Felix Dzerzhinsky
Felix Dzerzhinsky | |
---|---|
Феликс Дзержинский | |
6th Secretariat | |
In office 6 August 1917 – 8 March 1918 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Feliks Dzierżyński 11 September [ LSDP (1896–1900) |
Spouse | |
Children | Jan Feliksovich |
Signature | |
Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky (Russian: Феликс Эдмундович Дзержинский;
Born to a Polish family of noble descent in the
In December 1917, Lenin named Dzerzhinsky head of the newly established All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (Cheka), tasking him with the suppression of counter-revolutionary activities in Soviet Russia. The Russian Civil War saw the expansion of the Cheka's authority, inaugurating a campaign of mass executions known as the Red Terror. The Cheka was reorganized as the State Political Directorate (GPU) in 1922 and then the Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU) a year later, with Dzerzhinsky remaining head of the powerful organization. In addition, he served as director of the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy (VSNKh) from 1924.
Dzerzhinsky died of a heart attack in 1926. He became widely celebrated in the Soviet Union, Poland and other communist countries in the following decades, with numerous places (including the city of Dzerzhinsk) named in his honour, and is among the few Soviet figures to be buried in an individual tomb in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis. Meanwhile, he also became a prominent symbol of repression and brutality to critics of the Soviet regime.
Early life
Felix Dzerzhinsky was born on 11 September 1877 to ethnically
His father, Edmund-Rufin Dzierżyński graduated from the
As a youngster Dzerzhinsky became a polyglot, speaking:
Political affiliations and arrests
Two months before he expected to graduate, the gymnasium expelled Dzerzhinsky for "revolutionary activity" and for posting signs with socialist slogans at the school. He had joined a
He was arrested on a denunciation for his revolutionary activities for the first time in 1897, after which he served almost a year in the Kaunas prison. In 1898, Dzerzhinsky was exiled for three years to the Vyatka Governorate (city of Nolinsk) where he worked at a local tobacco factory. There Dzerzhinsky was arrested for agitating for revolutionary activities and was sent 500 versts (330 mi) north to the village of Kaigorod . In August 1899, he returned to Vilnius. Dzerzhinsky subsequently became one of the founders of Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (Polish: Socjaldemokracja Królestwa Polskiego i Litwy, SDKPiL) in 1899. In February 1900, he was arrested again and served his time at first in the Alexander Citadel in Warsaw and later at the Siedlce prison. In 1902, Dzerzhinsky was sent deep into Siberia for the next five years to the remote town of Vilyuysk, while en route being temporarily held at the Alexandrovsk Transitional Prison near Irkutsk. While in exile, he escaped on a boat and later emigrated from the country. He traveled to Berlin, where at the SDKPiL conference Dzerzhinsky was elected a secretary of its party committee abroad (Polish: Komitet Zagraniczny, KZ) and met with several prominent leaders of the Polish Social Democratic movement, including Rosa Luxemburg and Leo Jogiches. They gained control of the party organization through the creation of a committee called the Komitet Zagraniczny (KZ), which dealt with the party's foreign relations. As secretary of the KZ, Dzerzhinsky was able to dominate the SDKPiL. In Berlin, he organized publication of the newspaper Czerwony Sztandar ("Red Banner"), and transportation of illegal literature from Kraków into Congress Poland. Being a delegate to the IV Congress of SDKPiL in 1903, Dzerzhinsky was elected as a member of its General Board.
Dzerzhinsky visited Switzerland, where his fiancée Julia Goldman, the sister of Boris Gorev, was undergoing treatment for tuberculosis. She died in his arms on 4 June 1904. Her illness and death depressed him – in letters to his sister, Dzerzhinsky explained that he no longer saw any meaning for his life. That changed with the Russian Revolution of 1905, as Dzerzhinsky became involved with work again. After the revolution failed he was again jailed in July 1905, this time by the Okhrana. In October, he was released on amnesty. As a delegate to the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in Stockholm, Dzerzhinsky entered the central body of the party. From July through September 1906, he lived in Saint Petersburg and then returned to Warsaw, where he was arrested again in December of the same year. In June 1907, Dzerzhinsky was released on bail. At the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in London in May–June 1907, he was elected in absentia as a member of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party. In April 1908, Dzerzhinsky was arrested once again in Warsaw and again exiled to Siberia (Yeniseysk Governorate) in 1909. As before, Dzerzhinsky managed to escape (by November 1909). In 1910, he reached Italy, where he met Maxim Gorky on Capri; he then returned to Poland.
Back in
Dzerzhinsky continued to direct the Social Democratic Party (SDKPiL), while considering his continued freedom "only a game of the Okhrana". The Okhrana, however, was not playing a game; Dzerzhinsky simply was a master of conspiratorial techniques and was therefore extremely difficult to find. A police file from this time says: "Dzerzhinsky continued to lead the Social Democratic party and at the same time he directed party work in Warsaw, led strikes, published appeals to workers, and traveled on party matters to Łódź and Kraków." The police were unable to arrest Dzerzhinsky until the end of 1912, when they found the apartment where he lived in the name of Władysław Ptasiński.[19]
Revolution
Dzerzhinsky spent the next 4+1⁄2 years in prisons, first at the notorious
Dzerzhinsky was freed from Butyrka after the
Subsequently, in late July, Dzerzhinsky was subsequently elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee at the Sixth Party Congress. He then relocated from Moscow to
Director of Cheka
Lenin regarded Felix Dzerzhinsky as a revolutionary hero and appointed him to organize a force to combat internal threats. On 20 December 1917, the
The Cheka became notorious for mass
At his office in
Dzerzhinsky and Lenin
Dzerzhinsky became a Bolshevik as late as 1917. Therefore, it was wrong to assert (as official Soviet historians did subsequently) that Dzerzhinsky had been one of Lenin's oldest and most reliable comrades, or that Lenin had exercised some sort of spellbinding influence on Dzerzhinsky and the SDKPiL. Lenin and Dzerzhinsky frequently had opposing opinions about many important ideological and political issues of the pre-revolutionary period, and also after the October Revolution. After 1917, Dzerzhinsky would oppose Lenin on such crucial issues as the
From 1917 to his death in 1926, Dzerzhinsky was first and foremost a Russian Communist, and Dzerzhinsky's involvement in the affairs of the Polish Communist Party (which was founded in 1918) was minimal. The energy and dedication that had previously been responsible for the building of the SDKPiL would henceforth be devoted to the priorities of the struggle for Bolshevik power in Russia, to the defence of the revolution during the civil war, and eventually, to the tasks of socialist construction.[33]
Death and legacy
Dzerzhinsky died of a
Dzerzhinsky was succeeded as chairman of the OGPU by Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.
Dzyarzhynskaya Hara (the highest point in Belarus), located near Dzyarzhynsk was named after Dzerzhinsky in 1958.
His name and image were used widely throughout the KGB and the Soviet Union and other communist countries; there were numerous places named after him. In
During the
Iron Felix
A 15-ton iron monument of Dzerzhinsky, which once dominated the
The figure of Dzerzhinsky remains controversial in Russian society. Between 1999 and 2013, six proposals called for the return of the statue to its plinth. The Monument Art Commission of the
In April 2012, the Moscow authorities stated that they would renovate the "Iron Felix" monument in full and put the statue on a list of monuments to be renovated, as well as officially designating it an object of cultural heritage.[43] On 26 April 2021, it was announced by the prosecutor office of Moscow that the removal of the statue had no legal basis and was therefore illegal.[44]
Finally, the monument was reerected on September 11, 2023, but this time in front of the
Other statues
A smaller bust of Dzerzhinsky in the courtyard of the Moscow police headquarters at Petrovka 38 was restored in November 2005 (police officers had removed this bust on 22 August 1991).[citation needed]
A 10-foot bronze replica of the original Iron Felix statue was placed on the grounds of the military academy in Minsk, Belarus, in May 2006.[46]
In 2017, on the 140th anniversary of Dzerzhinsky's birth, a monument to Dzerzhinsky was erected in the city of Ryazan, Russia.[47]
On 20 January 2017, the People's Public Security Academy in Hanoi, Vietnam, inaugurated a Dzerzhinsky statue.
Dzerzhinovo
In 1943, the manor house of Dzerzhinovo, where Dzerzhinsky was born, was destroyed and family members (including Dzerzhinsky's brother Kazimierz) were killed by the Germans, because of their support for the
See also
- Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies
- Chekism
- "Internal Troops
- Felix Dzerzhinsky Guards Regiment now defunct military unit of the East German Ministry for State Security (commonly known as the Stasi)
- Monument to F. E. Dzerzhinsky in Taganrog
- Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee
- Polish Autonomous District
- Kang Sheng
Notes
References
- ISBN 9781315401720.
- ISBN 978-1-61168-939-6.
- ISBN 9781404210844. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
Dzerzhinsky was the mastermind behind the Red Terror that allowed the Communists to seize and hold on to power ...
- Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: ISBN 9781138815681.
Estimates of the total number of executed victims of the Terror vary. Rat'kovskii puts the figure at 8,000 for the period from 30 August until the end of the year, Nicolas Werth at between 10,000 and 15,000. The majority of the Terror's targets were former Tsarist officers and representatives of the Tsarist regime.
- ^ Часть IV. На гражданской войнe. // Sergei Melgunov «Красный террор» в России 1918—1923. — 2-ое изд., доп. — Берлин, 1924
- ISBN 9781626165236. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
The Cheka's first mass operation—'Decossackization,' the deportation in April 1919 of an estimated 300,000 people—was more akin to the actions of an invading army than a police measure; it was carried out to secure the southern front against the White armies.
- ISBN 9783640797004. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
In the course of the so called deCossackization, (i.e. the planned annihilation of the Cossacks as a social class) between 300 000 and 500 000 Don Cossacks were killed or deported in the years 1919/20, out of a total population of 3 million ...
- ^ Albert P. Nenarokov. Russia in the Twentieth Century. (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1968), 117–118.
- ^ Фамилия: Гулухов (in Russian)
- ^ Igor Kuznetsov. The Chekist No.1. The life of terror parent (Чекист № 1. Житие отца террора). BelGazeta. 21 July 2020
- ^ Грамота на права, вольности и преимущества благородного российского дворянства, 21 апреля 1785 (Полное собрание законов Российской империи, Ч. I, т. XXII, № 16187; п. 82)
- ^ Veronika Anatolievna Cherkasova. "Феликс не всегда был железным... (Feliks not always was iron...)". Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
- ^ ISBN 978-5-373-01334-5.
- ^ Blobaum 1984, p. 30.
- ^ Fedotkina, Tatiana (5 September 1998). Палач Королевства любви [The executioner of the Kingdom of love]. Moskovskij Komsomolets (in Russian). No. 71.
- ^ Blobaum 1984, p. 37
- ^ Blobaum 1984, p. 42
- ^ Blobaum 1984, p. 46.
- ^ "Rosa Luxemburg: The Polish Question and the Socialist Movement (1905)". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- "Rosa Luxemburg: The National Question (Chap.1)". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ Blobaum 1984, pp. 199–200.
- ^ Blobaum 1984, pp. 212–213.
- ^ Blobaum 1984, pp. 213–217.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "Krasnyj pomieszczik". magwil.lt. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
- ^ Blobaum 1984, pp. 213–222.
- ISBN 1-4000-4005-1. pp. 46–48.
- ISBN 0-19-822862-7pp. 197–201.
- ISBN 0-19-822862-7. p. 647
- ISBN 0-8133-2323-1.
- ISBN 0-19-822862-7. p. 114.
- ^ Blobaum 1984, p. 231.
- ^ "Love and hate for 'Iron Felix': Why do Russians still debate the Soviet security services' founder?". Russia Beyond. Retrieved 20 July 2019.
Apart from that, the top Chekist supervised the establishment of a system of orphanages and child communes, which helped to solve the problem of child homelessness, which was very acute after the Civil War.
- ^ A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism. Edited by Silvio Pons and Robert Service. Princeton University Press. 2010.
- ^ "Leon Trotsky: The History of the Russian Revolution (1.16 Rearming the Party)". Marxists.org. 21 February 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ Blobaum 1984. pp. 230–231.
- ISBN 1-85984-446-4. p. 279.
- ISBN 1842127268.
- Ukrayinska Pravda(14 July 2016)
- UNIAN (4 February 2016)on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
"Rada de-communized Artemivsk as well as over hundred cities and villages" (in Ukrainian). Pravda.com.ua. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
Рада перейменувала Дніпродзержинськ на Кам'янське (in Ukrainian). Українські Національні Новини. 19 May 2016. Archived from the original - .
- ^ a b Jabłoński, Rafał (26 November 2009). "Utracony nos czekisty". Życie Warszawy (in Polish). Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ "Дзержинскому еще раз отказали в месте на Лубянке". BBC. 11 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ "Опрос: 45% россиян хотят вернуть памятник Дзержинскому". BBC. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
- ^ "Центральный дом художника (ЦДХ)". 24 November 2018. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018.
- ^ "Russia Plans To Restore Toppled 'Iron Felix' Statue". Ipotnews. 16 April 2012.
- ^ "Прокуратура признала незаконным снос памятника Дзержинскому на Лубянке". 26 April 2021.
- ^ "Statue of founder of Soviet secret police unveiled in Moscow". theguardian.com. 11 September 2023.
- ^ "Belarus: monument to founder of Soviet secret police unveiled in Minsk". Pravda. 26 May 2006.
- ^ "In Ryazan, a monument to Dzerzhinsky was opened". (a)news. 11 September 2017.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 978-1-4128-4786-5.
Further reading
- Blobaum, Robert. Felix Dzerzhinsky and the SDKPiL: A study of the origins of Polish Communism. 1984. ISBN 0-88033-046-5.
- Debo, Richard K. "Lockhart Plot or Dzerhinskii Plot?." Journal of Modern History 43.3 (1971): 413–439.
External links
- Media related to Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky at Wikimedia Commons
- Picture of the Felix calculator
- FED history Archived 28 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Newspaper clippings about Felix Dzerzhinsky in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW