Fulton v. City of Philadelphia

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Fulton v. City of Philadelphia
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued November 4, 2020
Decided June 17, 2021
Full case nameSharonell Fulton, et al., Petitioners v. City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, et al.
Docket no.19-123
Citations593 U.S. ___ (more)
141 S. Ct. 1868
210 L. Ed. 2d 137
Case history
Prior
  • Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, 320
    E.D. Pa.
    2018)
  • Affirmed, 922
    3d Cir.
    2019)
  • Cert. granted, 140 S. Ct. 1104 (2020)
Holding
The refusal of Philadelphia to contract with CSS for the provision of foster care services unless CSS agrees to certify same-sex couples as foster parents violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment
Court membership
Chief Justice
John Roberts
Associate Justices
Clarence Thomas · Stephen Breyer
Samuel Alito · Sonia Sotomayor
Elena Kagan · Neil Gorsuch
Brett Kavanaugh · Amy Coney Barrett
Case opinions
MajorityRoberts, joined by Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan, Kavanaugh, Barrett
ConcurrenceBarrett, joined by Kavanaugh; Breyer (all but first paragraph)
ConcurrenceAlito (in judgment), joined by Thomas, Gorsuch
ConcurrenceGorsuch (in judgment), joined by Thomas, Alito
Laws applied
U.S. Const. amend. I

Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, 593 U.S. ___ (2021), was a

same-sex couples
as foster parents on religious grounds.

In a unanimous judgment on June 17, 2021, the Court ruled that the city's refusal due to the agency's same-sex couple policy violated the Free Exercise Clause. The case was decided on narrow grounds outside of the Supreme Court's prior decision in Employment Division v. Smith, which had previously ruled that neutral laws of general applicability could not be challenged for violating religious exemptions. Instead, in Fulton, the court ruled that services like foster care contracting were not generally applicable under Smith, and thus were subject to strict scrutiny review. Because the city allowed for exceptions to be made in its anti-discrimination policy for foster care certification, the Court deemed the city's refusal to grant an exemption for Catholic Social Services as violating its free exercise of religion under Smith.

Background

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia runs the Catholic Social Services of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia (CSS), which has operated a foster care agency in Philadelphia for over 100 years. The foster care agency had been registered with the city up through 2018.

The Philadelphia Inquirer ran an article on March 13, 2018, which described the experience of a same-sex couple that went to an information session at Bethany Christian Service, which operated its own foster care service separate from CSS. At the session, the couple were told they would be wasting time because there was a policy for refusing to certify same-sex couples as foster parents. In following up, the reporter discovered that CSS held a similar policy, and had spoken to the city's Department of Human Services, which oversaw regulating foster care services, to notify them of these issues.[1] The Commissioner of Human Services for the city, Cynthia Figueroa, followed up on the report with both CSS and Bethany Christian Services to confirm its veracity towards discrimination against same-sex couples. Figueroa also reviewed the standard with other registered foster care agencies for the city, many also who were also run by religious organizations, but found none of the others had similar restrictions against same-sex couples. Within a few days of the article's publication, the city suspended CSS's contract; the Bethany Christian Service had been able to work a deal to accept foster care from same-sex couples to maintain theirs.[2]

CSS and several foster couples under CSS, including foster mothers Sharonell Fulton and Toni Simms-Busch, brought litigation against the city in the

disability-based exceptions within foster-care placements[4]

The city countered that the precedent set by

religious minorities.[6][7]

The District Court refused to grant a preliminary injunction against the city's contract termination, leading CSS to appeal to the Third Circuit. The Third Circuit unanimously ruled against CSS, upholding the city's claim against Employment Division v. Smith.[5]

Supreme Court

CSS and the foster parents petitioned to the Supreme Court to hear the case, which was certified in February 2020.[5] Oral arguments occurred over telephone on November 4, 2020; Neal Katyal offered oral argument for the city.[8]

Oral arguments

On November 4, the Court heard oral arguments in Fulton. Two conservative members made clear that in their eyes the city of Philadelphia was not respectful of the religious beliefs held by

Catholic Social Services (CSS). It appeared to Justice Brett Kavanaugh that Philadelphia was “looking for a fight” by taking an "absolutist and extreme position". Justice Samuel Alito noted that the case wasn't about same-sex couples in Philadelphia having the opportunity to be foster parents, but it's “the fact the city can’t stand the message that Catholic Social Services and the Archdiocese are sending by continuing to adhere to the old-fashioned view about marriage.”[9]

The key issues discussed during oral argument were general applicability under Smith, whether CSS is running a government program or the recipient of a license to provide a service, comparison to other forms of discrimination, and why the case was before the Court when no same-sex couples had ever been turned down by CSS.[6]

According to the New York Times, questions posed by newly appointed Associate Justice Amy Coney Barrett during the case's oral arguments were "evenhanded and did not reveal her position."[9]

Decision

The Court issued its decision on June 17, 2021.[10][11] In a unanimous judgment, the Court reversed the Third Circuit's ruling and remanded the case for further review. The majority opinion was written by Chief Justice John Roberts and joined by Justices Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett. The decision was made on narrow grounds beyond the scope of Smith. Roberts identified that the anti-discrimination clause in the city's foster care certification policy included an allowance for exceptions to be made by the Commissioner of Human Services. Roberts found that with this exception capability, the anti-discrimination clause failed via Smith, in that "where the State has in place a system of individual exemptions, it may not refuse to extend that system to cases of 'religious hardship' without compelling reason".[12] Roberts wrote that the city's policy to deny contracting CSS due to their same-sex couple policy violated the Free Exercise Clause.[13] Roberts concluded that "The City has burdened CSS's religious exercise through policies that do not satisfy the threshold requirement of being neutral and generally applicable", and thus ruled against the city.[14] Roberts wrote "it is plain that the city's actions have burdened CSS's religious exercise by putting it to the choice of curtailing its mission or approving relationships inconsistent with its beliefs."[15] Roberts wrote that foster care services do not fall as a public accommodation, and as such, the Court applied strict scrutiny review of the city's policies towards any potential discrimination.[16]

Justice Barrett wrote a concurring opinion to which Justice Kavanaugh joined and Justice Breyer joined for all but the first paragraph. While Barrett wrote that "the textual and structural arguments against Smith...are compelling", she joined in the majority in the narrow opinion that did not evoke Smith, stating that "There would be a number of issues to work through if Smith were overruled."[12]

Justice Samuel Alito wrote an opinion concurring in judgment, which was joined by Justices Clarence Thomas and Neil Gorsuch. Justice Gorsuch also wrote an opinion concurring in judgment, which Thomas and Alito joined. In both opinions, the Justices expressed concerns that the majority rationale for the judgment did not do enough to support religious freedoms and had left Smith in place.[16] Alito called for the overturning of Smith and wrote in his opinion "The Court has emitted a wisp of a decision that leaves religious liberty in a confused and vulnerable state. Those who count on this Court to stand up for the First Amendment have every right to be disappointed – as am I."[13][17] Alito opined that the Smith standard should be replaced with "the standard that Smith replaced: A law that imposes a substantial burden on religious exercise can be sustained only if it is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling government interest."[17] Gorsuch's opinion echoed Alito's call for overturning Smith, adding that the majority opinion had undertaken a "dizzying series of maneuvers" to arrive at their judgment.[17]

Reactions

Prior to the Court's ruling, Fulton had been anticipated to be a landmark case in the conflict between freedom of religious expression and LGBT rights; with the Court's conservative majority, it had been expected that the decision would have been a significant victory for religious groups and a loss for LGBT supporters.[12] Instead, the Court's decision was seen as narrowly focused that only gave a small victory for conservative religious groups, and bypassed larger questions that had been asked regarding the accommodations for LGBT by religion-based groups in governmental regulations.[12][18] Mark Joseph Stern for Slate opined that Roberts had written the opinion in a narrow matter to minimize the impact on LGBT rights so as to bring the liberal members of the Court into joining with the majority.[19]

Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. Hialeah requiring strict scrutiny analysis for laws that burden religious practice has been applied more expansively in recent cases.[20] Richard Garnett of Notre Dame Law School said that the unanimous ruling reaffirming this trend in free exercise jurisprudence was "highly significant" and gained support from the Court's liberal wing.[18] Adam Winkler said the decision was "definitely not a landmark case" but reflected the "importance of religious liberty in this Supreme Court".[18] Ian Millhiser wrote in an article for Vox that the majority opinion was "exceedingly narrow" and was decided "on grounds that are unlikely to have many implications for future cases".[12] The narrowness of the decision in Fulton was compared to the Court's approach in deciding Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission in 2018, where a baker refused to provide a custom-made cake for a gay couple's wedding and had faced action under the Colorado anti-discrimination laws; in Masterpiece, the Court similarly ruled on a narrow basis on the approach Colorado had taken in reprimanding the baker, rather than establish any landmark decision.[12][21]

Philadelphia's City Solicitor Diana Cortes called the ruling a "difficult and disappointing setback" but was also gratified that the decision did not "radically change existing constitutional law to adopt a standard that would force court-ordered religious exemptions from civic obligations in every arena."[21] A lawyer at The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty, which represented CSS and other foster care groups in the case, named Lori Windham stated that the Court's decision was a "common-sense ruling in favor of religious social services".[21] "It’s a beautiful day when the highest court in the land protects foster moms and the 200-year-old religious ministry that supports them", said Lori Windham, the senior counsel at Becket who argued the case in Fulton.[14] Plaintiffs Sharronell Fulton and Toni Simms-Busch were both pleased with the ruling; Fulton stated "I am overjoyed that the Supreme Court recognized the import work of Catholic Social Services and has allowed me to continue fostering children most in need of a loving home", while Simms-Busch said "The Supreme Court’s decision ensures the most vulnerable children in the City of Brotherly Love have every opportunity to find loving homes."[11]

ACLU LGBT + HIV Project, which helped to defend two agencies on behalf of the city, supported the ruling, stating that the Court denied "opponents of LGBTQ equality" the "constitutional right to opt out of [non-discrimination protections] when discrimination is motivated by religious beliefs".[18]

Religious groups were also mixed on the decision. Progressive religious groups were generally disappointed by the decision, but some like the

Americans United for Separation of Church & State commended the Court for maintaining a narrow decision.[23] Conservative religious groups were generally more supportive of the Court's ruling, though recognized the narrowness of the ruling. The Family Research Council called the ruling "a substantial win for religious liberty", and "In a time of growing hostility towards religion, the Supreme Court's reaffirmation of this fundamental freedom is even more critical."[23] The Southern Baptist Convention stated that the ruling "prohibits no one from serving children" but "simply ends state discrimination against religious groups."[23] American attorney Roger Severino who served as the director of the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) at the United States Department of Health and Human Services opined that "religious liberty won 9 votes" in a "nearly unbroken religious-freedom win streak now stretches back decades, essentially all the way to the Employment Division v. Smith decision from 1990 ... ."[24][25]

References

  1. ^ Terruso, Julia (March 13, 2018). "Two Foster Agencies in Philly Won't Place Kids with LGBTQ People". Philly.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2020.
  2. ^ Fulton v. City of Philadelphia, 320 F. Supp. 3d 661, 671 (E.D. Pa. 2018), aff'd, 922 F.3d 140 (3d Cir. 2019), cert. granted, 140 S. Ct. 1104, 206 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2020).
  3. ^ Employment Div. v. Smith, 494 U.S. 872, 884 (1990).
  4. ^ Howe, Amy (October 28, 2020). "Case preview: Court will tackle dispute involving religious foster-care agency, LGBTQ rights". SCOTUSblog. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  5. ^ a b c Liptak, Adam (February 24, 2020). "Supreme Court to Hear Case on Gay Rights and Foster Care". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
  6. ^ a b Tim Holbrook (November 6, 2020). "Opinion: LGBTQ rights may be safe at the Supreme Court – for now". CNN. Archived from the original on November 13, 2020.
  7. ^ Michelle Boorstein (November 3, 2020). "Religion: Religious conservatives hopeful new Supreme Court majority will redefine religious liberty precedents". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  8. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved November 4, 2020.
  9. ^ a b Liptak, Adam (November 4, 2020). "Supreme Court Weighs Legacy of Same-Sex Marriage Case". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020.
  10. ^ Totenberg, Nina (June 17, 2021). "Supreme Court Rules Catholic Group Doesn't Have To Consider LGBTQ Foster Parents". National Public Radio. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  11. ^ a b Gryboski, Michael (June 17, 2021). "Supreme Court rules Christian foster agency can't be forced to place kids with same-sex couples". The Christian Post. The Christian Post. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Millhiser, Ian (June 17, 2021). "An epic Supreme Court showdown over religion and LGBTQ rights ends in a whimper". Vox. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  13. ^ a b de Vogue, Ariane (June 17, 2021). "Supreme Court rules in favor of Catholic foster care agency that refused to work with same-sex couples". CNN. Archived from the original on June 17, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  14. ^
    The Advocate. Archived from the original
    on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  15. ^ Quinn, Melissa (June 17, 2021). "Supreme Court sides with Catholic foster care agency that refused to work with same-sex couples". CBS News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  16. ^ a b Gerstein, Josh (June 17, 2021). "Supreme Court sides with Catholic group that turns away same-sex couples as foster parents". Politico. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  17. ^ a b c Whelan, Ed (June 17, 2021). "A Quick Guide to Today's Opinions in Fulton v. City of Philadelphia". National Review. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  18. ^ a b c d e Carlisle, Madeline; Luscombe, Belinda (June 17, 2021). "Supreme Court Sides With Catholic Agency In LGBTQ Foster Care Case—But Avoids Major Religious Freedom Questions". Time. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  19. ^ Stern, Mark Joseph (June 17, 2021). "John Roberts Just Pulled Off His Greatest Judicial Magic Trick". Slate. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
  20. ^ Greenhouse, Linda (July 1, 2021). "Opinion - What the Supreme Court Did for Religion". The New York Times. Retrieved March 15, 2024.
  21. ^ a b c Gresko, Jessica (June 17, 2021). "Catholic foster care agency wins Supreme Court verdict". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  22. ^ Gallagher, John (June 18, 2021). "Supreme Court unanimously agrees that Catholic adoption agency can ban LGBTQ parents". LGBTQ Nation. LGBTQ Nation. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  23. ^ a b c Gryboski, Michael (June 18, 2021). "'Substantial win': Conservative Christians react to Supreme Court foster care ruling". The Christian Post. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  24. ^ Severino, Roger (June 17, 2021). "Why Unanimity Was So Important in the Fulton Case". National Review. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
  25. ^ Severino, Carrie Campbell (June 17, 2021). "Fulton Extends the Court's Record of Religious-Liberty Victories". National Review. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2021.

Further reading

External links
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