Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
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Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия | |
---|---|
Menshevism | |
Political position | Left-wing Factions: Centre-left to far-left |
International affiliation | Second International |
Colours | Red |
Most MPs (Jan, 1907) | 65 / 518
|
Party flag | |
The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP; Russian: Российская социал-демократическая рабочая партия (РСДРП), Rossijskaja social-demokratičeskaja rabočaja partija (RSDRP)), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or the Russian Social Democratic Party, was a socialist political party founded in 1898 in Minsk (then in Northwestern Krai of the Russian Empire, present-day Belarus).
Formed to unite the various revolutionary organizations of the Russian Empire into one party, the RSDLP split in 1903 into Bolsheviks ("majority") and Mensheviks ("minority") factions, with the Bolshevik faction eventually becoming the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
History
Origins and early activities
The RSDLP was not the first Russian
Before the
Internal divisions
In 1903, the
A central issue at the Congress was the question of the definition of party membership. Martov proposed the following formulation: "A member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party is one who accepts the Party's programme, supports the Party financially, and renders it regular personal assistance under the direction of one of its organizations".[8] On the other hand, Lenin proposed a more strict definition: "A member of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party is one who accepts its programme and who supports the Party both financially and by personal participation in one of the Party organizations".[8] Martov's big tent definition of party membership initially won the vote 28–23. However, his majority was short-lived, given the exit from the party, for separate reasons, of its Bundist and Economist members who had supported his definition. That left in the majority those in favour of Lenin's definition of party members as, in effect, professional revolutionaries- centrally directed, tightly disciplined, and therefore capable of operating effectively in the tsarist police state. From this was derived the faction names: "Majority" ("Bolshevik") and "Minority" ("Menshevik").
Despite a number of attempts at reunification, the split proved permanent. As time passed, ideological differences emerged in addition to the original organizational differences. The main difference that emerged in the years after 1903 was that the Bolsheviks believed that only the workers, backed up by the peasantry, could carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks in Russia, which would then provide incentive to socialist revolution in Germany, France and Britain, while the Mensheviks believed that the workers and peasants must seek out enlightened people from the liberal bourgeoisie to carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks in Russia. The two warring factions both agreed that the coming revolution would be "bourgeois-democratic" within Russia, but while the Mensheviks viewed the liberals as the main ally in this task, the Bolsheviks opted for an alliance with the peasantry as the only way to carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks while defending the interests of the working class. Essentially, the difference was that the Bolsheviks considered that in Russia the tasks of the bourgeois democratic revolution would have to be carried out without the participation of the bourgeoisie. The 3rd Party Congress was held separately by the Bolsheviks.
The 4th Party Congress was held in Stockholm, Sweden and saw a formal reunification of the two factions (with the Mensheviks in the majority), but the discrepancies between Bolshevik and Menshevik views became particularly clear during the proceedings.
The 5th Party Congress was held in London, England, in 1907. It consolidated the supremacy of the Bolshevik faction and debated strategy for communist revolution in Russia. Joseph Stalin never later referred to his stay in London.[9]
1912 split
The Social Democrats (SDs) boycotted elections to the
In the years of Tsarist repression that followed the defeat of the
The Bolsheviks split threeways into the Proletary group led by Lenin, Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev, who waged a fierce struggle against the liquidators, ultimatists and recallists; the Ultimatist group led by Grigory Aleksinsky, who wished to issue ultimatums to the RSDLP Duma deputies to follow the party line or to resign immediately; and the Recallist group led by Alexander Bogdanov and Anatoly Lunacharsky and supported by Maxim Gorky, who called for the immediate recall of all RSDLP Duma deputies and a boycott of all legal work by the RSDLP, in favour of increased radical underground and illegal work.[11]
There was also a non-faction group led by Leon Trotsky, who denounced all the "factionalism" in the RSDLP, pushed for "unity" in the party and focused more strongly on the problems of Russian workers and peasants on the ground. The Menshevik Julius Martov was formally considered a liquidator partly because most of his closest political friends were liquidators.[11]
In January 1912, Lenin's Proletary Bolshevik group called a conference in Prague and expelled the liquidators, ultimatists and recallists from the RSDLP, which officially led to the creation of a separate party, known as the
The Interdistrictites, known as the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Internationalists), emerged in 1913 as another faction originating from the RSDLP.
Party branches
Estonia
In 1902, the
Livonia
At the 4th (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, the Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party entered the RSDLP as a territorial organisation. After the Congress, its name was changed Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory.[12]
Congresses
Congress | Location | Delegates[b] | Elected to Central Committee | Majority Faction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 13 March – 15 March 1898 |
Minsk, Russian Empire |
9 |
|
— | |
2nd | 30 July – 23 August 1903 |
51 |
|
Mensheviks | ||
3rd | 25 April – 10 May 1905 |
London, United Kingdom |
51 |
|
Bolsheviks | |
4th | 10 April – 25 April 1906 |
Stockholm, Sweden |
112 |
|
Mensheviks | |
5th | 13 May – 1 June 1907 |
London, United Kingdom |
338 |
|
Bolsheviks |
Electoral history
Legislative elections
Year | Votes | % | Seat(s) | +/– | Leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1906 | Unknown (3rd) | 3.8 | 18 / 478
|
New | Julius Martov |
Jan, 1907 | Unknown (3rd) | 12.5 | 65 / 518
|
47 | |
Oct, 1907 | Unknown (4th) | 3.7 | 19 / 509
|
46 | |
1912 | Unknown (4th) | 3.3 | 14 / 434
|
5 |
See also
- Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § Non-Bolshevik political parties
- Factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
- Socialist Revolutionary Party
- Zreniye
Notes
- ^ There is no definitive date on which the RSDLP dissolved. The party split into the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions in 1903, with the two factions forming separate parties in 1912. However, joint party organisations continued to exist until 1917.[citation needed]
- ^ Also known as representatives.
- ^ Thirteen sessions of the second congress took place in Brussels before it was moved to London.
Footnotes
- ^ Cavendish, Richard (11 November 2003). "The Bolshevik-Menshevik Split". History Today. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ Ascher, Abraham. The Revolution of 1905. p. 4.
- ISBN 978-90-04-13120-0.
- ^ Scholey, Keith. "The Communist Club". Archived from the original on 1 November 2018.
- ^ a b c "Vladimir Lenin | Biography, Facts, & Ideology | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
- OCLC 881415856.
- OCLC 224176363.
- ^ a b "1903: Organisational Rules of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party". marxists.org. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ Gould, Mark; Revill, Jo (24 October 2004). "Luxury beckons for East End's house of history". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ Badayev, Aleksey. "Badayev: The Bolsheviks in the Tsarist Duma". marxists.org. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ ISBN 9780091932862.
- ^ Lenin, Vladimir. "Lenin: The Second Conference of the R.S.D.L.P. (First All-Russia Conference)". marxists.org. Retrieved 27 October 2017.