Fraxinus americana
Fraxinus americana | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Lamiales |
Family: | Oleaceae |
Genus: | Fraxinus |
Section: | Fraxinus sect. Melioides |
Species: | F. americana
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Binomial name | |
Fraxinus americana | |
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Natural range of Fraxinus americana | |
Synonyms[3] | |
Synonymy
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Fraxinus americana, the white ash or American ash, is a fast-growing species of ash tree native to eastern and central North America.
The species is native to
There are an estimated 8 billion ash trees in the United States
Characteristics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/2015-10-21_10_57_30_White_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_along_Pennington_Road_%28New_Jersey_Route_31%29_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-2015-10-21_10_57_30_White_Ash_foliage_during_autumn_along_Pennington_Road_%28New_Jersey_Route_31%29_in_Ewing%2C_New_Jersey.jpg)
The name white ash derives from the
Like other species in the section Melioides, Fraxinus americana is
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Fraxinus_americana_%28Oleaceae%29.jpg/220px-Fraxinus_americana_%28Oleaceae%29.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/White_Ash_Leaves.jpg/220px-White_Ash_Leaves.jpg)
Cultivation and uses
White ash is one of the most used trees for everyday purposes and, to keep up with high demand, is cultivated almost everywhere possible. The wood is white and quite dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m3),[17] strong, and straight-grained. Its species produces an ideal, atypical dominant excurrent structured crown. It is a traditional timber of choice for production of baseball bats and tool handles. The wood is also favorable for furniture and flooring. A study[18] compared it to eight other different species, and it showed the highest antibacterial activity in the context of manufacturing chopping boards.
Woodworkers use the timber mainly for interior uses due to high perishability in contact with ground soil.[17] It is also used to make lobster traps. Since the 1950s, it has also become a popular choice for solid electric guitar bodies.[19] It makes a serviceable longbow if properly worked. The wood was used in ceiling fan blades from the 1970s through the mid-1980s, though cane was sometimes simulated with plastic then. It is no longer used for ceiling fan blades in most countries.
White ash is not seen in cultivation as often as
Cultivation of white ash differs across North American continent. For example, within the City of
Autumn Purple, or Junginger, a wild variety of American white ash selected for its purple leaf color, was discovered by
North American native ash tree species are used by
Emerald ash borer
The
An infested tree can be recognized by premature fall color and leaf
Ash fungal disease
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is a fungal disease that attacks ash trees. The disease causes leaf loss, crown dieback, and lesions in the bark. This fungus is, for the most part, fatal, both directly and indirectly, by weakening the tree's immune system so that it is more susceptible to attacks from pests or pathogens. Because of this, younger trees are more affected, and fully mature ash trees are incapable of living long enough to reproduce. The disease has spread over most of Europe and has been confirmed in Britain, however, it has not yet been found in North America. The scale of the threat is not yet known, but is thought to be able to cause significant damage to the ash landscape of Europe and the UK.[32]
References
- ^ . Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ NatureServe (2 February 2024). "Fraxinus americana". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 7 February 2024.
- ^ "Fraxinus americana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
- ^ "Fraxinus americana". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
- ^ "Fraxinus americana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ "Fraxinus americana". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
- ^ "Ash Conservation Research". USDA.gov. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
- ^ "The most common Ash species in the United States". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ Griffith, Randy Scott (1991). "Fraxinus americana". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ "Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Plant Finder". Missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ Gucker, Corey L. (2005). "Fraxinus pennsylvanica". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
- ^ Common Trees of the North Carolina Piedmont: Fraxinus americana
- ^ New Brunswick tree and shrub: Fraxinus americana Archived 11 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "White Ash (Fraxinus americana)". Devostree.ca. 12 February 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
- S2CID 24152294.
- ^ "Fraxinus comparison chart". Uwgb.edu. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
- ^ a b White Ash, Niche Timbers. Retrieved on 2009-07-24.
- PMID 31159115.
- ^ "Ash vs. Alder: What's the Diff?". Fender.com. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
- ^ "Urban Trees and Forests of the Chicago Region" (PDF). Fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ^ "Patriotically Protecting American Ash from Species Modern Day Extinction". 29 April 2017.
- ^ Nesom, G.L. (2010) "Fraxinus biltmoreana and Fraxinus smallii (Oleaceae): forest trees of the eastern United States". Phytoneuron 2010-51: 1-30
- ^ Weakley (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. University of North Carolina Herbarium, Chapel Hill, NC
- ^ .
- ^ "Black Ash". Illinois Wildflowers. Dr. John Hilty. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-4349-7536-2.
- S2CID 92553498.
- ^ "Andrea C. Anulewicz, Deborah G. McCullough, and David L. Cappaert. 2007. Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) Density and Canopy Dieback in Three North American Ash Species". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry. 33 (55): 338–349. 2007. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ^ "Emerald Ash Borer". Emeraldashborer.info. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ^ "Insect galleries in Ash trees". Minnesota State.
- ^ "Emerald ash borer - Tree pests and diseases not present in UK". Forestry.gov.uk. GB Forestry Commission. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ GB, Forestry Commission. "Chalara dieback of ash - tree pests and diseases". Forestry.gov.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
External links
Media related to Fraxinus americana at Wikimedia Commons