 2021.
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  39. ^ Tolstoy, Lev N. (23 April 1901). "Tolstoy to the Czar. The Full Text-of the Russian Novelist's Recent Letter". The Times. Washington D.C. p. 4.
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  41. ^ Kalmakoff, Jonathan J. "Researching Your Russian Doukhobor Roots A presentation by Jonathan J. Kalmakoff" (PDF). Doukhobor Genealogy Website. p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  42. ^ Tarasoff, Koozma J., with Andrei Conovaloff (2009). "Historic 1895 Burning of Guns descriptions, selections and translations". Spirit-Wrestlers. Retrieved 24 April 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ "The Orange Revolution". Time. 12 December 2004. Archived from the original on 6 April 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
  44. ^ Linder, Doug (2001), The Trial of Susan B. Anthony for Illegal Voting, archived from the original on 25 June 2010, retrieved 21 July 2010
  45. ^ a b "Howard Zinn, "Introduction" for The Higher Law: Thoreau on Civil Disobedience and Reform. Wendell Glick, ed., (Princeton University Press, 2004)". Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  46. ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass, Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States (Routledge, 2009), p. 67-70, 140-141
  47. ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass, Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States (Routledge, 2009), p. 13-20
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  49. ^ Paul F. Power (March 1970), On Civil Disobedience in Recent American Democratic Thought, vol. 64, The American Political Science Review, pp. 35–47
  50. ^ Stephanie McCrummen; William Branigin (28 July 2010), "Federal judge blocks key parts of Arizona immigration law SB 1070", Washington Post
  51. ^ Chelsi Zash (27 July 2010), Greensboro City Council Protesters Plead Guilty, Associated Press
  52. ^ Jamie Henn (10 November 2011), How the 99 Percent Beat Keystone XL, Huffington Post
  53. ^ Phil Radford; Daryl Hannah (29 September 2011), Shining Light on Obama's Tar Sands Pipeline Decision, Huffington Post
  54. ^ "U.S. Capitol Gyrocopter Pilot Douglas Hughes Sentenced to 120 Days". NBC News. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  55. ^ Michelle Nichols, "Gore urges civil disobedience to stop coal plants", Reuters (Sep 24, 2008)
  56. ^ "Gore: 'It Is Time For Civil Disobedience'". YouTube. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  57. ^ "Protest and Non-Violent Civil Disobedience at Chevron; 31 Arrested « It's Getting Hot In Here". Itsgettinghotinhere.org. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 29 July 2010.
  58. ^ "First Day on the Job!". Grist.org. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  59. ^ "Greenpeace Scales Mt Rushmore – issues challenge to Obama". Christian Science Monitor. Grist.org. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  60. ^ Sudan civil disobedience: Why are people staying at home?, BBC World Service, 19 December 2016
  61. ^ Will civil disobedience work in Sudan?, Al Jazeera News, 30 November 2016
  62. ^ Civil Disobedience Spreads Across Sudan, VOA News, 29 November 2016
  63. ^ "Sudan strike: Authorities 'confiscate' independent newspapers as civil disobedience continues". International Business Times. 29 November 2016.
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