Exsudoporus frostii

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Exsudoporus frostii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Exsudoporus
Species:
E. frostii
Binomial name
Exsudoporus frostii
(J.L.Russell) Vizzini, Simonini & Gelardi (2014)
Synonyms[1]
  • Boletus frostii J.L.Russell (1874)
  • Suillellus frostii (J.L.Russell)
    Murrill
    (1909)
  • Tubiporus frostii (J.L.Russell) S.Imai (1968)
  • Butyriboletus frostii (J.L. Russell) G. Wu, Kuan Zhao & Zhu L. Yang (2016)
Exsudoporus frostii
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Pores on hymenium
Cap is convex or flat
mycorrhizal
Edibility is edible

Exsudoporus frostii (formerly Boletus frostii), commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.

Exsudoporus frostii mushrooms can be recognized by their dark red sticky caps, the red pores, the network-like pattern of the

poisonous red-pored, blue-bruising boletes. B. frostii may be distinguished from other superficially similar red-capped boletes by differences in distribution, associated tree species, bluing reaction, or morphology
.

Taxonomy

The species was named by the

Roy Halling examined both Russell's original material and his accompanying notes; he concluded that it was Frost who made the original species determinations, further suggesting that "there is no evidence to show that Russell ever collected B. frostii or wrote a description of it."[6]

phylogenetic framework for the Boletaceae,[10][11] the bolete was transferred to the newly circumscribed genus Exsudoporus in 2014.[12]

Due to lack of sufficient sequences, Wu and colleagues (2016) were reluctant to accept Exsudoporus and considered it a synonym of Butyriboletus, so they transferred E. frostii to the genus Butyriboletus and proposed a new combination Butyriboletus frostii.[13] However, following phylogenetic and morphological analyses clearly resolved Exsudoporus as a monophyletic, homogenous and independent genus that is sister to Butyriboletus.[14][15]

Exsudoporus frostii is commonly known as "Frost's bolete"[16] or the "apple bolete". In Mexico, its vernacular name is panza agria, which translates to "sour belly".[17]

Description

The shape of the cap of the young fruit body ranges from a half sphere to convex, later becoming broadly convex to flat or shallowly depressed, with a diameter of 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in).[18] The edge of the cap is curved inward, although as it ages it can uncurl and turn upward. In moist conditions, the cap surface is sticky as a result of its cuticle, which is made of gelatinized hyphae. If the fruit body has dried out after a rain, the cap is especially shiny,[4] sometimes appearing finely areolate (having a pattern of block-like areas similar to cracked, dried mud).[18] Young mushrooms have a whitish bloom on the cap surface.[19]

View of the hymenium

The color is bright red initially, but fades with age. The flesh is up to 2.5 cm (1.0 in) thick, and ranges in color from pallid to pale yellow to lemon yellow.[18] The flesh has a variable staining reaction in response to bruising, so some specimens may turn deep blue almost immediately, while others turn blue weakly and slowly.[4]

The tubes comprising the pore surface (the

Mycelia, visible at the base of the stipe, are yellowish white to light yellow.[4]

Young fruit bodies may secrete an amber liquid.

The

Cystidia are non-fertile cells interspersed among the basidia, and they are prevalent in the hymenial tissue of E. frostii. These hyaline (translucent) cells measure 30–53 long by 7.5–14 µm wide, and range in shape from somewhat like a spindle (tapering at each end, but with one end typically rounded) to subampullaceous—shaped somewhat like a swollen bottle.[4]

Edibility and nutritional composition

This species is nonpoisonous.[21] Murrill wrote in 1910 of its edibility: "Usually viewed with suspicion because of its red hymenium, but its properties are not accurately known."[22] Since then, several authors have advised against consuming the species, due to its resemblance to other toxic red-capped boletes.[16][18][23] In his 100 Edible Mushrooms (2007), Michael Kuo notes that although the mushroom is apparently edible for some, it "affects others negatively".[24] David Arora mentions that it is commonly sold in rural markets in Mexico;[17] a 1997 study suggests that it is only consumed in rural areas in Querétaro state.[25] Its taste and odor have been described as "pleasant"[16] or "sweet"[21] and somewhat like citrus,[19] although the cuticle of the cap may taste acidic.[18]

free fatty acid content of dried fruit bodies was 4.5%, slightly more than the common button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), which had 3.5%. The majority of this total was oleic acid (1.95%), followed by linoleic acid (1.68%) and palmitic acid (1.69%).[25]

Similar species

Poisonous Boletus flammans is similar in appearance.

Other red-capped boletes include the poisonous

tropical regions of Florida, typically on grassy or sandy soil, where it fruits between May and October.[4]

The fruit bodies of young specimens of

Boletus russelli, found in eastern North America, has a red to reddish-brown cap and reticulate stipe, but its pore surface is yellow, and the fruit body does not bruise blue.[24]

Ecology, habitat, and distribution

Immature specimen with cap not fully expanded; bruising is evident on the stipe.

Exsudoporus frostii is a

Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana),[30] while a field study confirms a similar association with the oak Quercus laurina.[32]

The fruit bodies grow solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground under hardwood trees; the fungus fruits in summer to early autumn. William Murrill noted its preference for growing in "thin oak woods, where the light is sufficient to enable grass to grow",

Q. rapurahuensis, and Q. seemanii.[33] A 1980 publication tentatively suggested that the fungus was also present in Italy,[34] but the author later determined that the putative E. frostii was actually Boletus siculus.[27]

Fruit bodies can be

conidiophores).[36]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Boletus frostii J.L. Russell". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
  2. ^ Frost CC. (1874). "Catalogue of Boleti of New England, with descriptions of new species". Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 2: 100–5.
  3. ^
    ISBN 0-472-85610-3
    .
  4. ^
    JSTOR 2421647
    .
  5. JSTOR 4547605
    .
  6. JSTOR 3792925
    .
  7. ^
    JSTOR 3753167
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8
    .
  9. JSTOR 3755143
    .
  10. PMID 23931115
    .
  11. S2CID 15652037
    .
  12. ^ Vizzini A. (August 22, 2014). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum (183): 1.
  13. S2CID 22506275
    .
  14. S2CID 181958289
    .
  15. ^
    PMID 35205856
    .
  16. ^ a b c Phillips R. "Boletus frostii". Rogers Plants. Archived from the original on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
  17. ^
    ISBN 0-89815-169-4
    .
  18. ^
    ISBN 0-472-85590-5
    .
  19. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1
    .
  20. ^ Kuo M. (January 2007). "Boletus frostii". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2012-03-01.
  21. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1
    .
  22. JSTOR 3753292
    .
  23. ISBN 0-8156-2666-5
    .
  24. ^
    ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9
    .
  25. ^
    doi:10.1021/jf970640u
    .
  26. ISSN 0082-0598
    .
  27. ^ a b Alessio CL. (1981). "Boletus siculus inzenga il gia presunto B. frostii Russell rinvenuto in Italia" [Boletus siculus is the supposed Boletus frostii discovered in Italy]. Micologia Italiana (in Italian). 10 (2): 40–2.
  28. S2CID 83544311
    .
  29. ^ Ortiz-Santana B, Lodge DJ, Baroni TJ, Both EE (2007). "Boletes from Belize and the Dominican Republic" (PDF). Fungal Diversity. 27 (2): 247–416 (see p. 322).
  30. ^
    JSTOR 3756310
    .
  31. ISBN 1-4051-3066-0
    .
  32. PMID 19508503
    .
  33. ^ Halling RE, Muller GM. "Boletus frostii". Macrofungi of Costa Rica. New York Botanical Garden. Retrieved 2011-09-29.
  34. ISSN 0390-0460
    .
  35. JSTOR 3761625. Archived from the original
    on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
  36. S2CID 40865857
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Butyriboletus frostii.
Wikispecies has information related to Exsudoporus frostii.

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