Pandanus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Pandalus.

Pandanus
Temporal range:
Ma
Fruit of Pandanus utilis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Pandanales
Family: Pandanaceae
Genus: Pandanus
Parkinson[1]
Species

See List of Pandanus species

Synonyms[1]
  • Keura Forssk.
  • Athrodactylis J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Pandanus Rumph. ex L.f. (1782) not Parkinson (1773)
  • Dorystigma Gaudich.
  • Eydouxia Gaudich.
  • Fisquetia Gaudich.
  • Foullioya Gaudich.
  • Heterostigma Gaudich.
  • Hombronia Gaudich.
  • Jeanneretia Gaudich.
  • Roussinia Gaudich.
  • Souleyetia Gaudich.
  • Sussea Gaudich.
  • Tuckeya Gaudich.
  • Vinsonia Gaudich.
  • Marquartia Hassk.
  • Hasskarlia Walp. (1849) not Meisn. (1840) nor Baill. (1860)
  • Barrotia Gaudich.
  • Bryantia Webb ex Gaudich.
  • Doornia de Vries
  • Rykia de Vriese

Pandanus is a

dioecious trees and shrubs native to the Old World tropics and subtropics. The greatest number of species are found in Madagascar and Malaysia.[3] Common names include pandan, screw palm and screw pine. They are classified in the order Pandanales, family Pandanaceae.[4][5]

Description

Aerial, prop roots[6]

The species vary in size from small shrubs less than 1 metre (3+1⁄2 feet) tall, to medium-sized trees 20 m (66 ft) tall, typically with a broad canopy, heavy fruit, and moderate growth rate.

adventitious and often branched. The top of the plant has one or more crowns of strap-shaped leaves that may be spiny,[4][5]
varying between species from 30 centimetres (12 inches) to 2 m (6+1⁄2 ft) or longer, and from 1.5 cm (5⁄8 in) up to 10 cm (4 in) broad.

They are

dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on different plants. The flowers of the male tree are 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long and fragrant, surrounded by narrow, white bracts. The female tree produces flowers with round fruits that are also bract-surrounded. The individual fruit is a drupe, and these merge to varying degrees forming multiple fruit, a globule structure, 10–20 cm (4–8 in) in diameter and have many prism-like sections, resembling the fruit of the pineapple
. Typically, the fruit changes from green to bright orange or red as it matures. The fruits can stay on the tree for more than 12 months.

Taxonomy

Often called pandanus palms, these plants are not closely related to palm trees. The genus is named after the

Proto-Oceanic *padran). It has many cognates in Austronesian languages, underscoring its importance in Austronesian cultures, including Atayal pangran; Kavalan pangzan; Thao panadan; Tagalog pandan; Chamorro pahong; Manggarai pandang; Malagasy fandrana, Tongan fā; Tahitian fara; Hawaiian hala all referring to plants of similar characteristics and/or uses whether in the same genus (particularly Pandanus tectorius) or otherwise (in the case of Māori whara or hara; e.g. harakeke).[13][14]

The oldest fossil of the genus is Pandanus estellae which is known from a

silicified fruit found in Queensland, Australia, dating to the Oligocene epoch around 32–28 million years ago.[15]

Ecology

These plants grow from sea level to an altitude of 3,300 m (10,800 ft). Pandanus trees are of cultural, health, and economic importance in the Pacific, second only to the coconut on atolls.[16][17] They grow wild mainly in semi-natural vegetation in littoral habitats throughout the tropical and subtropical Pacific, where they can withstand drought, strong winds, and salt spray. They propagate readily from seed, but popular cultivars are also widely propagated from branch cuttings by local people.[4]

Species growing on exposed coastal headlands and along beaches have thick 'stilt roots' as anchors in the loose sand.[4][18] Those stilt roots emerge from the stem, usually close to but above the ground, which helps to keep the plants upright and secure them to the ground.[11]

While pandanus are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical islands and coastlines of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans,[19][20][21] they are most numerous on the low islands and barren atolls of Polynesia and Micronesia.[22][23][24][25] Other species are adapted to mountain habitats and riverine forests.[26]

The tree is grown and propagated from shoots that form spontaneously in the axils of lower leaves. Pandanus fruits are eaten by animals including bats, rats, crabs, and elephants, but the vast majority of species are dispersed primarily by water.[10] Its fruit can float and spread to other islands without help from humans.[20]

Uses

Pandanus has multiple uses, which is dependent in part on each type and location. Some pandanus are a source of food, while others provide raw material for clothing, basket weaving and shelter.

outrigger canoe from Temotu, Solomon Islands
A bayong, a traditional Philippine basket woven from leaves of karagumoy (Pandanus simplex) in the hexagonal kinab-anan pattern

Pandanus leaves are used for

Hawaiʻi are called hala, and only the dry leaves (lauhala) are collected and used for Lauhala
weaving.

Pandan cake flavoured with pandan leaf extract

Pandanus leaves from

aroma to various dishes and to complement flavors like chocolate. Because of their similarity in usage, pandan leaves are sometimes referred to as the "vanilla of Asia."[27][28][29]
Fresh leaves are typically torn into strips, tied in a knot to facilitate removal, placed in the cooking liquid, then removed at the end of cooking. Dried leaves and bottled extract may be bought in some places. Finely sliced pandan leaves are used as fragrant confetti for Malay weddings, graves etc.

A Sama woman making a traditional mat (tepoh) from pandan leaves in Semporna, Sabah, Malaysia

Pandan leaves are known as Daun pandan in

Hindi
.

In India, particularly in Nicobar Islands, pandanus fruit is staple food of Shompen people and Nicobarese people.[30]

In Sri Lanka, pandan leaves are used heavily in both vegetable and meat dishes and are often grown in homes. It is common practice to add a few pieces of pandan leaf when cooking red or white rice as well.

In Southeast Asia, pandan leaves are mainly used in sweets such as

pandan cake. In Indonesia and Malaysia, pandan is also added to rice and curry dishes such as nasi lemak. In the Philippines, pandan leaves are commonly paired with coconut meat (a combination referred to as buko pandan) in various desserts and drinks like maja blanca and gulaman.[31]

In

Indian cooking, the leaf is added whole to biryani, a kind of rice pilaf, made with ordinary rice (as opposed to that made with the premium-grade basmati rice). The basis for this use is that both basmati and pandan leaf contains the same aromatic flavoring ingredient, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline. In Sri Lanka, pandan leaves are a major ingredient used in the country's cuisine.[32]

Kewra (also spelled Kevda or Kevada) is an extract distilled from the pandan flower, used to flavor drinks and desserts in Indian cuisine. Also, kewra or kevada is used in religious worship, and the leaves are used to make hair ornaments worn for their fragrance as well as decorative purpose in western India.[22]

Species with large and medium fruit are edible, notably the many cultivated forms of P. tectorius (P. pulposus) and P. utilis. The ripe fruit can be eaten raw or cooked,[33] while partly ripe fruit should be cooked first.[34] Small-fruited pandanus may be bitter and astringent.[33]

Karuka nuts (P. julianettii) are an important staple food in New Guinea.[35] Over 45 cultivated varieties are known.[36] Entire households will move,[37] and in some areas will speak a pandanus language at harvest time.[38][39] The taste is like coconut[35][36][40] or walnuts.[41]

Throughout

Vanuatu Archipelago, natives make woven fish traps from the hard interior root of the pandanus, made like a cage having a narrow entrance.[43]

Selected species

Main article: List of Pandanus species
Pandanus repens
Pandanus simplex

Note: several species previously placed in Pandanus subgenus Acrostigma are now in the distinct genus Benstonea.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Pandanus Parkinson". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 October 2018.
  2. ^ "Pandanus Parkinson". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  3. S2CID 36429759. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help
    )
  4. ^
    S2CID 32883085
    .
  5. ^
    hdl:10125/12577
    .
  6. ^ "Types of Roots". Archived from the original on 2005-09-06. Retrieved 2005-10-10.
  7. ^ "Pandanus Trees in Australia". Gondwananet.com. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  8. ^ a b Meyen, Franz Julius Ferdinand (1846). Outlines of the Geography of Plants: With Particular Enquiries Concerning the Native Country, the Culture, and the Uses of the Principal Cultivated Plants on which the Prosperity of Nations is Based, Volumen 7. Ray Society. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  9. ^ "Pandanus" (PDF). Stumpman.com.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  10. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1953.tb00001.x
    .
  11. ^ a b Ugolino Martelli (1908). "The Philippine species of Pandanus". Philippine Journal of Science. 3 (2): 59–72.
  12. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0
    .
  13. ISBN 978-1-5017-3599-8
    .
  14. ^ "Proto-Polynesian Etymologies: *Fara". Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. The Evolution of Plant Names. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  15. S2CID 247378720
    .
  16. ^ "Pandanus tectorius (pandanus)" (PDF). Agroforestry.net. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  17. ^ "pandanus - definition of pandanus by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  18. ^ "Microsoft Word - 5-Seychelles formaté_RM.doc" (PDF). Fao.org. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  19. ^ "The mangrove vegetation of the Atlantic Coast of Africa: a review". Epubs.scu.edu.au. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  20. ^ a b "Drift Seeds And Drift Fruits: Seeds That Ride The Ocean Currents". Waynesword.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  21. ^ "Revision of the Genus Pandanus Stickman, Part 5 Pandanus of the Maldive Islands and the Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean" (PDF). Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  22. ^ a b López González, Ginés A. (2006). Los árboles y arbustos de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares: especies silvestres y las principales cultivadas. Mundi-Prensa. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  23. Angel Fernández de los Ríos; Francisco Navarro Villoslada; Manuel de Assas y de Ereńo; José Muńos Maldonado; Eduardo Gasset y Artime - Google Libros (1852). Semanario pintoresco espańol. Retrieved 2012-09-24. {{cite book}}: |author8= has generic name (help
    )
  24. ^ D. Agustín Yañez y Girona (1845). Lecciones de historia natural: Botánica. Impr. de Benito Espona y Blay. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
  25. ^ Benjamin C. Stone (1992). "The New Guinea species of Pandanus section Maysops St. Johns (Pandanaceae)". Blumea. 37 (1): 31–61.
  26. ^ "West Papua - Mining". Cs.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-24.
  27. ^ "How to Cook With Pandan, the Vanilla of Southeast Asia". Saveur. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  28. ^ "Discover Pandan Leaves, The Vanilla Of Southeast Asia". Asian Inspirations. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  29. ^ Wan, Yan Ling. "Grocery Ninja: Pandan, the Asian Vanilla". SeriousEats. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  30. ISSN 0971-751X
    . Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  31. ^ "Buko Pandan". About Filipino Food. 2016-11-30. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  32. ^ "Cooking With Kurma - Glossary". kurma.net.
  33. ^ a b Miller, C.D.; Murai, M.; Pen, F. (1956). "The Use of Pandanus Fruit As Food in Micronesia". Pacific Science. 10. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2014-09-03.
  34. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
  35. ^
    OCLC 822591349
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  36. ^
    OCLC 9556314
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  37. OCLC 224338489
    . Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  38. OCLC 883021898
    .
  39. OCLC 260177442
    . Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  40. OCLC 7347063503
    . Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  41. OCLC 981032990. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  42. Puluwat
    have equipped at least one canoe on each island with dacron.
  43. YouTube, The Isle of Futuna
    / April 2022, minutes 18:39–ff.
  44. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T199828A183186217.en
    . Retrieved 12 November 2021.

Further reading

External links

Look up pandanus in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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