Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford
Anthony Greenwood | |
---|---|
Succeeded by | Frederick Lee |
First Lord of the Admiralty | |
In office 24 May 1951 – 13 October 1951 | |
Monarch | George VI |
Prime Minister | Clement Attlee |
Preceded by | The Viscount Hall |
Succeeded by | James Thomas |
Minister of Civil Aviation | |
In office 31 May 1948 – 1 June 1951 | |
Monarch | Lord Temporal |
as a hereditary peer 16 October 1945 – 11 November 1999 | |
Preceded by | Peerage created [1] |
Succeeded by | Seat abolished |
as a life peer 17 November 1999 – 3 August 2001 | |
Personal details | |
Born | Francis Aungier Pakenham 5 December 1905 London, England |
Died | 3 August 2001 London, England | (aged 95)
Political party | Labour |
Spouse |
Elizabeth Harman (m. 1931) |
Children | 8, including Antonia, Thomas, Judith, Rachel, and Michael |
Parent(s) | Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford Lady Mary Child-Villiers |
Alma mater | New College, Oxford |
Francis Aungier Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford,
Longford was famed for championing social outcasts and unpopular causes.
As a devout Christian determined to translate faith into action, he was known for his bombastic style and his eccentricity.[4] Although a shrewd and influential politician, he was also widely unpopular among Labour leaders, particularly for his lack of ministerial ability, and was moved from cabinet post to cabinet post, never serving more than two years at any one ministry. Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson opined that Longford had the mental capacity of a 12-year-old.[5]
In 1972, he was made a
Longford was instrumental in
Background and education
Born in London to an
Political career
After a disastrous spell in stockbroking with
Pakenham then embarked on a political career. In
In 1961, Pakenham inherited from his brother the earldom of Longford in the Peerage of Ireland and from then onward was generally known to the public as Lord Longford. When Labour returned to power in October 1964 under Harold Wilson, Longford was appointed Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords,[18] despite the fact that Wilson had little respect for him.[5] In December 1965 he became Secretary of State for the Colonies, continuing as Leader of the House of Lords. After only four months at the Colonial Office, he was removed from the post for failing to master his brief,[citation needed] and again became Lord Privy Seal in April 1966. Wilson often talked about sacking Longford from his government, which is believed by some to have led to Longford's resignation as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords in January 1968 – though the actual occasion of his resignation was the failure of Education Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker to agree to the raising of the school-leaving age.[5][19] In 1972 he was created a Knight Companion of the Garter.[20]
Penal reform
Longford began visiting prisoners in the 1930s when he was a city councillor in Oxford, and continued to do so every week, all around the country, until shortly before his death in 2001. Among the thousands he befriended and helped were a small number of individuals who had committed the most notorious crimes, including child murderer
In 1956, he set up New Bridge Foundation, an organisation that aimed to help prisoners stay in touch with society and integrate them back into it.[21][22]
New Bridge set up
Longford was a leading figure in the Nationwide Festival of Light of 1971, protesting against the commercial exploitation of sex and violence, and advocating the teaching of Christ as the key to recovering moral stability in the nation. His anti-pornography campaigning made him the subject of derision and he was labelled by the press as Lord Porn when he and former prison doctor Christine Temple-Saville set out on a wide-ranging tour of sex industry establishments in the early 1970s to compile a self-funded report.[13] The press made much of his visits to strip clubs in Copenhagen.
Myra Hindley
He gained a reputation for eccentricity, becoming known for his efforts to rehabilitate offenders and in particular campaigning for the parole and release from prison of the
Longford's support for Hindley led to the soubriquet Lord Wrongford from the tabloid press, which largely opposed Hindley being released from prison. It also coincided with Longford's contact with Hindley becoming public knowledge in 1972,[26] when "Lord Porn" was in the midst of the debacle of a much-lampooned anti-pornography crusade against "indecency", giving rise to more allegations of hypocrisy than had already resulted from his tours of sex clubs.
In 1977, 11 years after Hindley was convicted of two murders and being an accessory to a third murder, Longford appeared on television and spoke openly of his belief that Hindley should now be considered for parole as she had shown clear signs of progress in prison and now served long enough for the
In 1985, he condemned the Parole Board's decision not to consider Hindley's release for another five years as "barbaric". His campaign for Hindley continued even after she admitted to two more murders in 1986, which further strengthened media and public suspicion that Hindley’s reported rehabilitation and remorse were nothing more than a ploy to boost her chances of gaining parole. There was also widespread doubt regarding Hindley’s claims that she had only taken part in the killings due to being bullied and blackmailed by Brady.
In 1990,
The next three Home Secretaries all agreed with Waddington's ruling. Hindley appealed against her whole life tariff in the High Court in December 1997, November 1998 and March 2000, but each appeal was rejected. Longford maintained that she was a reformed character who was no longer a threat to society, and had qualified for parole. He regularly commented, along with several other Hindley supporters, that she was a "political prisoner" who was being kept in prison for votes, to serve the interests of a succession of Home Secretaries and their respective governments. Home Office files would later reveal that in 1975 Longford had also lobbied various government ministers, including the Home Secretary Roy Jenkins, on Brady's behalf, as well. This resulted in Brady obtaining special treatment while remaining in the prison hospital, rather than being returned to the segregation unit. This gave him access to adolescent "youth custody" inmates; he was only removed from this privileged situation in 1982, after he was accused by several underage inmates of sexual assault. Unlike Hindley, Brady never wanted to be paroled from his life sentence, and remained in custody for more than 50 years until his death in May 2017 at the age of 79.[30]
In March 1996, Longford backed up Hindley's claim in an
In 1986, Longford reportedly told Ann West that unless she forgave Hindley and Brady, she would not go to heaven when she died. He also commented that he was "tremendously sorry for her, but letting her decide Myra's fate would be ludicrous".[32]
Hindley died in November 2002, having never been paroled.[33]
The story of Longford's campaign to free Hindley was told in the
Decriminalisation of homosexuality
In 1956, Longford launched the first Parliamentary debate in support of the
In the 1960s, while continuing to support the decriminalisation of homosexuality in England and Wales, he nonetheless asserted that homosexuality was "nauseating" and that, regardless of any change in the law, it was "utterly wrongful".[35] He was of the belief that homosexuality was something that could be "taught".[36]
In the mid-1980s, Longford was a vocal supporter of the introduction of Section 28 by Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government and, during the Parliamentary debates, he stated his opinion that homosexuals are "handicapped people".[37] Section 28 became law in 1988, but Longford continued to support it and fought against its repeal when the new Labour government came to power in 1997. Section 28 was eventually repealed in 2003, two years after his death.
Longford's highly publicised condemnation of homosexuality in the late 1980s made him a target of comedian
Longford also opposed any attempts to lower the age of consent for homosexual acts below 21; in 1977 and in 1994, he spoke against lowering it to 18, claiming that "the years of 18 and 19 are [...] the years when the destiny of young men may be decided for life" and that people of that age could have too easily been seduced into a homosexual lifestyle; in the early years of Tony Blair's government, he criticized plans to equalise the age of consent for gay men (at that time 18) with that of heterosexual men (16), remarking in a 1998 House of Lords debate that:
...if someone seduced my daughter, it would be damaging and horrifying but not fatal. She would recover, marry and have lots of children... On the other hand, if some elderly, or not so elderly, schoolmaster seduced one of my sons and taught him to be a homosexual, he would ruin him for life. That is the fundamental distinction.[39]
He was ultimately unsuccessful on those counts, as the age of consent for gay men ended up being lowered to 18 in 1994 and ultimately to 16 in 2001.
House of Lords reforms (1999)
Under the
Writings
Known for his interest in Irish history, he wrote a number of books on the topic. Peace By Ordeal: An Account from First-Hand Sources of the Negotiation and Signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, published in 1935, is arguably his best-known work. It documents the negotiations of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 between Irish and British representatives. His account uses primary sources from the time, many however anonymous. Commentators differ widely on its merits and reliability.[41][42]
Longford came greatly to admire Éamon de Valera and was chosen as the co-author of his official biography Éamon de Valera, which was published in 1970, co-written with Thomas P. O'Neill. He campaigned for decades to have the Hugh Lane bequest pictures restored to Dublin, and with Lord Moyne and Sir Denis Mahon, brokered a compromise-sharing agreement in 1959.[43]
Personal life
At Oxford, Longford met his wife,
- Lady Antonia Margaret Caroline Pakenham (b. 27 August 1932), writer; previously married to Hugh Fraser and had six children, was married to Harold Pinter until his death
- Thomas Frank Dermot Pakenham, 8th Earl of Longford (b. 14 August 1933), historian; married with issue (four children)
- The Hon. Patrick Maurice Pakenham (17 April 1937 – 8 June 2005[44]), barrister; married Mary Plummer, three children
- Judith Elizabeth Pakenham (14 August 1940 – 18 September 2018), writer; previously married to Alexander John Kazantzis, two children
- Lady Rachel Mary Pakenham (b. 11 April 1942), writer; married to director Kevin Billington, four children
- The Hon. Sir Michael Aidan Pakenham (b. 3 November 1943), diplomat; married to Meta Landreth Doak, two children
- Lady Catherine Rose Pakenham (28 February 1946 – 11 August 1969), journalist; died in a car accident, unmarried.
- The Hon. Kevin John Toussaint Pakenham[45] (1 November 1947 – 19 July 2020), banker;[46] married to Ruth Jackson,[47] then Claire Hoare, then Ronke Phillips; six children.[48]
Longford died from heart failure at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital on 3 August 2001, at the age of 95, and was cremated at Mortlake Crematorium.[13][49]
His wife,
The then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, said of Longford after his death: "He was a great man of passionate integrity and humanity, and a great reformer committed to modernising the law, while also caring deeply for individuals".[9]
Arms
See also
- The Longford Lectures
- The Longford Prize
References
- ^ Inherited the Earldom of Longford on 4 February 1961.
- ^ Hoge, Warren (6 August 2001). "Lord Longford, Champion of Eccentric Causes, Dies at 95". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
- ^ "Longford Prize". longfordtrust.org.
- ^ a b Stanford, Peter. "Obituary: Lord Longford". The Guardian. London.
- ^ a b c d Stanford, Peter (6 August 2001). "Lord Longford". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
- ^ "PORNOGRAPHY: THE LONGFORD REPORT (Hansard, 29 November 1972)".
- ^ "The Longford Report » 23 Sep 1972 » the Spectator Archive".
- ^ Walker, Andrew (19 October 2006). "The saint and the sinner". BBC News.
- ^ a b "Campaigning Lord Longford dies". cnn.com. 3 August 2001.
- ^ Aitken, Jonathan (2007). Heroes and Contemporaries. Continuum.
- ^ a b Stanford, Peter (7 July 2003). "Dangerous Liaison". The Telegraph.
- ^ Smith, Anna Marie (1994). New Right Discourse on Race and Sexuality: Britain, 1968–1990. Cambridge University Press. p. 205.
Earl of Longford homosexuality.
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/76133. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Campaigner Lord Longford dies", BBC News, 3 August 2001. Retrieved on 31 March 2007.
- ^ Craig, Mary. Longford — A Biographical Portrait (Hodder & Stoughton, 1978), pp. 59–61
- ^ "No. 37305". The London Gazette. 12 October 1945. p. 5026.
- ^ "UK Parliament; House of Lords". House of Lords; Volume 627. 15 October 2001.
- ^ "Peering at the Catholic lords". Catholic Herald. 18 January 1985.
- ^ Mary Craig, Longford — A Biographical Portrait (Hodder & Stoughton, 1978), pp. 149
- ^ "No. 45349". The London Gazette. 23 April 1971. p. 4083.
- ^ Stanford, Peter, "Looking for a Way Out", The Independent, 20 July 2003; retrieved on 31 March 2007.
- ^ "ABOUT US". New Bridge Foundation. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ "Inside Story: Prison media". The Independent. 18 February 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
- ^ Billington, Rachel (November 2014). "Month by Month". Inside Time Newspaper.
- ^ "Crime – a challenge to us all: report of the Labour Party Study Group (Chairman: Lord Longford)". London: Labour Party Study Group. 1964.
- ISBN 9781845968151.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Brass Tacks. 6 July 1977. Archived from the originalon 18 October 2020.
- ^ "Case for release of Myra Hindley From Mr David L Astor and Lord Longford". The Times. 13 December 1994.
- ^ Staff, Duncan (13 October 2006). "Dangerous Liaison". The Guardian.
- ^ "How Moors murderer Brady had access to vulnerable teens in jail". BBC News. 26 June 2019.
- ^ "Hindley votes claim lashed". thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
- ^ "Why Myra must never be freed; Scots detective who arrested evil Hindley ends 30-year silence". bernardomahoney.com. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008.
- ^ "With release in sight and after 36 years in jail, Myra Hindley dies". The Guardian. 15 November 2002.
- ISBN 0-7509-3248-1.
- ^ Galloway, Bruce. Prejudice and Pride: Discrimination Against Gay People in Modern Britain, Routledge & Keegan Paul Publishing, 1983, (page 85 – Nigel Warner).
- ^ Baker, Paul (2005). Public Discourses of Gay Men. Routledge.
- ^ "Workers' Liberty". workersliberty.org.
- ^ Julian Clary – The Mincing Machine Tour – Virgin Video Media (1989)
- ^ Stonewall website – Sexual Offences Amendment Bill (1999) – Parliamentary Briefing (page 11)
- ^ "No. 55672". The London Gazette. 19 November 1999. p. 12349.
- ISBN 978-0-933256-53-8.
- ^ Michael Collins. Soldier and Statesman by Piaras Beaslaí (Dublin, 1937), Appendix, pp. 414-420
- ^ Foster, Roy (30 May 2015). "How Ireland was robbed of Hugh Lane's great art collection". The Guardian.
- ^ "Obituaries — Patrick Pakenham". The Daily Telegraph. 22 June 2005.
- ^ "Hon. Kevin John Toussaint Pakenham". National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Team: Kevin Pakenham". pakenhampartners.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ^ "Ruth Lesley Pakenham (née Jackson)". National Portrait Gallery, London. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Kevin Pakenham obituary". The Times. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
- ^ "Mortlake Crematorium" (PDF). On Kew. Spring 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2013.
- ^ Bradford, Sarah (24 October 2002). "The Countess of Longford". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 6 July 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
Films about Lord Longford
- Ian Brady.
Books about Lord Longford
- Stanford, Peter (2003). The Outcast's Outcast: A Biography of Lord Longford. Stroud, UK: Sutton Publishing. pp. 512. ISBN 0-7509-3248-1.
- Fraser, Antonia(2015), My History: A Memoir of Growing Up, New York: Doubleday. [Account, both personal and political, by a daughter of Pakenham.]
External links
- Portraits of Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Longford Trust
- New Bridge Foundation
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Longford
- "Campaigner Lord Longford dies". BBC News article dated Friday, 3 August 2001
- "Lord Longford: Aristocratic moral crusader". BBC News obituary dated Friday, 3 August 2001
- "Tributes to humanist peer". BBC News article dated Friday, 3 August 2001
- Lord Longford. Guardian obituary by Peter Stanford dated Monday, 6 August 2001
- Announcement of his taking the oath for the first time as Lord Pakenham of Cowley, House of Lords Minute of Proceedings, 17 November 1999
- Recognition of his work on the Hugh Lane bequest
- Newspaper clippings about Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Portrait of Frank Pakenham in the UK Parliamentary Collections