Oleaceae

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Oleaceae
Olive (Olea europaea)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Hoffmanns. & Link
Tribes
Synonyms
  • Bolivariaceae Griseb.
  • Forstiereae (Forstieraceae) Endl.
  • Fraxineae (Fraxinaceae) S.F. Gray
  • Iasmineae (Iasminaceae) Link
  • Jasmineae (Jasminaceae) Juss.
  • Lilacaceae Ventenat
  • Nyctantheae (Nyctanthaceae) J.G. Agardh
  • Syringaceae Horan.

Oleaceae, also known as the olive family or sometimes the lilac family, is a

extinct.[2] The extant genera include Cartrema, which was resurrected in 2012.[3] The number of species in the Oleaceae is variously estimated in a wide range around 700. The flowers are often numerous and highly odoriferous.[4] The family has a subcosmopolitan distribution, ranging from the subarctic to the southernmost parts of Africa, Australia, and South America. Notable members include olive, ash, jasmine, and several popular ornamental plants including privet, forsythia, fringetrees, and lilac.[5]

Genera

The following 29 extant genera are recognized in the family Oleaceae.

polyphyletic
and not clearly defined.

Overview

The

molecular phylogenetic studies, but the relationships among the tribes were not clarified until 2014.[7] The phylogenetic tree for Oleaceae is a 5-grade
that can be represented as {Myxopyreae [Forsythieae (Fontanesieae <Jasmineae + Oleeae>)]}.

The major

animals. In the case that the fruit is a berry, the species is mostly dispersed by birds. The wind-dispersed fruits are samaras
.

Some of the older works have recognized as many as 29 genera in Oleaceae.[10] Today, most authors recognize at least 25, but this number will change because some of these genera have recently been shown to be polyphyletic.

Estimates of the number of species in Oleaceae have ranged from 600 to 900. Most of the species number discrepancy is due to the genus Jasminum in which as few as 200[11] or as many as 450[12] species have been accepted.

In spite of the sparsity of the

fossil record, and the inaccuracy of molecular-clock dating, it is clear that Oleaceae is an ancient family that became widely distributed early in its history. Some of the genera are believed to be relictual
populations that remained unchanged over long periods because of isolation imposed by geographical barriers like the low-elevation areas that separate mountain peaks.

Description

Members of the family Oleaceae are woody plants, mostly trees and shrubs; a few are lianas. Some of the shrubs are scandent, climbing by scrambling into other vegetation.

tropical
regions, and deciduous species predominating in colder regions.

The

superior with two locules. The placentation is axile. Ovules usually 2 per locule; sometimes 4, rarely many. Nectary disk, when present, encircling the base of the ovary. The plants are most often hermaphrodite
but sometimes polygamomonoecious.

The fruit can be a

capsule or samaras
.

The obvious feature that distinguishes Oleaceae and its sister family, Carlemanniaceae, from all others, is the fact that while the flowers are actinomorphic, the number of stamens is reduced to two.

Many members of the family are economically significant. The

fringe trees are valued as ornamental plants in gardens and landscaping. At least two species of jasmine are the source of an essential oil. Their flowers are often added to tea
.

History

valid publication of the family name Oleaceae. For example, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, in his Genera Plantarum in 1789, placed them in an order which he called "Jasmineae".[14] In 1809, in a flora of Portugal, Johann Centurius Hoffmannsegg and Johann H.F. Link described at the taxonomic rank of family a group which they called "Oleinae".[15][16] Their description is now regarded as the establishment of what we now know as Oleaceae.[17]

The last revision of Oleaceae was published in 2004 in a series entitled The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Since that time, molecular phylogenetic work has shown that the next revision of Oleaceae must include substantial changes to the circumscription of genera.

Classification

Oleaceae is most closely related to the small Indo-Malesian family

monophyletic "core Lamiales".[7]

Taxonomy

Oleaceae is one of only a few major plant families for which no well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study has ever been conducted. The only

chloroplast genome of Oleaceae is very low compared to that of most other angiosperm families.[19]

Also, the family is notorious for incongruence between phylogenies based on plastid and

hybridization.[20]

The delimitation of genera in Oleaceae has always been especially problematic. Some recent studies of small groups of related genera have shown that some of the genera are not monophyletic. For example, Olea section Tetrapilus is separate from the rest of Olea. It is a distinct group of 23 species and had been named as a genus, Tetrapilus, by João de Loureiro in 1790.[21]

The genus Ligustrum has long been suspected of having originated from within Syringa, and this was confirmed in a cladistic comparison of selected chloroplast genes.[22]

Osmanthus consists of at least three lineages whose closest relatives are not other lineages of Osmanthus.[23]

Chionanthus is highly polyphyletic, with its species scattered across the phylogenetic tree of the subtribe Oleinae. Its African species are closer to Noronhia than to its type species, the North American Chionanthus virginicus. Its Madagascan species are phylogenetically within Noronhia and will be formally transferred to it in a forthcoming paper.[20]

The monophyly of Nestegis is in considerable doubt, but few of its closest relatives have been sampled in phylogenetic studies.

References

  1. hdl:10654/18083
    .
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
  3. ^ Nesom, Guy L. (2012). "Synopsis of American Cartrema" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 96: 1–11.
  4. ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-333-47494-5
    (set).
  6. ^ "Oleaceae Hoffmanns. & Link | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  7. ^
    PMID 24509797
    .
  8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9609-9
  9. ISBN 978-0-915279-34-0
    (set).
  10. ^ Flora ornamental española, VI (Araliaceae – Boraginaceae), 2010.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-1-84246-011-5
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4
    .
  13. ^ Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). 1753. Species Plantarum, 1st edition, vol. 1, pages 6-9. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Lars Salvius). (A facsimile with an introduction by William T. Stearn was published by the Ray Society in 1957).
  14. ^ Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. "ORDO IV Jasmineae" pages 104-106. In: Genera plantarum :secundum ordines naturales disposita, ....
  15. ^ Oleaceae in International Plant Names Index.
  16. ^ Johann Centurius von Hoffmannsegg and Johann H.F. Link. 1809. Flore Portugaise ou description de toutes des plantes ... 1:62.
  17. ^ James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome.
  18. ^ Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Oleaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Botanical Databases At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website.
  19. PMID 11118421
    .
  20. ^
    PMID 23415987
    .
  21. ^ Tetrapilus in International Plant Names Index.
  22. S2CID 83590628
    .
  23. S2CID 21252789
    .

External links

  • Media related to Oleaceae at Wikimedia Commons
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