Father Damien
Hawaiʻi | |
---|---|
Venerated in | Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Catholic Churches, some churches of Anglican Communion; individual Lutheran Churches |
Beatified | 4 June 1995, Basilica of the Sacred Heart (Koekelberg), Brussels, by Pope John Paul II |
Canonized | 11 October 2009, Vatican City, by Pope Benedict XVI |
Major shrine | Leuven, Belgium (bodily relics) Molokaʻi, Hawaii (relics of his hand) |
Feast | 10 May (Catholic Church; obligatory in Hawaii, option in the rest of the United States);[1] 15 April (Episcopal Church of the United States) |
Patronage | People with Leprosy |
Signature of Father Damien |
Father Damien or Saint Damien of Molokai
During this time, he taught the Catholic faith to the people of Hawaii. Father Damien also cared for the patients and established leaders within the community to build houses, schools, roads, hospitals, and churches. He dressed residents' ulcers, built a reservoir, made coffins, dug graves, shared pipes, and ate poi with them, providing both medical and emotional support.
After 11 years caring for the physical, spiritual, and emotional needs of those in the leper colony, Father Damien contracted leprosy. He continued with his work despite the infection but finally succumbed to the disease on 15 April 1889. Father Damien also had tuberculosis, which worsened his condition, but some believe the reason he volunteered in the first place was due to tuberculosis.[5]
Father Damien has been described as a "martyr of charity".[6] Damien De Veuster is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church. In the Anglican Communion and other Christian denominations, Damien is considered the spiritual patron for leprosy and outcasts. Father Damien Day, 15 April, the day of his death, is also a minor statewide holiday in Hawaii. Father Damien is the patron saint of the Diocese of Honolulu and of Hawaii.
Father Damien was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on 11 October 2009.[7][8] Libert H. Boeynaems, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, calls him "the Apostle of the Lepers."[9] Damien De Veuster's feast day is 10 May.
Early life
Father Damien was born Jozef ("Jef") De Veuster, the youngest of seven children and fourth son of the Flemish corn merchant Joannes Franciscus ("Frans") De Veuster and his wife Anne-Catherine ("Cato") Wouters in the village of Tremelo in Flemish Brabant in rural Belgium on 3 January 1840. His older sisters Eugénie and Pauline became nuns, and his older brother Auguste (Father Pamphile) joined the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (Picpus Fathers). Jozef was forced to quit school at age 13 to work on the family farm.[10] His father sent him to a college at Braine-le-Comte to prepare for a commercial profession, but as a result of a mission given by the Redemptorists in 1858, Joseph decided to pursue a religious vocation.[9]
Jozef entered the novitiate of the Fathers of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and Mary at Louvain and took in religion the name of Damien, presumably after the first Saint Damien, a fourth-century physician and martyr.[11][12] He was admitted to the religious profession on 7 October 1860.
His superiors thought that he was not a good candidate for the priesthood because he lacked education. However, he was not considered unintelligent. Because he learned Latin well from his brother, his superiors decided to allow him to become a priest. During his religious studies, Damien prayed daily before a picture of St. Francis Xavier, patron of missionaries, to be sent on a mission.[13][14] Three years later when his brother Father Pamphile (Auguste) could not travel to Hawaiʻi as a missionary because of illness, Damien was allowed to take his place.[15]
Mission in Hawaii
On 19 March 1864, Damien arrived at
In 1865, Damien was assigned to the
It is believed that
The Royal Board of Health initially provided the quarantined people with food and other supplies, but it did not have the workforce and resources to offer proper health care.[9] According to documents of that time, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi did not intend for the settlements to be penal colonies. Still, the Kingdom did not provide enough resources to support them.[4] The Kingdom of Hawaii had planned for the lepers to be able to care for themselves and grow their crops. However, due to the effects of leprosy and the peninsula's local environmental conditions, this was impractical.
By 1868, according to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1911), "Drunken and lewd conduct prevailed. The easy-going, good-natured people seemed wholly changed."[20][21]
Mission on Molokai
While Bishop
On 10 May 1873, the first volunteer, Father Damien, arrived at the isolated settlement at Kalaupapa, where there were then 600 lepers,
During this time, Father Damien cared for the lepers and established leaders within the community to improve the state of living. Father Damien aided the colony by teaching, painting houses, organizing farms, and organizing the construction of chapels, roads, hospitals, and churches. He also dressed residents, dug graves, built coffins, ate food by hand with lepers, shared pipes with them, and lived with the lepers as equals. Father Damien also served as a priest during this time and spread the Catholic faith to the lepers; it is said that Father Damien told the lepers that despite what the outside world thought of them, they were always precious in the eyes of God.
Some historians believed that Father Damien was a catalyst for a turning point for the community. Under his leadership, basic laws were enforced, shacks were upgraded and improved as painted houses, working farms were organized, and schools were established. At his request and of the lepers, Father Damien remained on Molokaʻi.[4] Many such accounts, however, overlook the roles of superintendents who were Hawaiian or part-Hawaiian. Pennie Moblo states that until the late 20th century, most historical reports of Damien's ministry revealed biases of Europeans and Americans, and nearly completely discounted the roles of the native residents on Molokaʻi.[21] However, it could be asserted that Moblo does not account for the separation of civil authorities and religious authorities.[citation needed] As was customary in the time period, Father Damien's work was reported to Europeans and Americans in order to raise funds for the mission. How the colony was governed would be outside the scope of the written accounts and not important to raise funds for the charitable works of Father Damien.
Recognition during his lifetime
Illness and death
Father Damien worked in Hawaii for 16 years, providing comfort to the lepers of Kalaupapa. In addition to giving the people faith, he built homes for them and he treated them with his medical expertise. He prayed at the cemetery of the deceased and he also comforted the dying at their bedsides.
In December 1884, while he was preparing to bathe, Damien inadvertently put his foot into scalding water, causing his skin to blister. He felt nothing and realized that he had contracted leprosy after working in the colony for 11 years.[4] This was a common way for people to discover that they had been infected with leprosy. Despite his illness, Damien worked even harder.[24]
In 1885, Masanao Goto, a Japanese leprologist, came to Honolulu and treated Damien. He believed that leprosy was caused by a diminution of the blood. His treatment consisted of nourishing foods, moderate exercise, frequent friction to the benumbed parts, special ointments, and medical baths. The treatments relieved some of the symptoms and they were very popular with the Hawaiian patients as a result. Damien had faith in the treatments and said that he only wanted to be treated by Goto,[25][26][27] who eventually became a good friend of Father Damien.[28]
Despite the fact that the illness was slowing his body down, Damien engaged in a flurry of activities during his last years. With his remaining time, he tried to advance and complete as many projects as possible. While he was continuing to spread the Catholic Faith and aid the lepers during their treatments, Damien completed several building projects and improved orphanages. Four volunteers arrived at Kalaupapa to help the ailing missionary: a Belgian priest, Louis Lambert Conrardy; a soldier,
With an arm in a sling, with a foot in bandages, and with his leg dragging, Damien knew that his death was near. He was bedridden on 23 March 1889, and on 30 March, he made a general confession.[30] Damien died of leprosy at 8:00 a.m. on 15 April 1889, at the age of 49.[31] The next day, after the Mass was said by Father Moellers at St. Philomena's, the whole settlement followed the funeral cortège to the cemetery. Damien was laid to rest under the same pandanus tree where he first slept upon his arrival on Molokaʻi.[32]
In January 1936, at the request of King Leopold III of Belgium and the Belgian government, Damien's body was returned to his native land in Belgium. It was transported aboard the Belgian ship Mercator. Damien was buried in Leuven, the historic university city which is close to the village where he was born. After Damien's beatification in June 1995, the remains of his right hand were returned to Hawaii and re-interred in his original grave on Molokaʻi.[33][34]
Commentary after his death
Father Damien had become internationally known before his death, because he was seen as a symbolic Christian figure who spent his life caring for the afflicted natives. His superiors thought that Damien lacked education and finesse but they considered him to be "an earnest peasant hard at work in his own way for God."[35] News of his death on 15 April was quickly carried across the globe by the modern communications of the time, by steamship to Honolulu and California, telegraph to the East Coast of the United States, and cable to England, reaching London on 11 May.[36] Following an outpouring of praise for his work, other voices began to be heard in Hawaiʻi.
Representatives of the
Later in 1889, the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson and his family arrived in Hawaii for an extended stay. He had tuberculosis, a disease which was also considered incurable, and he was seeking some relief for it. Moved by Damien's story, he became interested in the priest's controversy and went to Molokaʻi for eight days and seven nights.[37] Stevenson wanted to learn more about Damien at the place where he had worked. He spoke with residents of various religious backgrounds in order to learn more about Damien's work. Based on his conversations and observations, he wrote an open letter to Hyde in which he addressed the minister's criticisms and he had it printed at his own expense. Stevenson's letter became the most famous account of Damien, featuring him in the role of a European who was aiding a benighted native people.[37][40]
In his "6,000-word polemic,"[40] Stevenson praised Damien extensively, writing to Hyde:
If that world at all remember you, on the day when Damien of Molokai shall be named a Saint, it will be in virtue of one work: your letter to the Reverend H. B. Gage.[37]
Stevenson referred to his journal entries in his letter:
...I have set down these private passages, as you perceive, without correction; thanks to you, the public has them in their bluntness. They are almost a list of the man's faults, for it is rather these that I was seeking: with his virtues, with the heroic profile of his life, I and the world were already sufficiently acquainted. I was besides a little suspicious of Catholic testimony, in no ill sense, but merely because Damien’s admirers and disciples were the least likely to be critical. I know you will be more suspicious still, and the facts set down above were one and all collected from the lips of Protestants who had opposed the father in his life. Yet I am strangely deceived, or they build up the image of a man, with all his weakness, essentially heroic, and alive with rugged honesty, generosity, and mirth.[37]
Since then, historians and ethnologists have also studied Damien's work and residents' lives on Molokaʻi. For example, Pennie Moblo, in researching the myth and the controversy surrounding the priest, has concluded they did not develop from the religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, but instead from changes in relationships on Hawaiʻi between and among the royalty, European-American planters, missionaries, and native Hawaiians in the years leading up to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and the U.S. takeover.[17] During this period, Damien had J.K. Kahuila, a Hawaiian Protestant minister in his care, put in irons and deported to Oahu because he believed the man was too rebellious. Kahuila got a lawyer and demanded an investigation of Damien.[17] Moblo concludes that in most 19th- and 20th-century accounts, "the focus on Damien eclipses the active role played by Hawaiians and preserves a colonially biased history."[17]
The political and journalistic world can boast of very few heroes who compare with Father Damien of Molokai. The Catholic Church, on the contrary, counts by the thousands those who, after the example of Fr. Damien, have devoted themselves to the victims of leprosy. It is worthwhile to look for the sources of such heroism.[41]
Canonization
In 1977,
Prior to his beatification, two
In the second case, Audrey Toguchi, a Hawaiian woman who suffered from a rare form of cancer, had remission after having prayed at the grave of Father Damien on Molokaʻi. There was no medical explanation, as her prognosis was terminal.[43][44] In 1997, Toguchi was diagnosed with liposarcoma, a cancer that arises in fat cells. She underwent surgery a year later and a tumor was removed, but the cancer metastasized to her lungs. Her physician, Dr. Walter Chang, told her, "Nobody has ever survived this cancer. It's going to take you."[43] Toguchi was still alive in 2016.[45]
In April 2008, the
Damien is honored, together with
In arts and media
Films
- Director David Miller made a short film about Father Damien's life entitled The Great Heart (1938), released by MGM.
- The first full-length film about Father Damien was Molokai (1959), a Spanish production which was directed by Luis Lucia with Javier Escrivá, Roberto Camardiel, and Gérard Tichy playing the main roles.[51]
- Ken Howard played the title role in the television film Father Damien: The Leper Priest (1980);[52] he replaced David Janssen, who died suddenly after several days of shooting.
- Stephanie J. Castillo's documentary Simple Courage (1992) explores Damien and his work, drawing parallels between the treatment of persons who have leprosy and the stigma which is associated with persons who have HIV/AIDS. "Simple Courage" was rewarded an EMMY Award in 1993.[21]
- The Belgian film producer Tharsi Vanhuysse produced and Paul Cox directed the film Molokai: The Story of Father Damien (1999) with David Wenham as Damien.[53]
- Interviews which were conducted by former residents are featured in the documentary The Soul of Kalaupapa: Voices of Exile (2011).[54] It focuses on the efforts of Belgian-born Father Damien in the 19th century and the efforts of Jonatana Napela, a Hawaiian LDS convert who works with persons with leprosy in Kalaupapa and collaborates on ecumenical efforts.[54]
Literature
- Screenwriter and film director John Farrow wrote the biography Damien the Leper (1937).[55] In 1939, RKO Pictures purchased the book for a feature film titled Father Damien, to be directed by Farrow and star Joseph Calleia.[56][57] The project was not realized.
- The poetic dramatization Father Damien (1938) was written by Edward Snelson, later Joint Secretary to the Government of India (1947), KBE, and dedicated 'To G.,' the actress Greer Garson, to whom he had been married in 1933.[58]
- The one-person play Damien by Aldyth Morris was broadcast nationally on PBS in the United States in 1978 and again in 1986 on "American Playhouse." The broadcast received several recognitions, including a Peabody Award.
- The 2016 novel God Made Us Monsters by William Neary explores Father Damien's rise to sainthood.[59]
Monuments and statues
- The Father Damien Statue on the steps of the State Capitol Building honors him, and a replica is displayed in the National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol.[2] Statues in memory of Damien can be found in many Belgian cathedrals, such as the Tournai Cathedral, St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, and St Martin's Cathedral, Ypres.
- A monument stands in front of St. Benedict's Catholic Church in Honaunau (Hawaii) and is often decorated with Leis.
Legacy and honors
In 2005, Damien was honored with the title of
In 1952, the Picpus Fathers (SS .CC) opened the Damien Museum, (Dutch: Damiaanmuseum ) in Tremelo, Belgium, in the house where Damien was born and grew up. In 2017, the museum was completely renovated.
With his canonization highlighting his ministry to persons with leprosy, Father Damien's work has been cited as an example of how society should minister to HIV/AIDS patients.[60] On the occasion of Damien's canonization, President Barack Obama stated, "In our own time, as millions around the world suffer from disease, especially the pandemic of HIV/AIDS, we should draw on the example of Father Damien’s resolve in answering the urgent call to heal and care for the sick."[61] Several clinics and centers nationwide catering to HIV/AIDS patients bear his name.[62] There is a chapel named for him and dedicated to people with HIV/AIDS, in St. Thomas the Apostle Hollywood, an Episcopal parish.[63][64]
The Damien The Leper Society is among charities named after him that work to treat and control leprosy. Damien House, Ireland, is a centre for "peace for families and individuals affected by bereavement, stress, violence, and other difficulties with particular attention to Northern Ireland".[65] Saint Damien Advocates is a religious freedom organization that says it wants to carry on Father Damien's work with orphans and others.[66][67]
Schools which are named after him include
St. Damien of Molokaʻi Catholic Church in
See also
- Kalaupapa National Historical Park
- American Catholic Servants of God, Venerables, Beatified, and Saints
- List of American saints and beatified people
- Father Damien, patron saint archive
References
- ^ Downes, Patrick (26 April 2013). "St. Damien's feast day not the customary date of death". Hawaii Catholic Herald. Honolulu, HI. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
- ^ a b "Father Damien". Capitol Campus/Art. The Architect of the Capitol. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary and of the Perpetual Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament of the Altar". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7432-3301-9.
- ^ "FEAST OF SAINT DAMIAN OF MOLOKAI – 10th MAY". prayersandpetitions.org. Prayers and Petitions. 10 May 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
- ^ a b "Blessed Damien de Veuster, ss.cc". Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ a b "'Apostle of the Lepers,' Spanish mystic among 10 to be canonized". Catholic News Agency. catholicnewsagency.com. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ a b "Pope Proclaims Five New Saints". Radio Vaticana. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ a b c d Boeynaems, Libert. "Father Damien (Joseph de Veuster)." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 20 April 2020 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Media, Franciscan (10 May 2016). "Saint Damien de Veuster of Moloka'i". Archived from the original on 13 May 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Saint Damien – Servant of God, Servant of Humanity". Cathedral of Our Lady of Peace. Archived from the original on 11 March 2005. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
- ^ Catholic Online. "St. Damien of Molokai". catholic.org. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
- ^ a b "Pater Damiaan "de Grootste Belg aller tijden"" (in Dutch). NOS. 2 December 2005. Archived from the original on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ "Blessed Damian De Veuster". Biography. Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 21 February 2009.
- ^ Kalaupapa, Mailing Address: P. O. Box 2222; Us, HI 96742 Phone:567-6802 Contact. "Father Damien - Kalaupapa National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISBN 978-90-6152-586-8.
- ^ a b c d Pennie Moblo, "Blessed Damien of Moloka'i: The Critical Analysis of Contemporary Myth", Ethnohistory Vol. 44, No. 4 (Autumn, 1997), pp. 691–726. Duke University Press, DOI: 10.2307/482885
- hdl:10524/339– via eVols.
- ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4.
- ^ Dutton, Joseph (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
- ^ a b c Moblo, "Blessed Damien of Molokaʻi: Critical Analysis of Contemporary Myth", Ethnohistory Vol. 44, No. 4 (Autumn, 1997)(Full text via JSTOR.)
- ^ "House Resolution 210". Hawaii State Legislature. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ "St. Damien Day Hawaii October 11". Hawaii Free Press. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ "Hawaii's Father Damien: From priesthood to sainthood". Hawaii Magazine. 10 October 2009.
- ^ "The lepers of Molokai" (PDF). The New York Times. 26 May 1889. p. 13. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-0920-1.
- ISBN 978-0-521-86584-5.
- ^ "St. Damien of Molokai: Servant of God – Servant of Humanity". St. Augustine by-the-sea Roman Catholic Church. St. Augustine-by-the-Sea. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ Carr, Sherie (10 October 2009). "Hawaii's Father Damien: From priesthood to sainthood". Hawaii Magazine. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ Damien the Leper. Paterson, New Jersey: The Franciscans of St. Anthony's Guild. 1974.
- ^ PBS, 23 January 2009, Father Damien’s Legacy, Retrieved 11 September 2015
- ^ "Damien The Leper". EWTN. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
- ^ "The Life of Father Damien". The Star-Bulletin. Honolulu, Hawaii. 7 October 2009.
- ^ Demers, Daniel J. (2010). "Letters for Damien". evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu.
- ^ Daws (1984), Holy Man: Father Damien, p. 89
- ^ Daws (1984), Holy Man: Father Damien, p. 9
- ^ ISBN 9780598632739.
- ^ Moblo, "Blessed Damien of Molokai" (1997). Note: At that time, "Carelessness" was a reference to the association of leprosy with syphilis, both of which were considered sexually transmitted diseases.
- ^ Daws (1984), Holy Man: Father Damien, p. 12
- ^ a b Daws (1984), Holy Man: Father Damien, p. 14
- ^ Jan De Volder, The Spirit of Father Damien (San Francisco, Ignatius Press, 2010) p.167
- ^ "'Father Damian' among new Vatican saints - CNN.com". www.cnn.com.
- ^ a b Bernardo, Rosemarie (4 July 2008). "Aiea woman excited for her saint in making". The Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
- ^ Downes, Patrick (28 March 2003). "Tribunal to examine Blessed Damien miracle claim". Hawaii Catholic Herald. Honolulu, Hawaii: Diocese of Honolulu. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ "88-year-old miracle recipient honored at Father Damien mass". www.kitv.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
- ^ "Vatican Votes To Elevate Father Damien To Sainthood". KITV Honolulu. kitv.com. Archived from the original on 5 April 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ "Le Père Damien proclamé saint", Le Soir, 11 October 2009, archived from the original on 14 October 2009, retrieved 11 October 2009
- ^ Sweas, Megan. "Obama Says St. Damien Gave Voice to Voiceless, Dignity to the Sick." Archived 7 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Catholic News Service. 14 October 2009.
- ^ Donadio, Rachel (11 October 2009). "Benedict Canonizes 5 New Saints". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 October 2009.
- ISBN 978-1-64065-234-7.
- ^ "Molokai, la isla maldita (Molokai, the cursed island, 1959)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ^ "Father Damien: The Leper Priest (1980) (TV)". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
- ISBN 978-1-68149-557-6.
- ^ a b Welch, Rosalynde (21 April 2010). "The eighth circle of paradise: Father Damien of Molokai and Jonathan Napela in Kalaupapa". St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Religion blog. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
- OCLC 8018072.
- ^ "'Damien the Leper' Purchased by RKO; Robert Sisk to Be the Producer – Joseph Calleia Has Been Assigned to Title Role". The New York Times. 17 May 1939. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^ "Hollywood Buys 45 More Stories to Add to 1940 Feature Programs". Motion Picture Herald. 136 (1): 34. 1 July 1939. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ^ Snelson, Edward (1938). Father Damien – A Play. Longmans, Green and Co., London-New York-Toronto.
- ^ "About Bill Neary". www.billneary.com. Archived from the original on 22 May 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ These include "Father Damien, Aid to Lepers, Now a Saint". Associated Press. 11 October 2009; De Volder, Jan and John L. Allen Jr. (FRW). The Spirit of Father Damien: The Leper Priest. Ignatius Press, 2010. p. x; Haile, Beth. "Articulating a Comprehensive Moral Response to HIV/AIDS in the Spirit of St. Damian of Molokai". CatholicMoralTheology.com. 10 May 2011; "Brief Biography of St. Damien of Molokai" Archived 11 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine. St. Damien Catholic Church, Oklahoma City, OK; "The Canonization of Father Damien". FlandersHouse.org.
- ^ Donadio, Rachel. "Benedict Canonizes 5 New Saints". The New York Times. 11 October 2009.
- ^ These include: Damien Ministries – Washington, D.C. Archived 8 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine; Damien Center – Central Indiana; Albany Damien Center – Albany, New York; Schenectady Damien Center – Schenectady New York Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Damien Chapel Archived 14 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine – St. Thomas the Apostle Hollywood
- ^ "St. Thomas the Apostle, Hollywood » History". Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
- ^ "Damien House, Ireland" Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Home". Saintdamienadvocates.org. 8 June 2012. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ "On Second Anniversary of the Affordable Care Act Passage, Hawaii Residents Join 140 Cities Across the Nation to Rally Against Its Impact on Religious Freedom". Hawaii Reporter. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ "St. Damien School, CCSD". Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ "St. Damien of Molokai Parish, Pontiac MI". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- ^ "Museum | St. Augustine by the Sea Parish". Staugustinebythesea.com. 23 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
Sources
- ISBN 0-8248-0920-3.
- Eynikel, Hilde (1999). Molokai: the Story of Father Damien. Staten Island: Alba House. ISBN 0-8189-0872-6.
- Stewart, Richard (2000). Leper Priest of Moloka'i. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2322-2.
Further reading
- Farrow, John. Damien the Leper. (first edition 1937; latest edition 1998) ISBN 978-0-385-48911-9
- Bunson, Margaret; Bunson, Matthew (2009). Apostle of the Exiled: St. Damien of Molokai. Huntington, Indiana: Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. ISBN 978-1-59276-610-9.
- Edmond, Rod (2006). Leprosy and Empire: A Medical and Cultural History. Cambridge Social and Cultural Histories. Vol. 8. ISBN 0-521-86584-0.
- Gould, Tony (2005). A Disease Apart: Leprosy in the Modern World. ISBN 0-312-30502-8.
- Michaels, Barry (2009). Saint Damien de Veuster: Missionary of Moloka'i. Boston: Pauline Books & Media. ISBN 978-0-8198-7128-2.
External links
Media related to Father Damien at Wikimedia Commons
- Saint Damien of Molokai
- Kalaupapa National Historic Park – about the human and natural community of Father Damien's work
- Works by or about Father Damien at Internet Archive